HIS 101- Final Exam

How did Frederick William, the Great Elector of Prussia, persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army? He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs. He permitted the Junkers to seize church lands as compensation. He revoked taxes on commerce for Junkers. He threatened the Junkers with military attack. He offered the Junkers the exclusive right to sit in the royal councils.

He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs.

Jan Hus gained many followers who linked which of the following ideas? Hus's attack on the political power of monasteries and the wealth of clergy with anger over the behavior of the clergy during the Black Death. Hus's attack on indulgences and papal offers of remission of sins with resentment over the costs of the Crusades. Hus's attack on papal authority and his call for the translation of the Bible into Czech with opposition to the church's wealth and an emerging Czech nationalism. Hus's attack on the immorality of the nobility with popular anger at the continued presence of Jewish villages and communities in Bohemia. Hus's attack on the Holy Roman Emperor's attempts to seize church lands with popular resentment at noble's abuses of their peasants.

Hus's attack on papal authority and his call for the translation of the Bible into Czech with opposition to the church's wealth and an emerging Czech nationalism.

What changes around 1300 permitted a significant expansion in the movement of goods? Improvements in ship design permitted year-round sailing. The end of knightly warfare permitted trade to develop along peaceful, secure trade routes. The development of fixed currency of known value gave merchants greater ability to negotiate prices. The double yolk, developed in China, permitted oxen to pull much heavier wagons. Expansion of banking houses allowed merchants to draw upon credit more effectively.

Improvements in ship design permitted year-round sailing.

The European voyages of the fifteenth century derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the Indian Ocean trade. Mediterranean Sea trade. Baltic Sea trade. Black Sea trade. Caribbean Sea trade.

Indian Ocean trade.

What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean? Islands off the coast of India Islands off the coast of Japan New, unexpected lands Islands in the middle of the Atlantic Islands off the coast of Africa

Islands off the coast of Japan

Within Judaisim, what was the purpose of the brit milah, or covenant of circumcision? It was a hygienic practice meant to represent physical and spiritual cleanliness before God. It was a symbol of the Exodus from Egypt and escaping the bonds of slavery described in the Hebrew Scripture. It was a cultural practice with no particular religious purpose. It was a reminder of the covenant between God and Abraham described in the Hebrew Scripture. It was a practice required by Christian rulers so that they could identify Jews.

It was a reminder of the covenant between God and Abraham described in the Hebrew Scripture.

The Spanish conversos were American Indians who returned to Spain to demonstrate that they could and would embrace Christianity. Jewish Christians, some of whom held prominent positions in the state, church, and business. Albigensian heretics who had fled to Spain to avoid the Inquisition in France. Muslim converts to Christianity following the fall of Granada. small clans of Celts who had hidden away in the Pyrenees and still practiced traditional Celtic rituals.

Jewish Christians, some of whom held prominent positions in the state, church, and business.

Saint Bernard of Clairvaux was instrumental in the founding of the Knights Templars. Teutonic Knights. Cistercians. Dominicans. Brotherhood of Peace.

Knights Templars.

Who resisted the efforts of the Portuguese to establish themselves in the Indian Ocean trade? Princely kingdoms in India Muslim-controlled port cities Chinese merchants The Hindu priestly class The Muslim Caliphs

Muslim-controlled port cities

In the fifteenth century, two rival Islamic empires dominated the Middle East, the Turkish Ottomans and the Egyptian Ptolomies. Mongol Khans. Egyptian Mameluks. Persian Safavids. Syrian Umayyads.

Persian Safavids.

Theologian John Wyclif argued that the conciliar movement was heretical. Scripture alone should determine church belief and practice. there was no Trinity. popes should be elected by all members of the clergy. priests should be allowed to marry.

Scripture alone should determine church belief and practice.

How did the English induce panic among the French troops at the Battle of Crécy? The English combined land and sea attack as English troops coordinated their attack with that of the English navy. The English allied with the Flemish and trapped the French troops along the coast as the tide was arriving. The English use of the longbow sent a torrent of arrows into the French, followed by artillery from the ring of cannons. The English employed trained dogs in battle, which drove the French horses toward a cliff. The English wore blue woad body paint to give them a ghastly appearance.

The English use of the longbow sent a torrent of arrows into the French, followed by artillery from the ring of cannons.

How did the Spanish respond to the trap set by the Inca king Atahualpa? The Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding him for ransom and then executing him. The Spanish withdrew from the region and cut off its supplies, starving the Inca army into submission. The Spanish entered the trap but then surprised the Inca with the use of cannons and defeated the Inca army. The Spanish arrived by sea, destroying the Inca plan and capturing the capital city. The Spanish allowed themselves to be trapped but purposely infected their captors with smallpox, which ultimately destroyed the Inca army.

The Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding him for ransom and then executing him.

Which one of the following best describes the open-field system? The noble lord determined the crops growing in each of his fields and the serfs then worked those fields. All lands on the manor were worked collectively in single, large fields. The holdings farmed by any one family did not consist of a whole field but of strips in many fields. Peasants owned land individually but shared pasture land. Land plots were marked by hedges and stakes that identified the boundaries of the fields.

The holdings farmed by any one family did not consist of a whole field but of strips in many fields.

How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa? They traded for slaves with local leaders. They captured slaves in warfare. They seized slaves in raiding parties. They seized people on the coastline. They purchased children from their parents.

They traded for slaves with local leaders.

How did lords manage their estates when away for long periods of time? The lord hired professional estate managers. The king provided local officials to manage for them. The lord appointed a church official to manage in his stead. The lord appointed one of his serfs to manage the estate. Typically the lord's wife managed the estate.

Typically the lord's wife managed the estate.

What role did the sheriffs play in English governance? Unpaid officials from well-off families, the sheriffs collected taxes, enforced laws, and raised infantry. High ranking noblemen, the sheriffs were responsible for organizing groups of knights for civil defense. Elected officials in towns and cities, sheriffs enforced laws related to guilds and craft production and also managed local markets during fairs. Serving as roaming knights, the sheriffs were vaguely charged with defending justice and the church. Appointed by church officials, sheriffs were responsible for uncovering heretics and bringing them before church courts.

Unpaid officials from well-off families, the sheriffs collected taxes, enforced laws, and raised infantry.

A new religious order for women that emerged in the sixteenth century was the Ursuline Order. Society of Jesus. Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office. Colloquy of Marburg. Evangelines.

Ursuline Order.

The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre led to the end of Protestant power in France. new efforts to bring civil order to France. a lengthy civil war. an international peace conference. a new spirit of cooperation between Protestants and Catholics.

a lengthy civil war.

Confraternities were part of a movement in which nuns were authorized to perform the sacraments in regions in which no priest resided. the church encouraged older Christians to enter into care facilities managed by the church in order to relieve the stress on families. monks left monasteries in order to serve parishes without regular priests. laymen and laywomen increasingly took control of parish affairs. priests lived communally in order to save the church unnecessary expenses.

laymen and laywomen increasingly took control of parish affairs.

Louis XIV ruled through the nobles of the sword. through several councils of state. through military commanders. through the Estates General. through the clergy.

through several councils of state.

The spread of literacy was a response to the needs of commerce and government. was hampered by the crises of the era. did not affect women. occurred only among the nobility and the clergy. did not begin until the Protestant Reformation.

was a response to the needs of commerce and government.

Italian balance-of-power diplomacy was designed to prevent a single Italian state from dominating the peninsula. successfully prevented foreign domination of Italy. was primarily concerned with controlling the papacy. was critical to the economic success of Italy. led to Venetian domination of the Italian peninsula.

was designed to prevent a single Italian state from dominating the peninsula.

The production of ale was dominated by monasteries. burghers. convents. women. city merchants.

women.

Who was Prester John? A mythical Christian king in Africa A member of the Portuguese ruling family who helped to organize voyages of exploration An English sea captain who discovered a series of islands off the coast of Africa A Dutch missionary who traveled throughout Africa A French sailor captured in the Mediterranean and sold into slavery in Africa

A mythical Christian king in Africa

In noble families, how were the years that a young man was considered to be a youth extended? A young aristocratic man remained a youth as long as he was physically capable of participating in battle, which could last well into his forties. A young aristocratic man remained a youth until he produced male children, which often could not be verified until he married. A young aristocratic man remained a youth until he could financially afford to marry, which might not occur until his late thirties when his father died. A young aristocratic man remained a youth until he took specific religious vows to lay down his sword and support the work of a local church. A young aristocratic man remained a youth until he demonstrated sufficient valor on the battlefield and the king honored him with admittance into the royal orders.

A young aristocratic man remained a youth until he could financially afford to marry, which might not occur until his late thirties when his father died.

Which of the following best characterizes the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800? Africans and Europeans migrated to the Americas in roughly equal numbers. About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans. About twice as many Europeans migrated to the Americas as did Africans. African and European men migrated to the Americas in about equal numbers but European women migrated much more frequently than African women. European and African women migrated to the Americas in about equal numbers but European men migrated more frequently than African men.

About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans.

Most women who crossed the Atlantic to the Americas were Spanish. Africans. prostitutes. wives of government officials. independent land owners.

Africans.

How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor? Work was the consequence of sin entering the world; it marked the shame of humankind. All work with a religious aspect was dignified. Work marked the duty to which God called the unlearned, freeing the superior minds to contemplation. Hard work was the duty of criminals and non-Christians so that Christians could pursue holiness. All were called to hard work in fields in order to keep them in contact with God's creation.

All work with a religious aspect was dignified.

