His 104
During the Age of Monarchy, what was rule based on?
"Divine Right"
Capitalism
"Free market". Wealth can be increased through your endeavors infinitely.
Louis XIV
"I am the state. You report only to me."
Ulrich Zwingli
- Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531) - Leader of the Reformation -Christianity would never be the same
Which of the following best describes how the Spanish Armada was defeated in 1588?
- The sea around England was unfamiliar to the ships. - A storm caused them many difficulties. - English cannons were used to sink the ships.
Which three of the following are true of the ship known as a carrack?
- The ship was best used as a merchant vessel. - The ship used both square and triangular sails. - The ship was heavy and hard to maneuver.
Social Contrat
- Theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment - State over individual
Which of the following did the Portuguese accomplish by conquering the Madeira Islands?
- They escaped the confines of Iberia. - They found a direct sea route to Asia.
Which of the following are attributes of Venice's colonies?
- They helped Venice carry out military operations. - They facilitated trade with other regions - They brought additional wealth to the city.
Thirty Years War
- War that lasted 30 years -1618 to 1648 -Conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestants.
What was social distress seen in?
- alcoholism - crime - prostitution - health problems
What happened to the Congo under King Leopold II's control?
- charters were given to private companies - forced labor camps set up - horrible brutality - Belgium Congo established
What were Japan's 'New Order' objectives?
- destroy local regimes - expel western interests - set up self-sufficient economic bloc
Martin Luther disagreed with the monastic life because he
- did not believe that celibate lives were holier than other faithful lives. - thought that it was unnatural to live as a monk or celibate.
What was China's policies on commerce?
- did not recognize diplomats - restricted foreign merchants - set high custom duties
What new worker traits were required for the factories?
- discipline - dependability - productivity - sobriety
Which of the following best describe Renaissance Italy?
- diverse political systems - varying customs and beliefs - multiple regional languages - rural farmland
What did the Jacobins mandate in order to reinforce new revolutionary ideas?
- dress code - completely new calendar - new religion
Which of the following are elements of renaissance humanism?
- emphasis on reading ancient texts without medieval glossing or commentary - emulated the arts and philosophies of the classical past - focus on mastery of ancient languages
What were some factors that led to the Japanese success?
- high degree of literacy - motivated, loyal subjects - Samurai opposition destroyed
The Directory governed after the Reign of Terror and _______,_______, and _______.
- opposed return of monarchy - depended on army - overthrown by young general
factory system
- people moved to cities with facotrues -workers lost control of time and quality of work
What was the aftermath of the Latin American Revolution?
- people wary & divided bc of war length - peninsulares returned to Europe - constitutions excluded most from political participation - military leadership instead of civilian
What rights and freedoms did the National Assembly's "Declaration of the Rights of Man" guarantee?
- personal - property - political
In the Great War what advantages did the allies have?
- super navies - stronger finances - greater resources
What built politics of realism in Germany?
- superior army - use of force or persuasion - manipulation of other nations
In the Great War what advantages did the axis have?
- superior general - better armies
What were results of the Purges?
- system full of 'new men' loyal to Stalin - surveillance and fear - staggering loss of life 10-14 mill
What were the estates during the French Revolution?
- the clergy - the aristocrats (nobility) - commoners
Baron de Montesquieu
-Believed government should have separation of powers
Grito de Dolores
-Father Hidalgo's Cry for freedom -In response an army of Mestizo's was formed -Hidalgo was captured and executed -fiery speech given by priest Father Miguel Hidalgo in 1810 -started Mexico's independence movement
Johannes Kepler
-German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)
effects abroad
-Louisiana purchase -Latin american revolutions
Napoleans Gov was based on?
-Merritt efficiency law - the middle class in in power
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
-Mexican president who led an army against Texas -He was also a political leader and a general -Forced to sign the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Father Miguel Hidalgo
-Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810 -despite early victories, was captured and executed
Nicolaus Copernicus
-Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe
Pierre Bayle
-Protesant that was critical of traditional religious attitudes -He attacked supestition, religious intolerance and dogmatism -He believed that this should be applied to the Bible as well, as seen in the Historical and Critical Dictionary and Dictionary
John Calvin
-Religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society
National goals of the Congress in Vienna
-Russia- expand power -Britain- stopped French military -Prussia- unified Germany -Austria- restored old order -France- get leniency
Francisco Pizarro
-Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
Llaneros
-Venezuelan cowboys -Latino herder -Part Spanish and Indian -Strong culture and a distinctive form of music
Cartagena Manifesto
-Written by Simón Bolívar during the Colombian and Venezuelan War of Independence -after the fall of the First Republic, explaining with great detail and precision what he believed to be the causes of this loss
social impact of industrial revolution
-beginning of entrepreneurs -they were the driving force behind social changes -talent was the key to success -they were self confident
Colonial Physicians
-columbian exchange brought disease -Colonial physicians were doctors who helped
significance of the american revolution
-john lockes ideas vindicated -immediate boost given to european liberals est france -two political concepts emerged -the people had taken destiny into their own hands
factory system characterized by
-machines -power -raw materials
Declaration of the rights of men
-protects rights- personal property and politicial -taxes only by consent
role of woman
-they began working outside of the home -demand for suffrage
Monroe Doctrine
- Happened in 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere -any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.
