His 102 Midterm Study Guide
Divine Right
Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.
Explain the Act of Supremacy(1) and Act of Succession(2). What was the purpose of each one?
(1)Gave the king and queen total control over the church (2)only children from Henry's 2nd marriage to Anne Boleyn could inherit throne. Mary = illegitimate, Elizabeth = true heir to throne
Catherine the Great
ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations
Petrarch
(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization. Petrarch is often regarded as the Father of Humanism because he helped to popularize the study of the classical world and literature. He rediscovered many manuscripts in monasteries and had Greek works translated to Latin, so that they could be more readily read and studied.
Donatello
(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature. He sculpted the statue of David.
Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince
(1532). The main theme of this short book is that all means may be resorted to for the establishment and preservation of authority -- the end justifies the means -- and that the worst and most treacherous acts of the ruler are justified by the wickedness and treachery of the governed. The Prince was condemned by Pope Clement VIII.
Long Parliament
(1640-1648) desperate for money after Scottish invasion of northern England-Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament: Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min. of once every 3 years; ship money abolished; leaders of persecution of Puritans to be tried and executed; Star Chamber abolished; common law courts supreme to king's courts; refused funds to raise army to defeat Irish revolt-Puritans came to represent majority in Parliament
Peter the Great
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.
Roundheads
A group consisting of puritans, country land owners, and town based manufacturers, led by Oliver Cromwell; fought against the Cavaliers during the English civil war
James II (1685-1688)
-became unpopular because of his open Catholicism and return to absolute rule
Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy
...an epic poem, one of the greatest works of world literature
Rene Descartes
17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism
Society of Jesus
A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work.
Inquisition
A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.
Absolutism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Who is Martin Luther? What was the issue that he had with Johann Tetzel?
A german monk who was a leader of the Reformation. Luther claimed, that Tetzel had received a substantial amount of money at Leipzig, from a nobleman asking him for a letter of indulgence for a future sin. Supposedly Tetzel answered in the affirmative, insisting that the payment had to be made at
Scientific Revolution
A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.
Versailles
A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
Skepticism
A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.
Glorious Revolution
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
Constitutional Monarchy
A system of governing in which the ruler's power is limited by law.
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Diet of Worms
Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.
Heliocentric
Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe
Index of Prohibited Books
Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession could be severe
Edward VI of England
Briefly the king of England who issued the Protestant Book of Common Prayer; son of Henry VIII who died before age 16.
Issac Newton
British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia"
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
Mary Queen of Scots
Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.
How do Protestants and Catholics different?
Catholics believe that the Catholic Church is the original and first Christian Church. Protestants follow the teachings of Jesus Christ as transmitted through the Old & New Testament. Protestants believe that the Catholic Church stemmed from the original Christian Church, but became corrupt.
Charles II (English)
Charles lived in exile until he was crowned King of England, Ireland and Scotland in 1661. His reign marking the Restoration period, Charles was known for his cavorting lifestyle and feuds with Parliament.
What are the major reforms of the Catholic Reformation?
Council of Trent, Index if Prohibited Books, Society of Jesus, and Inquistion
William III and Mary II
Crowned as co-monarchs of England after the Glorious Revolution.
James I of England
Divine right of kings, absolutist, Abandons the parliament, and alienates the puritans
How did mercantilism help support King Louis XIV's goals and military ambitions?
Divine-right monarchy was not peculiarly French, of course, nor was the mercantilism practiced by the France of Louis XIV. ... The mercantilists held that production within a nation should provide all the necessities of life for a hard-working population and also provide the power needed to fight and win wars.
Explain the events that led to the English Civil War. How did religion play a role in the developing war? Who was Oliver Cromwell and what was his role in England during the Civil War?
English Civil Wars, also called Great Rebellion, (1642-51), fighting that took place in the British Isles between supporters of the monarchy of Charles I (and his son and successor, Charles II) and opposing groups in each of Charles's kingdoms, including Parliamentarians in England, Covenanters in Scotland, and Confederates in Ireland. The English Civil Wars are traditionally considered to have begun in England in August 1642, when Charles I raised an army against the wishes of Parliament, ostensibly to deal with a rebellion in Ireland. But the period of conflict actually began earlier in Scotland, with the Bishops' Wars of 1639-40, and in Ireland, with the Ulster rebellion of 1641. Throughout the 1640s, war between king and Parliament ravaged England, but it also struck all of the kingdoms held by the house of Stuart—and, in addition to war between the various British and Irish dominions, there was civil war within each of the Stuart states. For this reason the English Civil Wars might more properly be called the British Civil Wars or the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The wars finally ended in 1651 with the flight of Charles II to France and, with him, the hopes of the British monarchy. Oliver Cromwell:was an English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England and primarily because of ethnic cleansing activities in Ireland euphemistically called as Cromwellian Genocide.
Charles I of England
English King during the English Civil War is executed by Oliver Cromwell
Elizabeth I
English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise
John Locke
English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
Bill of Rights
First 10 amendments to the Constitution
Where did the Renaissance begin?