During the Great Schism, how did the powers of Europe align themselves? Along economic lines, with wealthier countries gaining more from the division Along traditional political alliances, with France and her allies supporting the French pope and the others favoring the Italian pope Along religious lines, with regions influenced by Celtic Christianity supporting the French pope and others regions supporting the Italian pope Along political lines, with the powers that had traditional monarchies supporting the French pope and the city-states supporting the Italian pope Along social lines, with regions with strong aristocracies supporting the French pope and regions with weak aristocracies supporting the Italian pope

Along traditional political alliances, with France and her allies supporting the French pope and the others favoring the Italian pope

How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to eighteenth century? Arguments supporting slavery increasingly relied on economic justifications of the superiority of slave labor. Arguments supporting slavery drew increasingly on the need to civilize the savage Africans and less on ideas of race. Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion. Arguments supporting slavery emphasized the political needs of empires rather than cultural or religion issues. Arguments supporting slavery increasingly emphasized religion as the principle benefit Africans gained with slavery.

Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion.

In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions? Local rebels rarely caused much damage. City and regional officials might side with the rebels. Local rebels easily hid when troops arrived. Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs. Rulers thought it beneath their honor to suppress a rebellion.

Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs.

How did Inquisitors view most people accused of witchcraft? As threats to royal authority who should be enslaved As threats to the authority of the Church who should be executed As local rabble-rousers who should be severely punished As heretics who might infect local populations with dangerous ideas As superstitious and ignorant peasants who should be educated rather than executed

As superstitious and ignorant peasants who should be educated rather than executed

How did attitudes toward same-sex relations change from the early to High Middle Ages? In the early Middle Ages, Roman traditions opposing same-sex relations were adopted by European rulers, but such laws or their application diminished by the High Middle Ages. The influence of classical Greek culture in the High Middle Ages opened the era to an acceptance of same-sex relationships that previously the church had harshly condemned. Monastic life in the early Middle Ages had an active component of same-sex relationships, but the reforms of the thirteenth century banished such practices. Influenced by barbarian culture, the early Middle Ages had banned same-sex relationships, but by the High Middle Ages those laws were ignored. Authorities in the early Middle Ages were little concerned with same-sex relationships, but in the High Middle Ages such relationships became capital crimes.

Authorities in the early Middle Ages were little concerned with same-sex relationships, but in the High Middle Ages such relationships became capital crimes.

How did the creation of the Parlement of Paris affect royal authority? The monarchy gained unchallenged authority over issues of taxation and finance throughout France. The emergence of a feudal legislature created a counterweight to royal authority that limited the king's control over taxes. The Parlement claimed the right to establish its own military forces, thus eliminating the king's monopoly on legal violence. By appealing decisions of feudal courts to the Parlement, French people were recognizing the superiority of royal justice. The Parlement claimed the absolute right to veto royal legislation.

By appealing decisions of feudal courts to the Parlement, French people were recognizing the superiority of royal justice.

How did Pope Boniface VIII in the decree Periculoso affect the lives of nuns? A. Nuns were required to take on charitable work as their central activity, running schools and hospitals for the poor. B. Nuns were permitted to adopt children as family members so that they could pass property on to them. C. Nuns were required to be permanently cloistered within the walls of a convent, with limited contacts with those outside. D. Nuns were permitted to marry in cases where a noble family needed someone who was already a nun to help continue a family bloodline. E. Nuns were required to financially support their own convents so as to not be a drain on church resources.

C. Nuns were required to be permanently cloistered within the walls of a convent, with limited contacts with those outside.

The Baroque style flourished in the context of the flowering of constitutionalism. commercial revolution. scientific revolution. Protestant Reformation. Catholic Reformation.

Catholic Reformation.

Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640? Charles I attempted to govern without Parliament and finance his government by emergency taxes. James I refused to display the majesty of the monarchy to the public through ceremonies and festivals. Charles I married a Catholic princess. James I frequently lectured the House of Commons about his divine authority. Charles I sought to impose the Scottish religion on England

Charles I attempted to govern without Parliament and finance his government by emergency taxes.

How did common law as developed in England differ from the general practices of law in Europe? Common law accepted the concept of community norms as a criterion for determining punishments for specific crimes. Common law asserted that the framework for law and justice must derive from the people rather than be imposed by authorities. Common law rejected the idea that judicial procedures must be regularized or nationalized. Common law emphasized the importance of the jury, while most European law emphasized the importance of the judge. Common law relied heavily on precedent, diminishing the importance of written law codes.

Common law relied heavily on precedent, diminishing the importance of written law codes.

What distinguished the health care one could receive in a city from the health care received outside of a city? Health care within a city could be enjoyed only by official residents of that city. Physicians only had licenses to work within city walls. Monasteries that offered the most effective health care existed in the countryside, away from the filth and dirt of cities. Contagious diseases were only handled outside of the city walls. The unsanitary conditions within cities made them too dangerous for any significant health care.

Contagious diseases were only handled outside of the city walls.

What became Cortés's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire? The Mexica were awed by the Spanish technology and submitted to Cortés's will. The Mexica mistakenly believed that Cortés was a god. Cortés had a large body of cavalry that could out maneuver the Mexica. Cortés had a large, well-trained Spanish army against the untrained and poorly organized Mexica forces. Cortés was able to exploit internal dissention within the Mexica Empire.

Cortés was able to exploit internal dissention within the Mexica Empire.

The record of William the Conqueror's survey of England is known as the Magna Carta. Domesday Book. common law. Norman Protocol. Einhardt Convention.

Domesday Book.

How were the consequences of the "little ice age" experienced in Europe? Economic disruptions in one region had serious implications for its trading partners in other, distant regions. Economic disruptions were responded to effectively by drawing on a broad pool of potential resources. Economic disruptions were experienced severely in specific regions but sufficiently isolated to inhibit a general economic downturn. Economic disruptions were not severely felt, for economic risk had been widely diversified. Economic disruptions were only weakly felt, for states and churches had built effective networks of charitable institutions.

Economic disruptions in one region had serious implications for its trading partners in other, distant regions.

How did English colonies differ from other major European colonies in their treatment of African women? Colonial officials encouraged English men to marry and father children with slave women in order to increase the population of the colony. African slave women were banned from English colonies for fear that they would seduce English men. English women refused to marry planters who kept women slaves as domestic workers. Colonial law required that children born of Englishmen and African women be sent out of the colony. English masters rarely freed the children that they fathered with female slaves

English masters rarely freed the children that they fathered with female slaves

How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans? The culturally and racially superior Europeans offered guidance to the inferior Africans. The Africans were an alien group unlike any other and of necessity placed into bondage. The Africans were a people biologically distinct from the Europeans, and Africans' physical characteristics produced less intelligent, more primitive people. Since slavery was practiced in Africa, it created no unusual hardship for Africans. Enslavement benefited the Africans by bringing Christianity to them.

Enslavement benefited the Africans by bringing Christianity to them.

Which of the following best characterizes the role of Europe in the world trading system prior to the voyage of Columbus? Europe was the major western node of the trading system that produced high-quality textiles and metalwork desired by others. Europe provided the banking and financial services that sustained the world trading system. Europe served as the most important market for products because it produced few goods. Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations. Europe was the major supplier of raw materials that were shipped to other regions to be worked into final products.

Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations.

What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system? Clergy were allowed to hold bureaucratic offices. Only ethnic Russians were permitted to serve in the bureaucracy. The bureaucratic system was staffed with military officers. Women were allowed to serve in a few judicial positions. Everyone had to start at the bottom of the system and work their way up.

Everyone had to start at the bottom of the system and work their way up.

What principle did the Magna Carta come to signify? Everyone, including the king and his government, must obey the law. The people have a right to representative government. Kings do not have authority over the lands or personnel of the church. The courts may declare a king's edicts void. The military is subject to joint control by the legislature and the king.

Everyone, including the king and his government, must obey the law.

How did the Battle of Legnano mark a military milestone? For the first time, a feudal cavalry of armed knights was decisively defeated by an army composed primarily of infantry from the cities. For the first time, gunpowder technologies were used in Western warfare to decisive advantage. For the first time, the long bow altered the intimacy of warfare by permitting warfare to occur at great distances. For the first time, a feudal cavalry coordinated its attack with naval forces in order to attack from land and sea simultaneously. For the first time, the use of mercenaries offered princes an alternative for forced service in royal armies by unwilling peasants.

For the first time, a feudal cavalry of armed knights was decisively defeated by an army composed primarily of infantry from the cities.

Which of the following best identifies the term race in the Renaissance? Groupings of people based on skin color Groupings of people based on noble lineage Groupings of people based on geographic origins Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors Groupings of people based on linguistic families

Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended the conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. Hundred Years' War. Habsburg-Valois Wars. Thirty Years' War. War of the Spanish Succession.

Habsburg-Valois Wars.

Why did Otto I select the city of Aachen for his coronation as emperor? He chose Aachen to lay claim to all the lands that Charlemagne had ruled from France to Eastern Europe. He chose Aachen to clearly mark the creation of the Holy Roman Empire as a unified political system under his command. He chose Aachen to challenge French claims to the Burgundian lands. He chose Aachen to demonstrate to the Viking raiders that he had no fear of their raids and he could protect his land even along the coast. He chose Aachen to symbolize his intention to continue the tradition of Charlemagne and to demonstrate papal support for his rule.

He chose Aachen to symbolize his intention to continue the tradition of Charlemagne and to demonstrate papal support for his rule.

When Vasco da Gama arrived in the Indian Ocean, how did he navigate these unknown waters? He consulted with Muslim cartographers. He kidnapped an African sea captain. He hired an Indian guide. He took on an African crew for his ships. He adopted a Muslim sailor as his son.