What were motivations of New Imperialism?
- Nationalism and competition for territory - need for natural resources & new markets - 'civilizing' mission - Social Darwinism
Salons
- Parties (books and arts) - 17th and 18th century
What was not one of Britain's Advantages (american rev)?
A. Army B. Supplies C. Navy D. Training
What was one cause of the American Revolution?
A. Boston Massacre
True of false: It took 25 years for Castile to fully conquer the Canary Islands.
False (Remember that it took Castile 94 years (1402-1496) to conquer the islands.)
True or false: In 1579, the northern provinces of the Spanish Netherlands were mainly Catholic, while the south was largely Protestant.
False (The north was Protestant, while the south was Catholic.)
What role did families play in Lutheran communities?
Families were seen as a place to enforce moral ideals.
TECHNOLOGY- list new inventions
The invention of the microscope Europe also discovered the Muslim invented telescope, thermometer, and barometer, and the vacuum tube All of these led to more accurate observations These helped advance scientific discoveries at an accelerated rate
How did the Portuguese quickly gain control of the Madeira Islands?
The islands were uninhabited, so there was no native population to contend with.
Encomienda system
The labor system compelled native workers to labor in Spanish mines and fields in exchange for protection and christian conversation?
Feudalism
decentralized organization arisen for defensive reasons, meant to ward off vikings; vassalage- system linked to a solemn oath and ceremony where people give their full loyalty and allegiance to a higher lord; used code of chivalry
In response to the peasants' revolt in 1525, Martin Luther
encouraged leaders to use any means to put down the revolt.
The best renaissance artists
enjoyed greater status and recognition than their medieval counterparts.
Galileo Galilei
firm supporter of heliocentrism; forced by the Inquisition to recant his views, and lived out rest of his life under house arrest
Joseph Stalin's goal was to transform USSR into an ____________ _________.
industrial nation
Which of the following best describes Queen Elizabeth I?
intellectual and vain
One of the results of the Crusades was that:
various Italian trading cities profited greatly from trade with and through the Muslim powers for goods from the East
Nicolaus Copernicus
mathematician and astronomer that said the universe is heliocentric, or the sun is the center of the universe
Who did Mussolini organize to march on Rome?
veterans
Ignatius Loyola
started the Catholic Counter-Reformation; soldier that was badly wounded and during his long recovery decided to dedicate his life to the church; started a new order in the Church called the Society of Jesus (Jesuits); Jesuits become the backbone of the Catholic Counter-Reformation
Conservatives were satisfied with the ____ ___.
status quo
What types of stories fueled the European desire for exploration in the 15th century?
stories about exotic, distant places
Why did the humanists divide history into three eras?
to distance themselves from the Middle Ages and show themselves living in a time of rediscovery of classical ideas.
Humanists felt they should use their education
to improve the world.
Famous renaissance artists traveled
to see various wealthy patrons in cities such as Florence and Milan.
Magna Carta
"Great Charter"; document that set the foundation of our civil rights and civil liberties; set out principles against oppressive taxation; habeus corpus- if you are arrested, you are supposed to be told your charges and what you were arrested for so you can defend yourself
"Obedezco pero no cumplo"
"I obey but i do not comply" used throughout most of the colonial period to describe the attitude of local colonial officials towards the rule of the Spanish Crown after so many laws, taxes and control over them.
What important decisions were made at the Diet of Speyer in 1526?
- Implementation of the Edict of Worms was postponed. - The German princes were given the opportunity to adopt the new religion.
Which of the following were fundamental practices and beliefs of the medieval church?
- In the celebration of Mass the faithful reenacted Christ's last supper. - Priests gave sacraments to followers. - The priest was an intervening agent with God.
Queen _____ and King _____ helped finance Christopher Columbus's voyage.
