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Equilibrium State (stable or unstable)

A system that will remain indefinitely if left uninterrupted ☆ can be stable or unstable (see image)

Systems

Any portion of the universe that can be isolated from the rest for observation & measuring changes Isolated: no energy leaves or enters Closed: energy enters & leaves but matter does not Open: both energy & matter enter & leave

Divergent (constructive margins) (new oceans) Convergent (destructive margins) (mountains) Transform (no creation or destruction)

Divergent: plates moving apart Convergent: plates moving together Transform: plates moving laterally past each other

Geosphere

Earth's sphere containing solid-non-living things

Atmosphere

Earth's sphere containing the gas surrounding the planet

Hydrosphere

Earth's sphere containing water

Elastic Rebound Theory

Earthquakes involve the storage of elastic energy in rock masses followed by the sudden release of energy

Elastic Energy

Energy stored in an object due to a force that temporarily changed its shape

Flux + Energy Flux

Flux: the amount of energy/matter added or removed from the system in a period of time Energy Flux: amount of energy that passes through a given unit area per unit time Watts = Joule/sec

Focus vs Epicenter of Earthquake

Focus: point where the energy is first released in the earths crust Epicenter: point on earth's surface directly above the focus

Conduction Convection Radiation

How Energy Flows Conduction: transfer of heat by direct contact Convection: transfer of energy by the movement of mass or substance from one place to another Radiation: energy transferred by electromagnetic waves

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

Lithosphere (rocky, strong, rigid), Asthenosphere (weak, easily deformed), Mesosphere (middle, highly compressed)

Orientation Inclination

Orientation: minerals in rocks frozen pointing to where the pole once was Inclination: the angle recorded by the rocks in terms of latitude

Couplings (positive vs negative)

Positive: components change in the same direction (blanket temp rises → body temp rises Negative: components change is opposite directions (as body temp goes up → blanket temp goes down)

Primordial Heat Radiogenic Heat

Primordial Heat: heat leftover from the formation of the earth Radiogenic Heat: produced in the earth by radioactive decay

Steady State + Sources & Sinks

When the sources (what's being added) is equl to the sinks (what's being lost)

Reservoirs

a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply. places where energy matter is stored

Black Body Radiation

a physical body that absorbs all electromagnetic radiatior ☆ its hypothetical

Biosphere

a sphere of earth containing living organisms

Feedback Loops (negative vs positive)

combos of 2 or more couplings that connect the system back to itself. Negative (balancing): diminish initial changes & have an ODD number of negative couplings. Positive (reinforcing): unstable & changes more each time. They have an EVEN number of negative couplings.

Stefan-Boltemann Law

tells you how much energy emitted by an object

Planck's Law

tells you the amount of radiation a black body absorbs

Wien's Law

tells you the max wavelength

Residence Time

the length of time energy or matter spends in a reservoir in a steady state

Aerosols

tiny liquid or solid particles suspended in the air (cloud, fog, smoke, dust) ☆cooling impact or warming impacts

Body Waves that are generated by Earthquake

travel outward in all directions from inside the earth P waves or compressional waves can pass through all materials & go first. P waves travel fastest and are the first to arrive from the earthquake. S Waves or secondary wave come second & can only pass through solids. S waves can't move through liquids