He hired an Indian guide.

How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army? He required women to work in the fields when their husbands served in the military. He purchased African slaves to sustain agricultural production while men trained for the military. He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists. He demanded that all artisanal craftsmen work in the fields at least twice a week. He required monks, priests, and other clerics to perform agricultural work when needed by local nobles.

He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists.

How did Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud create conflict in Britain in the 1630s? He launched a purge against the remaining Catholics in England, seeking to force them to flee to Ireland. He sought to impose the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland. He attempted to undermine the authority of bishops in England and Scotland. He imposed new church taxes in order to secretly funnel money to the monarchy. He implemented Puritan reforms into the Anglican Church.

He sought to impose the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland.

According to his agreement with the Spanish Crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route to Asia? He would be given a noble title and one-half of the revenues of his journey. He would be named viceroy over all Spanish colonies and receive one-fifth of all revenues derived from lands he discovered, in perpetuity. He would be named viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive one-tenth of the material rewards of the journey. He would be given the right to claim one-tenth of all lands he discovered as his personal property and be free from all taxation. He would be named governor of all lands he discovered and receive the right to claim one-tenth of these lands as his personal property.

He would be named viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive one-tenth of the material rewards of the journey.

Why did John Calvin reject the idea of human free will? Human free will would undermine the idea of human sinfulness. Human free will would eliminate the idea of the divine right of kings. Human free will would detract from the sovereignty of God. Human free will would undermine the need for the crucifixion of Christ. Human free will would detract from the authority of the church.

Human free will would detract from the sovereignty of God.

How did Pico della Mirandola understand the uniqueness of humankind? As creatures in the image of God, humans were superior to the rest of creation, including the angels and other heavenly beings. Humans, lacking a fixed place, were the one part of the created world that could freely choose to rise to the heavens or sink into the realm of animals. Lacking a specific role in God's creation, humans were actually below animals but had the potential for greatness denied to animals. Humans were established by God as just below the angels and given to rule over everything on earth. Humans were fundamentally the same as animals, distant from God and all things spiritual.

Humans, lacking a fixed place, were the one part of the created world that could freely choose to rise to the heavens or sink into the realm of animals.

What was the consequence of Rákóczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule? Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state. The German nobility established itself as dominant within the Habsburg lands. The Bohemian nobility was crushed and replaced with new nobles loyal to the Habsburgs. The Catholic Church recognized the superiority of secular rulers over church lands in the Habsburg Empire. The Habsburgs lost control over most of their lands in northern Italy.

Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state.

Why did the printing press find substantial success? Governments rejected pleas to censor publishing, realizing that expanding knowledge would lead to more prosperous subjects. Increasing literacy and the opening of more schools and universities had created an expanding market for reading material. The technology was highly complex so that only a few presses came into operation, producing large profits for those printers. Printing presses primarily published secular works useful for professionals and merchants. Because the press could print images, printers could work much more quickly than manuscript copyists, who had to wait for each image to be drawn.

Increasing literacy and the opening of more schools and universities had created an expanding market for reading material.

Bartolomé de Las Casas asserted that the Indians had human rights. Indians had a unique culture that should be respected. Indians should be denied protection unless they embraced Christianity. colonies could not be developed unless colonists were free to treat Indians in whatever way they wished to obtain labor. Indians were creatures of Satan who could not be converted or trusted.

Indians had human rights.

How did the printing press provide a framework to challenge provincial sentiments? The printing press served to re-establish the idea of a unified Christendom. Provincial towns sought to limit and control the spread of printing, undermining their legitimacy as promoters of the general good. In order to establish legitimacy, printers published primarily in Latin, serving to reinforce a sense of a unified Western culture. Individuals widely separated by geography could read the same material and form a common identity that competed with local loyalties. Central governments ordered printing presses established in all local communities in order to establish a national network of printing.

Individuals widely separated by geography could read the same material and form a common identity that competed with local loyalties.

How does Dante's Divine Comedy demonstrate the tensions of the fourteenth century? It sympathizes with traditional noble values but recognizes the emerging merchant class as the source of future economic growth. It adopts figures from the ancient world, but its fluid, unstructured organization points to new poetic and cultural forms. It romanticizes noble culture but praises the growing centralized monarchies for bringing stability. It is a deeply Christian poem but also harshly criticizes some church officials. It seeks to appeal to the common man but is written in the learned language of Latin.

It is a deeply Christian poem but also harshly criticizes some church officials.

Why was women's work less valued and less compensated than men's work? The traditional work associated with women was unskilled and, therefore, more widely performed. Women were largely secluded in their homes; therefore, their work was seen as strictly domestic and not worthy of compensation. Women did not seek to organize in guilds so that they could better influence wages and prices for their work. It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family. Women's work was viewed as work that affected the body, such as clothing and food preparation; therefore, it was associated with fleshly sinfulness.

It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family.

How did minority groups suffer during the subsistence crises of the fourteenth century? Jews and lepers were accused of poisoning wells to kill Christians, and, as a result, many were killed, beaten, or heavily fined. Muslims and Jews were denied grain rations for city storage supplies, resulting in widespread death from starvation among these populations. Muslims and gypsies were refused medical care in city hospitals and forced to take to the roads in hope of finding food. Muslims and Jews would only receive grain supplies if they gave over their children to be raised as Christians. Lepers and gypsies were considered unworthy of sharing in limited supplies of grain, and so were slaughtered.

Jews and lepers were accused of poisoning wells to kill Christians, and, as a result, many were killed, beaten, or heavily fined.

During the Crusades, Jews suffered all of the following persecutions except laws were passed forbidding Jews to have Christian servants or employees. Jews were required to wear special badges when entering Christian parts of town. Jews were expelled from England. Jews were attacked by armies on their way to the First Crusade. Jews were forbidden to lend money at interest.

Jews were forbidden to lend money at interest.

The direct cause of the Hundred Years' War between England and France was the French seizure of the port of Calais. the English execution of Joan of Arc. King Edward III of England's seizure of Aquitaine. King Edward III of England's endorsement of Urban VI as the rightful pope. King Philip VI of France's seizure of Aquitaine.

King Philip VI of France's seizure of Aquitaine.

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history? The German lands were finally unified under the German emperor. Religious toleration was adopted throughout the Holy Roman Empire. Backed by its American colonies, Spain was recognized as Europe's most powerful nation. Central Europe emerged as an economic powerhouse. Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.

How did the authority of Cluny grow in the High Middle Ages? The papacy required all monastic houses to adopt Cluny's rule and to reform its practice in line with Cluny. Laypersons placed lands, and priories placed themselves, under Cluny's control to be associated with Cluny's stability and reforms. Kings required religious houses to adopt Cluny's reforms in order to undermine the growing political authority of the church. The intellectual work at Cluny drew most monastic houses to seek to emulate its success. Cluny was authorized to send representatives to all monasteries and abbeys to review their operations, institute reforms, and place the house directly under Cluny's rule if necessary.

Laypersons placed lands, and priories placed themselves, under Cluny's control to be associated with Cluny's stability and reforms.

How did the Treaty of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne? The leader of the Spanish House of Alva was placed on the throne by the nobility upon offering guarantees that he would protect noble rights. The monarchy was abolished and Spain declared a republic. The German Habsburg Duke of Austria was placed on the throne after the death of his cousin, the Spanish Habsburg Charles II. The two Habsburg thrones of Austria and Spain were unified into the Grand Monarchy. Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.

What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged? Luther did not need political support and, therefore, was able to develop his ideas without political interference. Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works. Luther led a unified reform movement that was able to coordinate its actions in several different territories and kingdoms. Luther's status as a nobleman brought him respect and legitimacy that he could use to defend his ideas. Luther's friendship with the pope offered him protection from his religious enemies during the crucial early years of the Reform movement.

Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works.

What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers? Lutherans and Calvinists believed that secular rulers must be obeyed and respected no matter what their religious beliefs. Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly. Lutherans taught opposition to ungodly leaders while Calvinists taught obedience to all secular authorities. Lutherans and Calvinists believed that secular leaders who violated the laws of nature must be opposed, while all others must be obeyed. Lutherans and Calvinists believed that all secular leaders who were ungodly must be opposed.

Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly.

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century? Large-scale population growth made the effects of famine more severe and deadly. The expanded central governments were able to manage food supplies, transporting food from one region to another, reducing the effect of famine. The cold weather of the seventeenth century reduced the effects of famine, since peasant families traditionally eat less in the winter months. European states were able to obtain needed food supplies from their American colonies, eliminating the threat of famine. Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.

How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women? Upper-class women were freed from the numerous restraints of convent life. Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women. Upper-class women were able to participate in art and literature, which were denied to them in the convent. Families were forced to take over the care and support of women who had no productive role. Upper-class women were able to take administrative abilities developed in the monasteries into the royal courts and bureaucracies.

Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women.

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed? Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth. Elizabeth executed Mary to demonstrate the consequences of supporting Catholicism. Mary had married Philip II of Spain against Elizabeth's wishes. Elizabeth resented Mary's beauty and ability to dominate men. Mary had led Scottish troops against England in order to seize the throne.

Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.

The most important saint was Mary, Christ's mother. St. John the Beloved. St. Augustine. St. Peter St. Paul.

Mary, Christ's mother.

Within aristocratic society, how did the marriage age of men and women differ? Men married in their early twenties after completing their training and entering into knighthood, while women married in their mid to late teens to ensure their virginity was intact. Men generally married late in their thirties or forties after receiving their inheritance, while women married in their mid to late teens to ensure many years of fertility. Men generally married in their thirties when they settled into domestic life, while women married in their mid twenties once they had mastered the duties required to manage a noble household. Men generally married in their mid twenties when they had achieved sufficient glory in battle, while women married in their early twenties after they had completed their education at a convent school. Men generally married in their late teens and women in their mid teens to ensure that both were at maximum ages for and would enjoy years of fertility.