- Isabella - Ferdinand
David Hume
- Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)
What were some of Mussolini's major accomplishments?
- cleared slums - fought illiteracy - conquered malaria - made trains run on time - chased Mafia out
Which of the following are the four major innovations of renaissance artists?
- close observation of nature and the human body - use of linear perspective to convey depth - use of oil-based paints - contrasting of light and shadow to produce three-dimensionality
How did (New) Imperialism differ from earlier efforts of colonization?
- more systematic - more brutal - longer-lasting effects
What did Napoleon Bonaparte do?
- named himself Emperor - defeated all ruling families in Europe - created the largest empire in Europe since Rome
Absolutism
A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power.
Which was not one of John Lockes government safe guards?
A. Life B. Property C. Pursuit of Happiness D. Liberty
Which was an advantage of the Colonist?
Allies
Triple Entente
Britain, France, Russia
The Tea Act was designed to help _____.
British East India Co
Where was the Boxer Rebellion?
China
Nicene Creed
Christian profession of belief adopted by the First Council of Nicaea
Who was the leader of the Hohenzollerns?
Frederick William I
How does Bossuet support his position?
He gives examples from the Bible. Solomon was chosen to serve on the throne of the Lord, God gave people their rulers, and He ordered them to obey him.
What is Bossuet's argument?
He is the minister of God for good on earth, his throne is of God, his person sacred, their power absolute.
In his letter home, why did Columbus describe the New World in such a glowing manner?
He knew he had to make up for the fact that he had not found a new router to Japan and Asia as promised.
In 1531, the Lutheran princes established the Schmalkaldic League to
ensure the safety of Protestants in the empire.
Leonardo Da Vinci
epitome of a Renaissance Man artist, inventor, writer(pros and poetry), scientist
Rene Descartes
established the Scientific method
Mercenaries
hired foreign soldiers
John Huss
influenced by John Wycliff; key predecessor to Protestantism; became famous because he was promised safe passage to defend his views at a counsel, but when he got there he was burned at the stake
Usury
lending money-at interest doing this is considered a mortal sin-going to hell this task was relinquished to the Jews because of its consequence
What change happened to Bismarck's Dual Alliance with Austria?
they added Italy and made it a Triple Alliance
What became of Rasputin and the Romanov family?
they all were murdered
The ascension of the Medici family in the Florentine power structure demonstrates
upward mobility based on achievement.
The European Renaissance was associated with
urban centers.
In northern renaissance Italy, wealth and power increasingly belonged to
urban elites.
Dhimmi
"People of the book" -The Koran
Arthur de Gobineau
"Scientific Racism". Ethnicity is the gauge of potential.
Montesquieu
"Spirit of the Laws". Liked Locke's ideas, but believed there needs to be a separation of power.
What controlled all during the Industrial Revolution?
"The Clock"
What was Frederick William I nicknamed?
"The Great Elector"
Thomas Hobbes
"The Leviathan". Believing there's a state of nature where there's no government and people are born free, but have to give up some of their freedom to the government.
Newton
(1642-1727) An English natural philosopher who studied at Cambridge and eventually developed the laws of movement found among the bodies of Earth. Spent his life dedicated to the study of mathematics (created calculus) and optics. Published Principia Mathematica and discovered the law of universal gravitation.
Peace of Westphalia
(1648) is the collective name for two treaties ending the Thirty Years' War that were signed by the Holy Roman Empire, minor German states, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic. It confirmed the principle of "cuius regio eius religio" (that a ruler's religion determined that of his country) introduced by the Peace of Augsburg, but mandated relative tolerance of other (Christian) faiths. It adjusted the borders of German states and strengthened their princes with respect to the Emperor and transferred most of Lorraine and some of Alsace to France.
New Monarchs
(Term) 15th-century European rulers who unified their respective nations, creating stable and centralized governments. Especially known for limiting feudal aristocracy, promoting trade and exploration, and reinforcing religious unity. Key new monarchs include Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella.
Calvinists/Huguenots/Presbyterians/Puritans
(all Calvinists just called different names in different placed) if lived in Netherlands-called Calvinits if lived in France-called Huguenot if lived in England/Scotland-called Presbyterian member of group of English Protestants-Puritans
Cardinal Richelieu
(r. 1624-1642). Looked to consolidate more power for Louis XIV in France.
Aurangzeb
(r. 1656-1707). Hardcore fundamentalist Muslim. Pulls the Mughal religious toleration. Massive overspending. Built Taj Mahal.