Florence, Italy
Which city was at the center of the Italian Renaissance? Five largest cities in Europe during this time?
Florence, Italy Flocence, Genoa, and Venice (look for more)
Describe absolutism in France. What was the Fronde? How did Louis XIV respond to the Fronde? How did the Palace of Versailles reinforce the King's power and political influence?
French Absolutism was a style of monarchy where the monarch had absolute power based on divine right. In other words God gave the monarch the right to rule however and whenever from anywhere the fronde-revolt in Paris by the nobility, mostly nobles of the sword, Louis and his mother flee Paris and live in povertyHe never wants to show a sign of weakness again and he doesn't trust Parisians anymore Louis XIV installed his royal court at Versailles. He required all the great nobility of France, to come live at Versailles for at least part of the year. This has the effect of reducing one major threat to his power - Nobility. ... It weakened the nobles by accustoming them to opulance and decadent activity.
Johannes Gutenberg and the printing press
German inventor of the Printing Press,which changed learning forever because it made books cheaper and more widely available. Gutenberg's printing press spread literature to the masses for the first time in an efficient, durable way, shoving Europe headlong into the original information age - the Renaissance
What is predestination?
God grants grace for his own inscrutable reasons and knows in advance who will be saved and who will be condemned to hell.
What is the Edict of Nantes?
Granted limited toleration to French protestants. Religious wars ceased, in the new century of France blossomed into the mightiest and most feared nation in Europe.
Explain the succession to the English throne after the death of Henry VIII
He had three legitimate children, Mary, Elizabeth and Edward. He also had an illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, who lived at Windsor Castle for a time. Following his death in 1547, Henry VIII was succeeded on the throne by his son Edward, and then by his daughters Mary and Elizabeth.
Nicholas Copernicus
He thought that the sun was the center & the plants went around the sun in circles
Which monarch funded England's first overseas expedition? Which explorer did they employ?
Henry VII and he employed John Cabot
Explain the founding of the Church of England. What other names were the Church of England called? Why was the Church of England founded? Who was the founder? How did the idea of a state church differ in England from with Luther in Germany?
Henry VIII started the process of creating the Church of England after his split with the Pope in the 1530s. Henry was anxious to ensure a male heir after his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, had borne him only a daughter. He wanted his marriage annulled in order to remarry Anglican Church
Explain the situation that led to the English Reformation.
In England, the Reformation began with Henry VIII's quest for a male heir. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could remarry, the English king declared in 1534 that he alone should be the final authority in matters relating to the English church
Galileo Galilei
Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars
Who was Henry VIII? Did he support the Lutheran Reformation? Why or why not?
King of England He did not approve because look up
What was the Lutheran Reformation? What were the social and religious issues contributing to the Reformation?
Martin Luther writings were responsible for fractionalizing the Catholic Church and sparking the Protestant Reformation. His central teachings, that the Bible is the central source of religious authority and that salvation is reached through faith and not deeds, shaped the core of Protestantism.
What were the "Three Principles of the People"?
Nationalism, Democracy, and Livelihood
Michelangelo
Painted the Sistine Chapel
Who were the Puritans?
People who wanted to purify the Church of England The name "Puritans" (they were sometimes called "precisionists") was a term of contempt assigned to the movement by its enemies
Which country pioneered overseas exploration? Who were the leaders of this country's efforts at overseas expansion?
Portugal Vasco da Gama- a sailor, first person to sail directly from Europe to India Bartolomeu Dias-explorer that is today best remembered for being the first European who sailed to the southern tip of Africa. His voyage opened the way for his compatriot Vasco da Gama who managed to find sea route to India in 1498.
What did Calvinists believe?
Predestination
Why was overseas exploration so important to the history of the West?
The Age of Exploration was one of the most important times in the history of world geography. A significant portion of the unknown world was mapped during this short period. Also, many advances were made in navigation and mapping which helped future explorers and travelers.
Rump Parliament
The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.
What was the Glorious Revolution? What was the cause of it? Who were the monarchs installed as a result? What was the nature of the compromise that William and Mary accepted as they ascended the throne in England?
The Glorious revolution was when William of Orange took the throne from King James II in 1688. It broke a permanent realignment of power within the English constitution. ... It occurred when Parliament joined with William III and his wife Mary to dispose James II of England because of the fear of his Catholicism.
How did the Protestant Reformation affect german politics?
The Reformation was a turning point in the way people thought. The movement exploded in Germany and spread throughout Europe. The idea of freedom from authority spread to the peasants who revolted against the nobility and royal oppressors.