Men generally married late in their thirties or forties after receiving their inheritance, while women married in their mid to late teens to ensure many years of fertility.

How did Michel de Montaigne offer a counterpoint to Europe's growing imperial activities? Montaigne argued that integration with local cultures would pollute European culture. Montaigne asserted that Christianity cannot be taught to non-Western people. Montaigne rejected the notion that one culture is superior to another. Montaigne claimed that Europe produced all of the goods it needed and colonial products only led to luxury and moral corruption. Montaigne believed that primitive civilizations were morally superior to the sophisticated but corrupt societies of the West.

Montaigne rejected the notion that one culture is superior to another.

With the defeat of the Muslims in central regions of the Iberian Peninsula, how was the society of the region transformed? Muslims and Christian societies were allowed to intermingle for the first time and found that they shared many cultural values and traditions. The Islamic populations were created as a secondary class of citizens, paying heavy taxes and providing required work hours for city governments. Muslims were enslaved and made the property of the victorious Christian noblemen but were allowed to continue to worship in the Islamic faith. Muslims were expelled from the region and immigrants from across Christian Europe were recruited to come to the region. Muslims were required to pay light duties for the privilege of sustaining their faith but were not permitted to intermingle with Christians in public.

Muslims were expelled from the region and immigrants from across Christian Europe were recruited to come to the region.

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century? Gunpowder technologies were used for the first time in field operations. Improvements in artillery made the use of cavalry obsolete. Armies could be raised much more quickly by royal officials than by mercenaries. New techniques for training and deploying soldiers led to a rise in the professional standards of the army. The size of armies decreased as they professionalized and became more efficient.

New techniques for training and deploying soldiers led to a rise in the professional standards of the army.

What was the fundamental principle of French administration? The king's word was itself law, and his edicts could not be resisted or overturned. The rule of status, in which the evidence and testimony of a nobleman is preferred to that of a common, must always be supported. Officials should gain their power from their connection to the monarchy and not from their own wealth or local alliances. All political authority derives from the king. The prerogative of the king always trumps the claims of the church.

Officials should gain their power from their connection to the monarchy and not from their own wealth or local alliances.

How did officials seek to ensure that witnesses gave truthful testimony? Officials held the right to charge anyone who gave false testimony with blasphemy and hand them over to church courts. Officials were required to thoroughly investigate the background of witnesses before accepting their testimony. Officials took cash or goods from witnesses as a pledge that their testimony was truthful. Officials only accepted testimony from property owners or those deemed "respectable" in the community. Officials appointed the local priest to require witnesses to swear on the church altar as to the truthfulness of their testimony.

Officials took cash or goods from witnesses as a pledge that their testimony was truthful.

How did the cannon affect the power of monarchies? Only central governments could afford cannons, enhancing the military power of the central states over its nobility. Because cannons were seen as a dishonorable form of battle, nobles generally left the military and returned to their estates, leaving monarchies with largely unfettered power. The flexibility of cannons permitted many nobles to obtain them, sparking a long period of internal civil war. Kings found the cannons easily copied, which diluted their power since they had to establish troops across their realms. The cannon caused nobles to retreat into their castles where they were safe from its military threat.

Only central governments could afford cannons, enhancing the military power of the central states over its nobility.

Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century? Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state. The papacy prevented any movement toward unification, fearing a threat to its political authority. France and the Holy Roman Empire had too many land claims in the region to permit any unification. Spain claimed all of southern Italy and threatened war on any power seeking to unify the peninsula. The Italians were too culturally and linguistically diverse to realistically contemplate unification.

Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state.

After losing access to slave trading from the Black Sea, the Genoese obtained all of the following as slaves except Muslim prisoners. Jewish refugees from Spain. Canary Islanders. black Africans. Portuguese peasants.

Portuguese peasants.

Portugal's participation in European expansion was given critical support by Prince Henry. Prince Mark. Prince Juan. Prince Philip. Prince Ferdinand.

Prince Henry.

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce? Protestants believed that individuals were responsible for their own salvation, and therefore should be allowed the choice to stay in a marriage or not. Protestants viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community. Protestants believed that the "priesthood of all believers" required that all be treated equally before the law to make decisions about their marriages. Protestants viewed marriage as a temporary arrangement in this world that had no significance for the afterlife. Protestants believed the right to divorce in marriage was the equivalent of the idea of spiritual free will.

Protestants viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community.

How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers? Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west. Ptolemy indicated that Africa had no southern end and could not offer a route to Asia, leading Europeans to explore westward. Ptolemy argued that a northern route through Russia offered an easier path to Asia, leading England to begin a process of exploration. Ptolemy claimed that the world was much larger than it actually is, leading the German and Italian lands to abandon colonizing efforts. Ptolemy showed that the size of Africa made it too costly to seek to trade goods by land.

Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west.

Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation? Salvation came through faith in God and works that demonstrated that faith. Salvation came through the performance of the Holy Sacraments. Salvation came through God's predestined selection of those he chose to save. Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace. Salvation came through priestly intercession with God on behalf of the sinner.

Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace.

Which of the following best characterizes Girolamo Savonarola? Savonarola came to power in Florence as a general suppressing a popular revolt, but lost authority when the merchants rejected his efforts to restrict their wealth. Savonarola came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations, he lost authority. Savonarola was appointed ruler in Florence by the pope, but lost authority when he challenged papal interference in Florence's banking industry. Savonarola was appointed chief administrator in Florence by the ruling oligarchs but lost power when he failed to defeat the French invasion. Savonarola came to power as signori, but lost authority when criticism of his extravagant, luxurious lifestyle lead the oligarchs and the papacy to oust him.

Savonarola came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations, he lost authority.

What was the most important source of care for the ill in the High Middle Ages? Public hospitals managed by city governments Monasteries and convents Schools of medicine at universities The private nursing care of relatives and friends Privately paid physicians

Schools of medicine at universities

How did the practice of simony affect the church? Simony permitted the church to raise large sums of money on church lands without having to pay royal taxes, thus creating conflicts between kings and the papacy. Simony resulted in a clergy who sometimes obtained church positions for political or economic reasons with little concern for their religious obligations. Simony created independent church courts that made church officials feel invulnerable in their conflicts with secular rulers. Simony permitted church officials to adapt doctrine to different localities based on local cultural traditions, thus expanding the range of spiritual expression allowed by the church. Simony granted priests the right to have sexual partners as long as they did not marry, damaging the reputation of the priesthood.

Simony resulted in a clergy who sometimes obtained church positions for political or economic reasons with little concern for their religious obligations.

Why did Ivan IV of Russia bind urban merchants and artisans to their towns? So that he could prevent the flight of technology To protect them from the brigands who still threatened the countryside To prevent them from fleeing to western Europe So that he could tax them more heavily To prevent Jews from participating in these activities

So that he could tax them more heavily

What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain? Spain must ally with England in order to establish naval domination of the Atlantic and secure access to trade routes. Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties. Spain could only prosper in its American colonies if it directly managed the colonies in order to secure its profits. Spain must secure peace with all of its neighbors in order to reduce the expenses borne by the royal treasury. Spain must require all Jews and Muslims to leave Spain in order to purify the kingdom and earn God's favor.

Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties.

What new type of anti-Semitism emerged in fifteenth-century Spain? Status as a Jew was defined as cultural rather than biological or Christian, so that it could only be removed by being raised in a non-Jewish culture. Status as a Jew was defined as inherent in the blood, so Jews could never be true Christians. Status as a Jew was defined as the result of religious choice, so status could change when a Jew adopted a new religion. Status as a Jew was defined as political, so status could change if a Jew separated himself from the political authority of Jewish community leaders. Status as Jew was defined as intellectual, so status could change if a Jew dedicated himself to learn and adopting the Christian scholastic tradition.

Status as a Jew was defined as inherent in the blood, so Jews could never be true Christians.

From what sources did the English king obtain most of his income? Annual gifts and money seized by pirating in the English Channel, along with plunder from warfare Import and export duties along with money from crimes and the sale of criminals as slaves Only from private feudal lands, for taxation had not yet been established in England Taxes and the sale of prisoners of war as slaves, along with piracy in the English Channel Taxes and annual gifts, along with money paid for settling disputes and as penalties for crimes, and from his private feudal lands

Taxes and annual gifts, along with money paid for settling disputes and as penalties for crimes, and from his private feudal lands

What was the focus of the Avignon popes? The Avignon popes focused on securing the power of the Inquisition in all Catholic lands. The Avignon popes focused on establishing direct papal control over the monastic orders and their clerical wealth. The Avignon popes focused on bureaucratic matters to the exclusion of spiritual objectives. The Avignon popes focused on efforts to reform Catholic spirituality by rooting out vestiges of pagan culture. The Avignon popes focused on firmly establishing papal authority over secular princes.

The Avignon popes focused on bureaucratic matters to the exclusion of spiritual objectives.

How did the monks at Cîteaux seek to prevent corruption of their ideals? The Cistercian monks required all donations of land and wealth to be offered anonymously and without any conditions. The Cistercian monks required all initiates to undergo ten years of examination and penance prior to admittance into the house, and then they spent seven years on probationary status. The Cistercian monks only allowed orphans to join the order to prevent family concerns of introducing corruption. The Cistercian monks rejected all donations of land and wealth. The Cistercian monks sought to avoid all involvement with the outside world and to live harshly austere lives.