Kangxi
(r. 1662-1722). Program focused on domestic economic problems. Linked China via a massive number of interior waterways.
Qienlong
(r. 1736-1795). Grandson of Kangxi, and continued his grandfather's programs. Was a conqueror, and gained a large amount of land for China.
Catherine the Great
(r. 1752-1796). Murdered her husband, Peter III, to come to throne. In heavy contact with Voltaire
James I of England
- He believed in divine right and that rebellion was the worst of all crimes - King of Scotland - Created a personal union
In which of the following ways did Pope Paul III most affect Catholicism?
- He called the Council of Trent, which reformed many church doctrines. - He wanted to restore Papal authority through a College of Cardinals.
Which of the following best describe the beliefs of religious radical Huldrych Zwingli?
- He did no believe in the transubstantiation of the bread and wine into Christ's body and blood. - He was against singing in church. - He did not approve of the veneration of saints.
Which of the following are reasons for Erasmus going into the monastic life?
- He did not have many prospects due to his family history. - His family encouraged him to go into the religious life.
Which of the following changes did Luther institute in his new church?
- He further reduce the number of sacraments. - He removed images of saints.
What was Thomas Muntzer's role in the Peasants' War in 1524?
- He led the peasants to see themselves as warriors for God. - He thought that the uprising was a sign of the end of the world.
Christopher Columbus
- He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster water route to India
In which of the following ways did Luther criticize the pope in the Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation?
- He presented the pope as the Anti-Christ. - He stated that all people could have a direct relationship with God.
How did Martin Luther's view of believers and the role of the clergy differ from that of the Catholic Church?
- He wanted all members of the church to receive Eucharist, not just priests. - He believed that ministers should be members of the congregation, not priests who were separate.
Which of the following best describes how Calvin wanted to reform Geneva?
- He wanted to join government and religious life in one framework. - He wanted all citizens to follow church standards.
Which of the following factors made Henry VIII's desire to divorce complicated?
- Henry VIII was married to the aunt of Charles V, who had armies occupying Rome. - Divorce was not allowed in the Catholic Church at that time.
Which of the following best describe the issues that Martin Luther faced in Europe in 1522?
- His religious revolution had spread further that he expected, causing turmoil in northern Europe. - He needed to ensure the success of the Lutheran Church.
Why did the Peace of Augsburg cause more unrest in the empire?
- It did not include Calvinism as a religious option. - Allowing the ruler of a state to choose the religion caused upheaval.
Agricultural Revolution
- It is when nomads stopped hunting, settled down, and started to farm - 17th and 19th century - Increase in agricultural production
Which of the following best describes the effects of Calvin's Institutes of Christian Religion?
- It revealed irreconcilable differences between Luther's religion and Calvin's religion. - It established Calvin as a leading religious mind of the time.
Which of the following are reasons why hunger was a problem as sea?
- It was difficult to know how long a voyage would take. - Food spoiled after months at sea.
Which of the following are true of Venetian currency?
- It was relatively stable - It contained a standard amount of precious metal - It had a larger circulation than English or French currency.
Which two explorers did France employ to enter into the quest for ew lands outside of Europe?
- Jacques Cartier - Giovanni da Verrazzano
Changing views towards children
- John Locke - Best daycare, best kid - Schools - How parents treated their kids
Methodism
- John Wesley - 18th century movement - Sought to reform the Church of England - Changes in production methods led to a rise in discontent among the working class
Louis XV
- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. Known as Louis the Beloved.
Bartholomew Dias (Portugal)
- Led the Portuguese closer to discovering a water route to Asia
Three of the most prominent high renaissance artists were
- Leonardo - Michelangelo - Raphael
Protectorate
- Lord Protector, person who fills in for rightful king; city that is bigger or more powerful that protects smaller cities.
Which of the following were part of the terms of the Edict of Worms?
- People could not buy, read, or print any of Luther's writings. - It was illegal for anyone to aid Luther and his followers.
Which of the following are three navigational tools or techniques sed in the fifteenth century?
- Portolan chart - astrolabe - magnetic compass
Prince Henry the Navigator
- Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators
The Europeans were able to conquer Africa because:
- Quinine vs malaria - maxim gun (machine gun) - metal-hulled ships - steam engines
18th Century Daily Life
- Rich and Poor - Industrial Revolution made people wealthy - Fashion
Charles II of England and Scotland
- Ruled from 1649 to 1651 - Known for cavorting lifestyle and feuds with parliament
At the Congress of Vienna, what were everyone's goals?