Sevens Years War
The Seven Years' War, also known as the French and Indian War, began in 1756 when the fighting between French and colonists merged into a European conflict involving France, Austria, and Russia against Prussia and Britain. ... Peace was declared in 1763 through the Peace of Paris, which ended French power in North America.
compare and contrast absolutism and constitutional monarchy
The difference between absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy is that in the absolute monarchy, the monarch holds the supreme or absolute powers, whereas in the constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a hereditary or elected monarch. ... In other words, the king or queen of an absolute monarchy is a dictator. This is a major similarity between constitutional and absolute monarchs. Their position and the power and responsibility that comes with it is transferred by order of their birth into the ruling royal house. Investiture of power.
How is Calvinists and Luther's teaching different?
The difference between the two is primarily a matter of emphasis rather than a matter of content. For Calvin, God is strictly a personal being whose omnipotence controls everything. Like Luther, he held that God is absolute sovereign. However, Calvin goes a little beyond Luther in his emphasis on this point.
New Model Army
The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war.
How did the English Reformation affect English politics?
The massive turmoil that the Reformation caused had a lasting impact on European politics. Soon after the Catholic Church deemed Martin Luther a "protestant," Europe became divided along confessional, as well as territorial, lines. The religious turmoil of the period led to warfare within most states and between many.
How are protestants similar to catholics?
There are some similarities between Catholic and Protestant faiths despite their differences. They both believe that there is only God and that there is the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. They both also believe that the Lord is the giver of life.
Louis XIV
This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France.
Mary I
This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants
What were indulgences?
When people paid to be forgiven for sins
What is protestant work ethic?
Work ethic is a commitment to the value and importance of hard work among potential employees. Protestants believe that work is a duty which benefits both the individual and society as a whole.
The Prince
Written by machiavelli, described that power is more important, "better to be feared than loved"
What was the Renaissance?
a rebirth of learning that produced many great works of art and literature
What are the renaissance characteristics?
a renewed interest in classical antiquity; a rise in humanist philosophy (a belief in self, human worth, and individual dignity); and radical changes in ideas about religion, politics, and science.
Niccolo Machiavelli
a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)
Cavaliers
a supporter of King Charles I in the English Civil War.
What were the technological innovations necessary for overseas exploration to begin? Where did many of the technological advancements come from?
astrolabe, magnetic compass, caravel, sextant and Mercator's projection The increase in trade during the Renaissance led to an Age of Exploration. During this era of discovery, European explorers searched for new trade routes to Asia, new people to convert to Christianity, and new lands to conquer in the name of their kings at home. ... These changes led to the "rise" of Western Europe.
Frances Bacon
came up with the scienctific method; criticized Aristotle, English politician and writer
What was constitutional monarchy and how did it work in England? How did kings, such as Charles I, get around this and project a more absolutist government?
in the Kingdom of England, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 led to a constitutional monarchy restricted by laws such as the Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701, although limits on the power of the monarch ("a limited monarchy") are much older than that (see Magna Carta).
How did the Renaissance spread?
increased trade of goods and ideas between European nations merchant traveling spread of universities printinig press writing in vernacular
Which new artistic rule developed during the Renaissance helped to change the way that artists depicted depth in paintings?
it was a way of blurring the lines between subjects. This technique was used in Leonardo's Mona Lisa. Foreshortening - Another technique that added perspective and depth to paintings, foreshortening is a way of shortening lines to give the illusion of depth
Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales
knight-chivalry, wise, modest squire-son of the knight, recited poetry prioress-refined, elegant, not interested in her religious duties monk-hunting is his sport, violates religious vows friar-did not follow religious orders wife of bath-5 husbands pardoner-authorized to sell indulgences for sins
What lead to the English Reformation?
look up and read more into it
Estates
social classes
House of Commons
the first legislative body of Parliament whose members are elected.
House of Lords
the upper house of the British parliament
Ferdinard Magellan
was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies that resulted in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano.
Who was Christopher Columbus? Who sponsored his voyage and why? Why was Christopher looking for a new trade
~An Italian sailor that sailed for spain and "discovered the americas" in 1492 ~sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, he hoped the sailor would bring glory and riches to the Spanish crown by finding a faster sea...
What is humanism? What did they consider important?
~An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements. ~created schools to teach their ideas and wrote books all about education. (EDUCATION WAS IMPORTANT)
What were the Ninety-Five Theses? What was the responses of the Catholic Church leadership?
~Document written by Martin Luther and posted on a church door in Germany that listed 95 things that Luther saw wrong with the church ~It condemned the list and asked the writer to recant it.
Leonardo da Vinci What is a Renaissance man? and why is he considered one?
~Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect ~a person with many talents or areas of knowledge. ~ he was considered one because he was a very talented person in many different areas. He was both an inventor and a painter, a sculptor (although less so) and a philosopher.
What is the Catholic Reformation? What was it characterized as the counter-reformation?
~a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation ~The Counter-Reformation was a period of Catholic revival between 1545-1648. ... The Council of Trent was an important Catholic Church council held in the Italian city of Trent between 1545-1563. The council met in order to clarify and formally declare the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation.
Who is John Calvin?
~leader of Protestantism; believed in predestination; created Calvinism