The Cistercian monks sought to avoid all involvement with the outside world and to live harshly austere lives.

How widespread was the influence of the Inquisition? The Inquisition was filled with internal rivalries and conflicts that prevented it from effectively working outside of a few famous cases. The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere. The Inquisition had considerable success in all Catholic lands where political leaders supported it. The Inquisition became a powerful and effective force throughout Catholic lands. The Inquisition's success at rooting out heresy was so effective that many Protestant leaders invited it to work in Protestant lands.

The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.

How did the encomienda system function? The Spanish Crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter. The Spanish Crown gave the colonists groups of Native Americans as legal slaves in return for tax revenues and promises of obedience. The Spanish Crown adopted the Native Americans as "protected children" in return for promises of labor and tribute. The Spanish Crown placed the Native Americans under the protection of the Catholic missionaries as long as they learned and embraced the Catholic faith. The Spanish Crown taxed the Native Americans directly and then compensated the colonists out of the revenues collected for the labor Native Americans did not provide.

The Spanish Crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.

Which best characterizes the general attitude toward the abandonment of children in the High Middle Ages?

The abandonment of children was socially acceptable, but decreased as agriculture improved.

Which of the following best characterizes the Renaissance idea of virtù? The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will The expression of perfection in the life lived in balance and simplicity Moral goodness as set out in the Christian Scriptures The serenity achieved through contemplation and acceptance of life's hardships Moral goodness as expressed in nature and natural law

The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will

During the Middle Ages, what was the principle subject of training for aristocratic boys? Law Medicine Religion Estate management The arts of war

The arts of war

Which of the following best characterizes marriage in the High Middle Ages? Because couples had little choice in marriage arrangements, the dissolution of marriages was a common practice after the couple's parents had died. Couples largely chose their own marriage partners, except for the high nobility, where political considerations dominated. The best marriages typically involved a couple who had little interaction beyond the necessities of managing a household. The best marriages offered companionship and love, but these were understood to grow out of the marriage and not necessarily precede it. The best marriages were successful at producing children and profits, but rarely involved love or mutual emotional support.

The best marriages offered companionship and love, but these were understood to grow out of the marriage and not necessarily precede it.

The monastic revival of the High Middle Ages was linked with what other movement?

The expansion of papal authority

What characteristic distinguished the English Parliament from other representative assemblies? The English Parliament had a clear bicameral legislature with some representation for the commoners. The rule of law was established as its bedrock principle. The nobles participated in the legislature rather than simply bringing their cases directly to the king. The English Parliament provided a clear source of authority so that the politics of the royal court never gained significant political weight. The frequency of the English Parliament's meetings established the sense and expectation that its authorization was required for certain types of legislation.

The frequency of the English Parliament's meetings established the sense and expectation that its authorization was required for certain types of legislation.

How did the development of the grain mill aid cloth production? Because the grain mill created less waste, men could devote more of their fields to crops and animals that produced the basic materials needed for cloth. The grain mill freed men from the grueling task of grinding grain, permitting them to better care for sheep, which produced the wool needed for cloth. As a center for grinding grain, the grain mill encouraged the development of trade over longer distances, which encouraged individuals to produce other merchandise such as cloth. The grain mill expanded wealth for peasants, permitting them to purchase more items such as cloth, which stimulated demand. The grain mill freed women from grinding grain by hand, permitting them to spend more time spinning yarn, which was the bottleneck in cloth production.

The grain mill freed women from grinding grain by hand, permitting them to spend more time spinning yarn, which was the bottleneck in cloth production.

How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization? The possibility of Asian trade led the Spanish to focus on developing its western colonies in the Americas so that it would be easy to travel on to Asia. The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead. The difficult waters of the Straights of Magellan led the Spanish to focus on developing its colonies in the eastern parts of the Americas. The greater wealth in Asian trade led the Spanish to give little attention to the Americas until after Asian trade collapsed in the 1580s. The poverty of the American Indians convinced the Spanish that the Americas could not be developed profitably.

The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead.

What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the sixteenth century? Gold and property seized from Moors and Jews as they were forced out of Spain The inflow of silver from the Americas State debts defaulted on by the monarchy The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods Declining natural resources available in Spain

The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods

How did the realms of England and France differ by the twelfth century? The realm of England enjoyed general peace under the control over the Angenvian kings, while the king of France faced constant warfare from his dukes. The English realm lacked any system for taxation, greatly reducing the king's authority, while the French king had established land taxes that enhanced his authority. The English realm was divided among numerous different clans who held substantial authority, while the French realm was organized under an absolute monarch. The king in England lacked a military under royal control, while the French king benefited from a royal army directly loyal to him. The king in England had a more unified financial bureau than did the French kings.

The king in England had a more unified financial bureau than did the French kings.

Which of the following best characterizes Joan of Arc's experience in the military? Joan was forbidden from entering the battlefield but offered strategic advice from the royal court. The king made Joan co-commander of the army, and she led it to a string of victories. Joan's enthusiasm could not overcome her inexperience, and her military blunders cost thousands of lives. The king used Joan as a propaganda tool to show divine favor for his military activities, while firmly controlling the army behind the scenes. Joan explained her military success as a result of reading books on Roman history and war.

The king made Joan co-commander of the army, and she led it to a string of victories.

How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain its control over its colonies? The monarchy offered rewards and tax exemptions to settlers who informed on corrupt officials. The monarchy established a type of military rule in which colonists were subject to searches and seizures by the military on accusations of corruption. The monarchy used the Catholic missionaries to provide information to the crown outside of the official administration. The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy. The monarchy threatened the colonists with the fear of Indian uprisings if they resisted Spanish rule.

The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy.

What was the importance of "fate" to Machiavelli's analysis in The Prince? Fate marked the sheer random movement of nature and people that was beyond the ability of any ruler to control. The most skilled and prepared ruler could not fully escape the operations of fate that might cause a prince to lose his realm. The idea of fate was but a metaphor for the favor that God randomly bestows on some rulers and denies to others. The skilled ruler can overcome the operations of fate if he is willing to abandon all moral limitations and scruples. Fate was the poor justification that deposed rulers used to explain their failure to properly hold and use power.

The most skilled and prepared ruler could not fully escape the operations of fate that might cause a prince to lose his realm.

Which of the following best characterizes the intersection of the hierarchies of wealth and order in the Renaissance? The nobility retained its status by blocking the newly wealthy from political positions and from marriage into the nobility. The newly wealthy used their resources to establish new forms of social prestige that the nobility could not copy and which discredited the nobility as social leaders. The newly wealthy rejected the claims of the nobility to moral superiority of landed wealth. The nobility retained its status by taking in and integrating the new social elite of wealth. The nobility embraced the innovations of the newly wealthy and abandoned the ineffective limitations of traditional conceptions of honor

The nobility retained its status by taking in and integrating the new social elite of wealth.

Why did religious houses spend substantial sums on objects associated with worship? The objects associated with worship were understood to be in praise of God. The objects associated with worship were easily hidden in the event of raids by knights or bandits. The objects associated with worship would not be seized by kings or lords jealous of clerical wealth. The objects associated with worship needed to be of high quality because of their frequent use. The objects associated with worship could only be obtained from expensive, authorized craftsmen.

The objects associated with worship were understood to be in praise of God.

After the Albigensian Crusade, how did the papacy continue to root out heresy? The papacy placed priests in every village. The papacy made rulers morally accountable for their subjects' heresy. The papacy required that noble lords fill out reports every year on their serfs' religious practices. The papacy established the Inquisition to seek out suspected heretics. The papacy eliminated many universities, believing they had been centers of heretical thought.

The papacy established the Inquisition to seek out suspected heretics.

How did the concept of purgatory encourage Christian warfare against non-Christians? The idea that one would still go to heaven after punishment in purgatory relieved soldiers from the guilt of having killed their fellow humans. Purgatory allowed a soldier to fulfill his military duty without risking his eternal soul. The act of killing a fellow human seemed less drastic when knowing that the individual killed could still go to heaven after time in purgatory. Purgatory was such a popular idea that soldiers willingly fought to defend the Church after it embraced the concept. The papacy promised release from time in purgatory for Christians who joined in religious wars.

The papacy promised release from time in purgatory for Christians who joined in religious wars.

How did the Concordat of Bologna resolve the dispute between the French crown and the papacy over lay investiture? The papacy received the right to the first year's income of new bishops and abbots, and the French king retained the right to select French bishops and abbots. The papacy gained the right to maintain its own court system, and the French crown received all revenues from that court system. The papacy received the right to nominate bishops, while the French crown could veto the proposed candidates. The papacy received the right to veto candidates for offices nominated by the king, while the king received the first year's income from all religious offices. The papacy gained the right to appoint bishops, while the king retained the right to tax church lands.

The papacy received the right to the first year's income of new bishops and abbots, and the French king retained the right to select French bishops and abbots.

The merchants of Florence established dominance over what aspect of the papacy's activities? The papal system of trade to the Crusader states The papal system of tax collection on church lands The papal banking system The provisioning of papal troops throughout Italy The papal selling of indulgences

The papal banking system

What was the punishment for rape in most of Europe? The punishment was death, though actual sentences were more likely to be fines or brief imprisonment. The punishment was death, which was almost always carried out. The punishment was imprisonment, though only for a short period of time. The punishment was a fine, though usually the actual payment was waived. The punishment was castration, which was typically applied quickly after a guilty verdict.

The punishment was death, though actual sentences were more likely to be fines or brief imprisonment.

Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top levels of the bureaucracy? The royal family The sultan's harem The sultan's slave corps Islamic religious officials Military commanders

The sultan's slave corps

At a medieval tournament, what prize did the victors receive? The victors received special commissions from the king to undertake tasks at which they could claim booty. The victors received the horses and the equipment of the knights that they defeated. The victors received cash payments and were invited to a royal banquet. The victors received land and a title so that they could establish their own households. The victors received no direct prize, but their success drew the attention of the king and his court would employ them for future activities.

The victors received the horses and the equipment of the knights that they defeated.

How did the Tudor kings, with the exception of Henry VIII, weaken aristocratic influence? They refused to appoint members of the high aristocracy to the royal council. They adopted major clerical reforms that undermined the political power of the church hierarchy. They avoided major wars that would require money from Parliament. They required all nobles to assign their noble militias to royal control. They centralized all tax collection into the royal bureaucracy.

They avoided major wars that would require money from Parliament.

Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement? They were exempt from most church taxes. They saw the Catholic Church as a counterweight to the power of the Polish monarchy. They believed themselves specially selected by God to preserve the Catholic faith. They held strong anti-German feelings. They opposed the idea of the priesthood of all believers.

They held strong anti-German feelings.

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state? They adopted French coronation rituals. They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans. They declared all taxes eliminated. They established shared power with the nobility. They claimed to be both political and religious leaders.

They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans.

How did the English and French seek a route to East Asia? They sought a northwest passage across North America. They sought to develop a new land route through Russia and Siberia. They sought to travel through the Arctic Ocean. They sought to follow the Portuguese around Africa but then establish trading posts in India. They sought to employ African middlemen to carry goods from East Africa to the Mediterranean ports.

They sought a northwest passage across North America.

How did the flagellants respond to the Black Death? They dedicated themselves to caring for the ill and burying the dead, risking infection themselves as a form of Christian service. They fled to mountain retreats they had prepared in case of war, where stored food permitted them to survive in hiding. They launched an assault on Muslim control of Jerusalem, believing that the plague was caused by Muslims seeking revenge for the Crusades. They whipped and scourged their bodies as penance, believing that the Black Death was God's punishment for humanity's wickedness. They prayed and fasted with the hope that God would bring the plague to an end.

They whipped and scourged their bodies as penance, believing that the Black Death was God's punishment for humanity's wickedness.

During a Christian wedding party in the High Middle Ages, why would a family untie all the knots in the house? To represent the division of property that occurred as the new couple received a dowry To mark the wedding couple as separating from paternal authority To symbolize a woman becoming disunited from her birth family To promote the idea that the couple would never again be untied from each other To ensure that a man's reproductive ability would not become bound

To ensure that a man's reproductive ability would not become bound

In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent? To eliminate the Bohemian church To reinforce the power of monarchs To recognize bishops as completely independent of secular rulers To expand noble authority as counterweight to monarchs To secure reconciliation with the Protestants

To secure reconciliation with the Protestants

Why did Frederick II establish the University of Naples? To train physicians to treat those infected with plague To train officials to serve in his bureaucracy To train priests so that they would be prepared for missionary work outside of Europe To bring together natural philosophers and engineers to solve problems confronting cities and towns. To train military officers in the use of gunpowder technologies.

To train officials to serve in his bureaucracy

On what basis did Philip Augustus claim Normandy for the French crown? Philip asserted that all lands contiguous to the French royal domains be forfeited to the French crown in order to create a defensive buffer zone against invasion. After England failed to provide support for the First Crusade, Philip asserted that all lands claimed by the English crown were forfeited to the French crown in compensation for the cost of the Crusade. When King John of England defaulted on his feudal obligation to come to the French court, Philip declared John's province of Normandy forfeited to the French crown. When Viking raiders appeared in Normandy in the twelfth century, Philip asserted that the failure of the English king to protect his Norman lands resulted in a forfeiture of his feudal responsibility and the lands reverted to the French crown. Philip asserted that no land could have two kings and claimed all French lands that were claimed by the English crown.

When King John of England defaulted on his feudal obligation to come to the French court, Philip declared John's province of Normandy forfeited to the French crown.

What was the central issue in the conflict between Henry II and Thomas Becket? Whether royal officials were subject to church courts Whether church lands were subject to royal taxation Whether church officials were subject to royal courts Whether royal lands had to pay church taxes Whether church officials were appointed by the crown or the pope

Whether church officials were subject to royal courts

What role did women have in peasant villages? Women had no political or property rights. Women had the right to speak and be heard at councils that ran villages but were denied all economic rights. Women had no official role in running villages but could own, buy, and sell land independently and head households. Women were considered property of their fathers and husbands and thus lacked all rights. Women had full political rights within village assemblies and could act in the same fashion economically as any man.

Women had no official role in running villages but could own, buy, and sell land independently and head households.

How did Peter the Great's westernizing reforms affect the process of marriage? Young noble men and women were required to attend parties together and could freely choose their own spouses. Land could not be passed to children at marriage, diminishing the motivation of children to marry at a young age. Young men and women could only marry after demonstrating that they would raise their children in a Western fashion. The authority of fathers was augmented so that they had complete control over the marriages of children. The traditional role of mothers as the negotiators of marriages was given a formal, legal role.

Young noble men and women were required to attend parties together and could freely choose their own spouses.

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was conflict between Charles II and Parliament over taxation. a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II. economic dislocation from the civil war. defeat suffered in the War of the Spanish Succession. the 1640 uprising in Ireland.

a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II.

The Albigensians, attacked in the Crusade declared in 1208 by Pope Innocent III, were Islamic converts in Spain. a Muslim people living on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. a heretical sect active in southern France. a pagan people inhabiting the forests along the eastern Baltic coast. a Jewish group living in towns along the Rhine River.

a heretical sect active in southern France.

In the early periods of conquest and colonization, and in all regions with extensive migrations, religion created the most tension between population groups. most settlers were women. most settlers were soldiers. conquerors imposed their legal system on the conquered. a legal dualism existed.

a legal dualism existed.

The typical peasant household in western and central Europe consisted of a simple nuclear family. a family and a few servants. a three-generation family. ten or more members, bound by kinship ties. fifteen or more members, bound by kinship ties.

a simple nuclear family.

The inquisitorial legal procedure differed from the accusatorial legal procedure in all of the following ways except an accuser could not be sued if charges were not proven.X a suspect would not be told the charges against him.? people were more willing to make accusations since the authorities would bring the cases publicly.X intense questioning of the suspect occurred. the subject could be tortured.

a suspect would not be told the charges against him.?

When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit. the right of the church to regulate economic activity in order to promote virtue and righteousness. the goal of the state to compel all able-bodied men and women into productive activity that will bring wealth to the community. an economic mentality that promotes economic liberty as the foundation to the production of wealth. a set of economic laws that forbid "sinful" activity such prostitution and drinking alcoholic beverages.

a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit.

Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany appealed to the national sentiment of German princes. were met with dismay by the ruling elite. led to administrative reform in the empire. found an audience only among the peasantry. are generally considered paranoid by modern historians.

appealed to the national sentiment of German princes.

The English Statute of Laborers (1351) granted limited rights to workers. fixed the number of new members of guilds. granted workers the right to free employment by any master that they chose. forbade the creation of craft unions. attempted to freeze salaries and bind workers to their manors.

attempted to freeze salaries and bind workers to their manors.

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany remained Catholics. were able to practice the religion of their choice. converted to Lutheranism. became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of the political authority. threw off the papal yoke.

became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of the political authority.

The Renaissance courts of northern Europe particularly sought to include among their staff black servants. the sons of great nobles. clergymen. Muslim scholars. Italian bankers.

black servants.

The term relic refers to bones, articles of clothing, and other items associated with a saint. underpopulated parishes. unreformed monasteries. items associated with the power of secular authorities. items associated with the power of religious authorities.

bones, articles of clothing, and other items associated with a saint.

Luther believed that marriage brought spiritual advantages and was the ideal state for nearly all human beings. distracted religious leaders from their dedication to God. was an acceptable substitute for those unable to maintain celibacy. was a holy sacrament. should be discouraged but not forbidden for those with a religious calling

brought spiritual advantages and was the ideal state for nearly all human beings.

In general, during the plague, the clergy fled to monasteries in the countryside. cared for the sick and buried the dead. were relatively untouched by the epidemic. refused to administer sacraments to plague victims. let nuns take care of the sick.

cared for the sick and buried the dead.

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on all of the following issues except clerical immorality. clerical ignorance. clerical pluralism. clerical heresy. clerical absenteeism.

clerical heresy.

The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a mood of fatalism among Calvin's followers.X withdrawal from the world of business and politics. mass exodus from the city of Geneva. fashion for astrology. confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.

confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.

In eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the growth of a small landowning class. monarchy's seizure of land from the nobility. consolidation of serfdom. establishment of an independent peasantry. establishment of many privileged towns as market centers.

consolidation of serfdom.

The permanent legacy of the Crusades includes the deep bitterness between Christians and Muslims and the establishment of European states in the Middle East. extension of European control of the Holy Land until the twentieth century. continued and flourishing commercial contact between Europeans and Muslims. establishment of cultural ties between Europe and the Islamic world. emigration of many Jews from Europe to Palestine.

continued and flourishing commercial contact between Europeans and Muslims.

Political power in the Dutch republic was held by the central government. controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants. held by the stadholder and his royal courtiers. exercised by a democratically elected States General. monopolized by members of the Calvinist Consistory.

controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants.