- Russia: expand power - Britain: stop France - Prussia: unify Germany - Austria: restore Divine Right (Marie Antoinette's fam) - French: get leniency (a literal mess)
What happened during the Tobacco Rebellion?
- Shah gave British a monopoly on Persian tobacco - Shi'ite clerics organized a monopoly on Persian tobacco - Shah backed down
Which of the following are two reasons why Christopher Columbus's voyage of 1498 was so difficult?
- Some of his crew mutinied. - The indigenous peoples had begun resisting colonization.
Hernan Cortes
- Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) -Claimed Mexico for Spain
What acts were implemented to try to help with Britain's revenue issues?
- Stamp Act - Quartering Act - Sugar Act - Townshend duties on paper, lead, paint, & tea
What two lands were given to France under the Mandate System? given to Britain?
- Syria and Lebanon - Iraq and Palestine
What were the three principle cities of the Mexica empire?
- Tenochtitlan - Texcoco - Tlacopan
How did Luther's Ninety-Five theses initially affected the Catholic Church?
- The Pope became concerned about the impact of his ideas. - Sales of indulgences slowed down.
What caused the war against Britain?
- Virtual Representation (leader didn't live there) - Mercantilism (colonies existed for other's benefits) - French & Indian War (debt) - Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations" (favored free trade)
Henry VIII
- Was the English King who declared himself head of the Church of England - 6 Marriages - 1509 to 1547
Open-field system
- Where a landlord owns the land and the peasants work it - 20th century - Community Garden - Dividing land to grow crops
What three groups of people did Africa attract?
- adventurers - businessmen - missionaries
What new weapons debuted during the Great War?
- airplanes - tanks - poison gas
What were the Egyptian reactions to British and French control?
- anti- European riots - 'temporary' British occupation lasted for 87 years - Nationalists chafed under "puppet rulers"
What happened during the Boxer Rebellion?
- anti- foreign secret societies formed - many foreigners killed (merchants, missionaries) - international army marched on Peking
What were features of the Factory System?
- bad lighting - poor ventilation - dangerous machinery
Napolean's accomplishments
- bank of France -mass education -Catholicism at state church -civil code of law
the origins of the Industrial Revolution
- began in England especially with making cloth
What was wrong with the factories?
- boring, monotonous work - 12-14 hour shifts - no safety standards for a while
Congress System Results
- bourbon -constitutional monarchy -civil liberties -clemency -european peace for nearly a century
What were some exciting revolutions in transportation during the Industrial Revolution?
- canals - steamboats - rail roads
What were rules for the colonization of Africa?
- coastal control on 1st claim on interior territory - maintenance of military presence - establishment of civil administration
What were results of the struggles between Idealism and Realism?
- colonial world in disarray - four empires crumpled - old scores to settle
What were some characteristics of Entrepreneurs?
- comfortable with risks - self-confident - self-made - encouraged charities & self help
What were some effects of European Imperialism?
- escalation in arms race (esp. naval power) - 'White Man's Burden" - new tensions among colonial powers - only 2 African nations were independent (Liberia and Ethiopia)
The reign of Queen Mary I in England was mainly characterized by
- executions of citizens for their religious beliefs. - her attempt to return England to Catholicism.
What were the two main ideas of John Locke's "Treatises of Government"?
- executive appointed by citizens - government safeguards life, liberty, & property
During the French Revolution, what were some economic problems faced?
- financial drain in support of American Revolution - need for tax reform - food crisis
What were Peter the Great's accomplishments?
- founded St. Petersburg - developed a powerful army and navy - attempted to "westernize" Russia
What did Voltaire believe in?
- freedom of speech - freedom of religion - separation of church & state
Britain's advantages (Industrial rev)
- good security -rivers connect cities- -proximity of towns to harbors
Which of the following are attributes of members of the Signoria?
- guild members - paid to serve - males
In Nationalism, what three things were state loyalty and common identity were based on?
- history - enemies - religion
What were four key points of "The Communist Manifesto"?
- history is a struggle between classes - predicted revolution by exploited laborers - dictatorship of Proletariat (workers) - no gov. needed after revolution
What did the rapid growth in cities put strain on?
- housing - schools - sanitation
Which of the following happened because of the advent of the printed book?
- improved accuracy and consistency of content - new forms of literature - standardized formatting
What were some factors in Japanese aggression?
- increasing population - limited land and resources - few families in control of economy - culture of militarism
Nationalism was tied to Romanticism and its emphasis on:
- language - culture - folklore
To begin trading with western Africans, the Portuguese had to do which two of the following?