The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile permitted the monarchs to undermine the provincial elite by unifying the two states into a single, unified kingdom. unified all of the Iberian peninsula. created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state. undermined the claims of the Holy Roman Emperor to be the defender of the church. secured the power of the Roman church in Spain due to the Inquisition.

created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state.

The Star Chamber dealt with noble threats to royal power in England. was dominated by the great nobles of England. was the English equivalent of the Spanish Inquisition. dealt with the finances of the English government. was largely staffed by conversos.

dealt with noble threats to royal power in England.

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Americas by giving Spain everything south of the Caribbean and England everything north of the Caribbean. divided the Pacific Ocean by giving Spain everything east of India and Portugal everything west of India. divided the Atlantic Ocean with an imaginary line, giving Spain control of everything west of the line and Portugal everything east of the line. divided the Americas by giving Portugal all of the sugar-producing regions and Spain all of the silver-producing regions. divided the Pacific Ocean by giving England the Indian subcontinent and Portugal all of the East Indies.

divided the Atlantic Ocean with an imaginary line, giving Spain control of everything west of the line and Portugal everything east of the line.

Mercantilist theory postulated that government should not interfere in the economy. imports and exports should be equally balanced. economic activity should be regulated by and for the state. overseas colonies were an unwanted drain of valuable gold bullion. free trade would maximize the wealth of all nations.

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.

According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to reform was education. control of the papacy. a pious life. the concerted effort that only a strong state could afford. adherence to church dogma.

education.

Charles VII of France expanded his authority through all of the following except expelling the English from all French soil except Calais. eliminating nobles' militias and troops. increasing the influence of lawyers and bankers on the royal council. instituting new taxes. establishing regular companies of cavalry and archers.

eliminating nobles' militias and troops.

The motivations for European explorers included all of the following except material profit. economic revival. crusading zeal. Renaissance curiosity. fear of the Black Death.

fear of the Black Death.

Protestants argued that the highest form of Christian life is for each individual to serve God through his or her individual calling. to enter into monastic life and its total commitment to spiritual work. for the individual to accept his or her proper place in society. to accept extreme poverty and dedicate all of one's goods and energies to Christian charities. to enter the priesthood.

for each individual to serve God through his or her individual calling.

The Edict of Nantes permitted French Huguenots to worship wherever they wished as long as they continued to pay taxes to the Catholic church. ordered all French Huguenots convert to Catholicism or leave France. required all Catholic priests in France to swear an oath of loyalty to the king. granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns. permitted each French nobleman to determine the religion for his territory.

granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns.

The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the decline of religious feeling. political disunity of Italy. great commercial revival in Italy. creation of powerful, centralized monarchies. French patronage of Italian artists.

great commercial revival in Italy.

The establishment of new colleges and universities in the years following the Black Death greatly weakened the international nature of medieval culture. were generally similar to the internationally-oriented earlier universities. enhanced the role of the papacy in European affairs. had no apparent connection to the previous crises. led to the foundation of the Dominican and Franciscan orders.

greatly weakened the international nature of medieval culture.

"Fur-collar crime" refers to peasants who snuck onto noble lands and killed wild game to bring home and serve to their families. a late re-emergence of the Viking-style raids by Russian sailors known for their long, heavy coats. groups of nobles who roamed the English countryside stealing from the rich and poor. monastic orders who forced peasants to pay extra taxation for various religious festivals. merchants who forged account books in order to force peasants and laborers to pay for goods they had never received.

groups of nobles who roamed the English countryside stealing from the rich and poor.

The thirteenth century witnessed a tremendous spurt in the use of religious clerics in political offices. knights in warfare. horses to haul carts to market. steel in manufactured goods. law courts to resolve grievances.

horses to haul carts to market.

One important mode of influencing public opinion, used by the English and French kings during the Hundred Years' War, was publishing broadsheets. distributing free grain to the populace. proclaiming a crusade. purchasing votes. instructing priests to deliver patriotic sermons.

instructing priests to deliver patriotic sermons.

The rebellions that swept across Europe in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries were primarily political movements. resulted in important reforms. sparked efforts to reform the church. involved both rural and urban laboring people. were treated with leniency by nobles.

involved both rural and urban laboring people.

By the mid-twelfth century, a vassal's military service for a lord was limited to forty days a year. his primary source of income. replaced by bureaucratic and judicial work. expanded to year-round service because of the Crusades. was only for ceremonial occasions.

limited to forty days a year.

In the early Middle Ages, noble status was unheard of. limited to very few families in Europe. open to all with military skills and equipment. inherited through the matrilineal line. purchased from papal officials.

limited to very few families in Europe.

The Statute of Kilkenny attempted to force the Irish to move into cities and villages where the English landowners could better control and tax them. institute a tax on Irish grazing practices so that English landlords could profit from their common lands. require the Irish to adopt the English language to make it easier for them to manage their affairs. protect the Irish from abuse by English landlords who instituted unauthorized fess and taxes. maintain the ethnic purity of the English living in Ireland by preventing intermarriage or cultural assimilation.

maintain the ethnic purity of the English living in Ireland by preventing intermarriage or cultural assimilation.

A serf, in order to gain freedom, had to obtain a slave to replace his labor. make a cash payment to his or her lord. demonstrate cruelty by the lord to a royal court. petition the papal curia to declare him or her free. convince a poor landless person to take his or her place as a serf.

make a cash payment to his or her lord.

In early Renaissance Italy, art manifested corporate power. was commissioned by nobles only. was seen as subversive by the church. did not depict living people. was produced for art's sake.

manifested corporate power.

The plays of Molière and Racine signified the end of French cultural dominance in Europe. harshly criticized the absolutist monarchy of Louis XIV. were loved by the Parisian masses but banished from the French court. marked the finest achievements in the history of the French theater. found their greatest success in the English-speaking world.

marked the finest achievements in the history of the French theater.

In the Holy Roman Empire, seigneurial courts addressed matters such as damage to crops and fields, boundary disputes, and debt. accusations made against knights and military figures. charges of corruption against clerics. conflicts between nobles over land and precedence. accusations of heresy and witchcraft.

matters such as damage to crops and fields, boundary disputes, and debt.

The group of people who benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century was the Spanish bureaucracy. nobility. urban working class. middle class. upper-level clergy.

middle class.

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate is best described as a popular democracy. cabinet-style parliamentary government. constitutional monarchy. military dictatorship. proletarian dictatorship.

military dictatorship.

In twelfth and thirteenth centuries a dramatic increase occurred in the abandonment of children by serf families. landless poor families. wealthy peasant families. noble families. merchant families.

noble families.

Connecticut and Rhode Island because of efforts by the English government to keep the colonies small, so that the colonists would be dependent on the Crown. they were searching for good agricultural land. of a planned development to drive the Indians out of the region. of religious disputes among the colonists. communities formed around water resources.

of religious disputes among the colonists.

At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were settled by a civilization of vast wealth and sophistication. the site of the garden of Eden. part of a new continent. isolated from any other land mass. off the coast of Asia.

off the coast of Asia.

Households in medieval villages generally consisted of at least two generations of married couples and their unmarried children. several married couples (related through siblings) and their servants. one married couple, their children, and perhaps one or two other relatives. large numbers of unmarried and married siblings and their spouses and children. several unrelated married couples and their children.

one married couple, their children, and perhaps one or two other relatives.

The cults of local saints originated with local believers. were created by the church leadership. indicated the weakness of religious feelings. were endorsed by the papacy. weakened as veneration of Mary intensified.

originated with local believers.

The demesne was the monk in charge of providing charity for the poor. "inner economy" of noble households. boundary line between individual peasants' land holdings. lord's court. part of the manor that was cultivated for the lord.

part of the manor that was cultivated for the lord

Henry IV of France did all of the following except issue the Edict of Nantes. improve the infrastructure of the country. lower taxes. repair the ravages of years of civil war. place Cardinal Richelieu in charge of the French government.

place Cardinal Richelieu in charge of the French government.

The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to the continued strength of Catholicism in southern Europe. the popularity of John Calvin. popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation. popular support of Luther in his conflict with the pope. the piety of Teresa of Avila.

popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation.

One source of tension in noble families was the practice of primogeniture. mother's dominance of family affairs. increasing value of women's marriage portions. abolition of oblation. practice of wet-nursing.

practice of primogeniture.

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to spread Protestantism. prevent English influence from increasing in Germany. contain Protestantism east of the Rhine. facilitate the Turkish attack on the Habsburgs. prevent Charles V from increasing his power.

prevent Charles V from increasing his power.

French foreign policy under Richelieu focused primarily on the prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France. destruction of English naval power. destruction of the economic power of the Low Countries. protection of Burgundy. winning back of Alsace-Lorraine.

prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France.

The Tudor Henry VII of England won broad, popular support by reforming the church. promoting peace and social order at the local level. restricting the wages of the working classes. lowering taxes and subsidizing the wool industry. appointing a few great lords as his closest advisors.

promoting peace and social order at the local level.

According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it provided the necessary public services. was based on Christian morality. protected the liberty of its citizens. provided order, security, and safety of the populace. improved the economy.

provided order, security, and safety of the populace.

In the High Middle Ages, prostitution was ruthlessly prosecuted by authorities. found only in the bustling seaports of the Mediterranean. both a rural and urban phenomenon. regulated by state authorities. endorsed by the church.

regulated by state authorities.

The career of Hildegard of Bingen was relatively typical for religious women of her class. remarkable for its intellectual creativity and political influence. limited to administrative achievements in her convent. representative of the influence of the friar orders. cut short by her love affair with Peter Abelard.

remarkable for its intellectual creativity and political influence.

The Lateran Council of 1059 decreed that the authority and power to elect the pope were in the hands of the bishops. rested with the college of cardinals. were in the hands of the Holy Roman emperor. belonged to God alone. rested in the hands of Europe's kings.

rested with the college of cardinals.

The dissolution of the English monasteries resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth. resulted in a more equitable distribution of land. deeply disturbed the English upper classes. was the result of rebellious activities by the monks. was reversed by Elizabeth I.

resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth.

Women play all of the following roles in patronage systems except recommending people for honors. serving on royal councils. advocating policy decisions. brokering alliances between noble factions. forming powerful social networks.

serving on royal councils.

The northern Italian communes took all of the following forms except some cities were sworn associations of free men who sought political and economic independence from local nobles. some cities were ruled by military leaders who had established order following popular uprisings. some cities were established as republican governments by the common people through armed revolts. some cities were ruled by signori who kept communal institutions in place but left them no actual power. some cities were under authority of the papacy, which ruled them as personal lands of the pope.

some cities were under authority of the papacy, which ruled them as personal lands of the pope.

The religious life of Bridget of Sweden demonstrates that Christians still suffered discrimination in parts of European society. some expressions of piety and religious devotion included mystical experiences. women who took leadership of spiritual communities were often accused of witchcraft. the philosophical tradition of Thomas Aquinas could produce a deeply emotional response. the nobility increasing left leadership in local Christian communities to members of the merchant classes.

some expressions of piety and religious devotion included mystical experiences.

In Hungary, Lutheranism was embraced by the high nobility as attacking their clerical rivals. destroyed by Turks when they seized control of realm. rejected by nearly all people as a heresy of the hated Germans. widely adopted as a symbols of anti-Habsburg sentiment. spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg.

spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg.

Italian humanists stressed the study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature. study of the classics in order to understand the divine nature of God. absolute authority of classical texts. role of the church in the reform of society. study of Revelation for a clue to the date of the Second Coming.

study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature.

Castiglione's manual on gentlemanly conduct focused on ridding oneself of vermin. suggested that early choice of a profession was crucial in becoming a gentleman. asserted that real men need not learn French. insisted that the real gentleman show Christian humility and kindness toward the downtrodden. suggested that gentlemen cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, from athletic to intellectual to spiritual issues.

suggested that gentlemen cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, from athletic to intellectual to spiritual issues.

Most historians identify the disease associated with the Black Death as the bubonic plague; however, some historians have asserted that it was a different disease, something like scarlet fever. small pox. the Ebola virus. cholera. influenza.

the Ebola virus.

The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of Utrecht. the White Mountains. the Pyrenees. Olivares. Westphalia.

the Pyrenees.

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII. the missionary activity of the Lollards. the terrible conditions then existing in the English churches. efforts by Luther and his followers.

the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII.

Latin Christian influences entered the Scandinavian and Baltic regions primarily through military conquest. the erection of dioceses. merchants and traders. intellectual exchanges. pilgrims and other missionaries.

the erection of dioceses.

The English treatment of the Irish was the great exception to the economic expansion of the era. the legal dualism between natives and colonists. the ruthlessness with which monarchs pursued religious conformity. the spread of religious fanaticism during the Black Death. the role of the Inquisition in persecuting conversos.

the legal dualism between natives and colonists.

The fourth Lateran Council in 1215 declared all of the following except the doctrine of transubstantiation. priests had the power to mediate for everyone with God. Christians should confess their sins to a priest at least once a year. the pope was infallible. Jews and Muslims were to wear special clothing that set them apart from Christians.

the pope was infallible.

According to the text, Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted that the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government. North America would one day be the site of the greatest power in world history. Native Americans could be saved through conversion to Christianity. flaws in the divine nature were responsible for human corruption. human beings evolved from lower animals.

the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government.

Francesco Petrarch believed that a new era would dawn as writers stripped Christianity of the classical Roman influences that had polluted the church's teachings. the writers of ancient Greece had reached a perfection in literature and philosophy that the writers of ancient Rome had corrupted. the recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement. the barbarians invaders had brought a new, vigorous energy to Western culture that needed to be integrated into the classical tradition. education should center on the study of the Bible combined with meditation and reflection.

the recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement.

The subjugation of the Italian peninsula by outside invaders was the product of the invaders' overwhelming superiority. the result of the economic collapse of Italy. inevitable. the result of the Italians' failure to coordinate a common defense. the result of a papal invitation to the French king to intervene.

the result of the Italians' failure to coordinate a common defense.

Within medieval Judaism, upon death the soul might experience any of the following except the very righteous might go directly to a place of spiritual reward. most souls would go initially to a place of punishment and purification. the soul might be sent back to earth to redeem itself through good works. the completely wicked might simply go out of existence. the completely wicked might continue in a state of eternal remorse.

the soul might be sent back to earth to redeem itself through good works.

Luther believed that the church consisted of the entire body of clergy. the elect. all those who supported his views. the saints and Christ, not human beings. the spiritual priesthood of all believers.

the spiritual priesthood of all believers.

William Shakespeare's genius lay in all of the following except the use of clear and unadorned expressions. the originality of his characterizations. the diversity of his plots. his understanding of human psychology. his unexcelled gift for language.

the use of clear and unadorned expressions.

Rich individuals sponsored artists and works of art because it was good for business. in order to please God. to glorify themselves and their families. to control unemployment. to enlighten the masses.

to glorify themselves and their families.

Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War was a call to the nobles to crush the peasants. to undertake penance for the peasants' sins. a call for peasants and nobles to unite in a crusade against the Turks. a call for the confiscation of Catholic nobles' estates. to side with the peasants.

to side with the peasants.

The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was reform of the church. a belief in decentralization. to strengthen royal control. the sovereignty of the people. hostility to the Huguenots.

to strengthen royal control.

The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was institutional reform. reconciliation with Protestantism. to combat heresy and Protestantism. to uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity. conversion of Asians and Africans.

to uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity.

The hagiographies popular in the late Middle Ages told the lives of saints based on myths, legends, and popular stories. explained the teachings of the church in a series of workbooks. served to resolve technical matters of doctrine through a process of Biblical interpretation. offered mystical expressions of God as recorded by monks who sought a spiritual ecstasy. exposed the crimes and sins of the clergy in highly explosive personal exposés.

told the lives of saints based on myths, legends, and popular stories.

In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company established outposts in New York (New Amsterdam) and elsewhere in the Americas. handled the shipment of gold and silver bullion from Spanish America to Spain. took over the Philippines from Spain. established bases in the Caribbean. took over much of the East Indies from Portugal.

took over much of the East Indies from Portugal.

The Crusades permitted kings to solve the problem of overpopulation, which was draining resources and creating social instability. efforts by the papacy to extend its authority in European lands. heresy in European lands. religious radicals who turned their attention to the Crusades and stopped demanding reforms in Europe. troublemaking knights, particularly restless younger sons for whom the practice of primogeniture meant few prospects.

troublemaking knights, particularly restless younger sons for whom the practice of primogeniture meant few prospects.

Oliver Cromwell governed England as a democracy. as a parliamentary republic. as a traditional monarchy. as an absolute monarchy. under a form of martial law.

under a form of martial law.

The highly infectious nature of the plague was enhanced by the imposition of quarantine measures. an influx of peasants seeking medical care. urban congestion and lack of sanitation. the total absence of health-care facilities. starving peasants' consumption of black rats.

urban congestion and lack of sanitation.

As consumer habits changed, an aristocrat's greatest expense was usually his urban palace. military hardware and training. daughter's dowry. food. jewelry and clothing.

urban palace.

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms? Luther obtained permission to continue to call for reform as long as he remained loyal to papal authority. Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices. Luther guaranteed the personal protection of the emperor for the rest of his life as long as he remained within imperial lands. Luther was granted permission to call for church reform of institutional corruption as long as he accepted official papal doctrine. Luther was granted permission to challenge church teachings as long as he remained submissive to the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor.

uther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices.

During the Hundred Years' War, the English kings were supported by some French barons because the latter disapproved of the Babylonian Captivity. were promised estates in England. wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts. were economically dependent on the English wool trade. were Lollards.

wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts.

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that supported the efforts of the Puritans. emphasized personal and public religious conformity. was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. favored Catholics over Protestants. imported Scottish Presbyterianism into England.

was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes.

Typically, the parish priest in the rural areas of Europe used the power of the church to control local landlords. was a poor peasant. had little concern for his parishioners as he pursued career advancement. rejected the local cults of the saints. had trained at a monastic seminary.

was a poor peasant.

Aristocratic children were put to work as soon as they could walk. attended monastery schools from the age of five. were not baptized until they reached "the age of reason" and could publicly profess the Christian faith. generally did not leave home until the age of twenty-one. were allowed freedom to play and explore until about age seven.

were allowed freedom to play and explore until about age seven.

The conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV concerned whether royal officials were subject to church courts. whether church lands were subject to royal taxation. whether church officials were subject to royal courts. whether royal lands had to pay church taxes. whether church officials were appointed by the crown or by the pope.

whether church officials were appointed by the crown or by the pope.

All of the following inhibited women's success as painters in the Renaissance except women were not allowed to study the male nude. women could not work in public where the fresco technique was done. women were not permitted to join groups of male artists for informal practice. women were not permitted to attend artistic academies. women were not permitted to take up painting until after they were married.

women were not permitted to take up painting until after they were married.

In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits. the status of women had improved since the Middle Ages. women's sphere of activity was private and domestic. women should have equal opportunity in marital and extramarital sexual relations. women lacked immortal souls.

women's sphere of activity was private and domestic.