- learn more about theAfrican coastline - establish a method for transporting gold from Africa's interior to the coast
Concerns of Congress
- legit monarchs - restraint of France - Balance of power
What were concerns of Congress?
- legitimacy of monarchs - restraint of France - Balance of Power
Locke stated that governments exist to protect:
- life - liberty - property
In which of the following did Conrad Grebel's followers believe?
- literal reading of Scripture - simple church services - adult baptism
Why didn't Africans unite to stop the Europeans from taking their land?
- local rivalries - protection - potential for profit
What happened to Germany as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?
- lost 6 mill people & 25,000 sq miles of land - assumed war guilt - billed $22 bill for cost of war
What did the National Assembly do?
- made a constitution - ended feudal privileges - confiscated church lands
What were American goals in the Treaty of Versailles?
- make the world "safe for democracy" - form a League of Nations to keep peace
Napoleon created a government based on:
- merit, not blood - efficiency - law
What were the prerequisites of an Industrial Society?
- natural resources - investment capital - technology orientation - labor
What two concepts emerged during the American Revolution?
- popular sovereignty - limited government
What were some dangerous trends that happened under Wilhelm's control?
- possession of allies - increase of military influence on policy - increase in military spending
Which of the following did Calvin discuss as important in his writing, Institutes of the Christian Religion?
- preaching - baptism - the Eucharist
What were early reforms of European Imperialism?
- prohibitions of infanticide - curbed thugee - rights for women - abolition of suttee (widow suicide)
Erasmus used printed books to do which of the following?
- publish sayings and adages gathered from many ancient sources - restore the church to its roots with an ad fontes approach - teach children classical vocabulary and life lessons
What were factors in the Meiji Restoration?
- rapid modernization - constitution from Germany - creation of industry
Two components of The Mandate System included:
- redistribution of former colonies - Balfour Declaration
What were short-term factors of the Russian Revolution?
- resentment over 'Bloody Sunday' - isolation of imperial family - influence of the monk Rasputin - WWI
The Congress of Berlin:
- set rules for colonization - drew borders to meet European needs
What were four characteristics of the Enlightenment?
- skepticism toward traditional beliefs and practices - beliefs in the power of reason - optimism for mastery of the universe thru science - trust in "natural law"
What were four long term factors during the Russian Revolution?
- small middle class - late industrialization - Czarist repression - opposition executed or forced underground
What were three parts to absolutist states?
- standing army (constant warfare) - royal bureaucracy (revenue collection) - the church (legitimize crown)
What were two early goals of Socialism?
- state regulation - economic equality
The idea of cosmopolitanism was demonstrated in Venice through which of the following?
- the city's large Jewish population - the European, Muslim, and Byzantine elements of its architecture - the variety of dress seen worn in the streets
In his Ninety-Five Theses, Martin Luther criticized
- the pope - the sale of indulgences
John of the Cross was drawn to what elements of the Discalced Carmelite order?
- the strictness of the order - the order's emphasis on suffering
What were the Chinese responses to the Opium Wars?
- they ceded territory - Manchu leaders lost prestige - Rebellions erupted - tensions grew between modernizers and preservers
Humanists felt their training should prepare people for which of the following?
- to be eloquent speakers - to emulate the past - civic duty
organization of working class
- trade union movement - those unions focused on reform of working conditions
Some factors during World War I were:
- troops poorly supplied - hunger riots - low morale - 2 mill casualties
Why were the people angry at Spain?
- unfair taxation & trade - increased self-sufficiency without Spain - spread of revolutionary ideals
What did Ismail do?
- wanted to modernize Egypt - relied on cotton exports - funded reckless, extravagant projects
Which of the following occurred at Venice's Arsenal?
- warships and merchant vessels were repaired and equipped - thousands of workers demonstrated specialized skills - a ship could be built in twenty-four hours
What were some improvements brought to India?
- water systems (more sanitary) - rail roads - health standards - political leadership/stability
What were challenges the New Nation faced?
- weak agriculture - no army or navy - no precedents to guide leaders - no money
Who was still loyal to the crown in the Americas?
- wealthy merchants - slave owners - people who wanted the "status quo"
What were the radical Jacobins goals during the French Revolution?
- win the war - suppress enemies at home - set up a "Republic of Virtue"
Philosophes
-18th century -Public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning
French military characteristics
-800,000 citizens- largest army in Europe -Fought for France, not Bourbons
La Malinche
-A princess who was the translator for Cortez. -The two of them were lovers. -She was a very important figure of the conquest. -She gave birth to Cortez baby one of the first mestizos.
Requerimiento
-A statement delivered in Spanish explaining the obligations of Indian people to the king of Spain and to the church -requiring their cooperation -Indians who failed to accept the statemtent could be killed or enslaved
The Castas
-A system determined to racial to social control and taxation. -a middle-level status between Europeans at the top; and Amerindians and blacks at the bottom
Treaty of Tordesillas
-A treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divide the new world. -The pope ruled in favor of Spain because they helped him become the pope. -The line determined who got any new land that was being discovered
Cottage Industry
-An industry whose labor force consists of family units or individuals working at home with their own equipment - 18th century
Virgin of Guadalupe
-Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism. -Appeared to an Indian named Juan Diego. -Story used by the Creoles to establish an individual cultural identity. -Natives gave a direct line to miracles
Moctezuma
-Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes. -He was the leader of the Aztec
Enyclopedia
-Denis Diderot (cofounder) - Jean le Rond d'Alembert (coeditor) - Published in 17th century
Francis Bacon
-Developed the scientific method
Charles I of England
-English King during the English Civil War is executed by Oliver Cromwell
Elizabeth I
-English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise
Bartolome de Las Casas
-First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. -Devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. - His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.
Martin Luther
-German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church -In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices - Most important voice of equal rights
Marquis de Louvois
-He was the minister of the military when Louis XIV ruled -He created a very organized and one of the most powerful armies -Also created many more ranks in the armies, and he got rid of the idea of that you had to be part of a certain family to fight
Galileo Galilei
-Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars - Father of science
Louis XIV
-Known as the Sun King -He was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France - One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles
Atahualpa
-Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. -He was executed by the Spanish. -Was killed by Pizarro -Killed his brother to become Emperor.
Mary and William of Orange
-Mary was the daughter of King James II - They replaced James II in the parliament, which was known as the Glorious Revolution -William and Mary soon later dissolved the Dominion of New England and reestablished the colonies that James had destroyed -1688 came onto the throne
Agustin de Iturbide
-Mexican army officer -joined forces w/ the Indians and Mestizos -won Mexican's independence then claimed himself emperor -Original designer of Mexican flag
Absolutism
-One ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.
Sebastian del Cano
-Portugues explorer who finished Ferdinand Magellan's mission of circumnavigating the globe
Ferdinand Magellan
-Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.
Adam Smith
-Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism
Fancisco Pizarro
-Spanish Conquistador -conquered the Incan Empire which is now Peru -Enslaved Incas and took gold and silver -Led 160 Spanish conquistadors in the conquest of the Inca.
Repartimiento
-Spanish labor system in Latin America -supposed to replace the encomienda system -native communities were compelled to provide laborers for the farms or mines -Spanish employers were expected to pay fair wages. -resulted in slavery
Encomienda
-Spanish legal system ruled over the natives in the new world -English taught natives and converted them to the catholic faith -Lots of hard work and manual labor
Peninsulares
-Spanish-born -came to Latin America -ruled, highest social class.
Marianismo
-The "ideal" traditional Latin American woman who is patient, loving, gentle, and willing to suffer in silence. -comes from virtual beliefs of Mary, mother of Jesus, and providing a supposed ideal of true femininity.
the columbian exchange
-The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans
Henry IV of France
-This was the king who issued the Edict of Nantes
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
-Treaty that ended the Mexican War -granted the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million
what were the outdated "estates"?
-clergy-tax exempt and church largest land owner in france -aristocrats-tax exempt and recent new wealth of merchants -commoners-no political power and angry over multiple taxes
Debt Peonage
-condition of sharecroppers who could not pay off their debts and therefore could not leave the property they worked -bound laborers into slavery until they could pay their debt
Plan de Iguala
-constitutional monarchy - maintaining the rights and lands for the Catholic Church -equality between the criollos and peninsulars. -Plan to give Mexico independence from Spain
Gauchos
-cowboys in Argentina -troops for San Martin -brave and unruly -national symbol in Argentina -greatly admired
Manuela Saenz
-female freedom fighter -revolutionary hero of South America who supported the revolutionary cause by gathering info, distributing leaflets, and protesting for women's rights.
Jose de San Martin
-fought over with Bolivar for independence in South America -He was the liberator of Argentina, Chile, and Peru
Napolean downfall
-he launched the compagn against Russia -500,000 French troops died -final defeat was at waterloo
New Laws of 1542
-issued in 1542 by King Charles V of Spain. -Used to protect the Indians and ensure good treatment and preservation of them -These laws led to revolt in Peru leading by Gonzalo Pizaro. -The new laws were unsuccessful and the ecomiendo system returned in 1545.
what was caused by the economic problems of the french revolution?
-rising prices -bread crisis -need for tax reform
Juan Manuel de Rosas
-strongman leader in buenos aires -took power in 1831 -commanded loyalty of gauchos -restored local autonomy
social factors of the industrial revolution
-sufficient population - risk taking private sector -Merritt based social structure - practical people good for inventions
Committee of public safety began a reign of terror with
-surveillance committees -tribunals -mass executions by guillotine
What were Robespierre and Jacobin goals?
-win war vs. invaders -establish a 'Republic virtue' -suppress enemies at home
Anabaptists
A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.
What was the encomienda system?
A Spanish settler got control of land and its residents in exchange for loyalty to Spanish rule and teaching the natives about Catholicism.
Skepticism
A book written by Michel de Montaigne After Montaigne's best friend died and he fell into a deep depression writing about no meaning to life etc but turning point= when he says that one must "know thyself" Promotes that people should look within themselves- soul search Montaigne concludes that all people are good they just become corrupt from external forces
The Prince
A book wrote by Niccolo Machiavelli in 1513 about the imperfect conduct of humans and says how a ruler is able to keep power and manage to keep it disregarding enemies.
Nubia
A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron working industry by 500 BCE
Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?
A former slave from Haiti that learned to read and write. He lead the Haitian independence movement.
Babylonians
A group of people who conquered the Sumerians. They had a very famous king named Hammurabi. Hammurabi created nearly 300 laws known as Hammurabi's Code of Laws, the old known legal system based on the concept of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth".
Leonardo da Vinci
A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.
Which does not pertain to Montesquieu?
A. The spirit of the laws B. Key of good government C. Checks and balances D. Free Trade
One third of colonist were loyal to the crown, this included all of them except:
A. wealthy merchants B. slave owners C. status que D. Quakers
Thomas Hobbes
After exile of Charles I, Hobbes took the king's two sons to France and became their tutor While they were in France England suffered under a tyrannical ruler who supported a Parliamentary state(citizens could participate in gov) Hobbes observed the situation in England and concluded that the best form of gov was not when people ruled but an absolute monarchy 4 IDEAS 1. People are selfish and ambitious, the consequence of which he claimed would be that "...unless restrained, they would fight a perpetual war with their fellows." 2.) "The weak are cunning." 3.) "The strong are stupid." 4.) "The state of nature is a state of war, in which life is nasty, brutish and short." CONCLUSIONS The only way to restrain this instinctive aggressiveness in people would be to erect an absolute monarch to maintain the peace. --Everyone should submit to the sovereign because the alternative is the anarchy of the state of nature. --Only submission can produce an orderly society. --A government totally free to do whatever it wished would be best equipped to keep the peace. --Even a tyrant is better than turmoil wrote Leviathan State
mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
In general, the Romans controlled the territory of the Empire by:
Assimilating conquered people into the common cultural and political life of Rome.
What was the first major Mesoamerican tribe to fall to the Spanish conquest?
Aztecs
Henri de Saint Simon
Believed in the idea of the factory owners volunteering their factories to the government and a panel of scientists would run it.
What concept did he promote as "truth" ? Aristarchus
Believed the universe was accurately heliocentric He lacked credibility for his discovery
Nicolas Copernicus
Believes the world is heliocentric(agrees with Aristotle) and tries to find the mathematical logic behind a heliocentric world He was never able to mathematically prove this Calculated using circular pattern of planetary movement
Who was the leader of Italy?
Benito Mussolini
What were Britain's advantages? The Colonial advantages?
Britain: - army, navy, training Colonial: - supplies, "Home Team", motivation, allies
Factory-Fort
British trading posts that were walled compounds containing the residences, gardens and offices of the British East India Company officials and warehouses of goods.
Who was the Boers War between?
Brits and Boers
Paul (Saul)
Brought Christianity outside of Judaism to the gentiles; at first was a prosecutor of Christianity, had a dramatic conversion experience, and now calls himself the apostle to the gentiles; wrote about one third of the New Testament
After its port silted in,
Bruges lost a great deal of influence and wealth.
The city known as the center of the European Renaissance was
Bruges.
Which of the following best describes how indulgences worked in the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century?
Buying an indulgence was an act of penance, which was an appeal to Christ and the saints for your sins.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Catherine de Medici encouraged her son to order the killing of French Huguenots. This was an example of tensions between a monarch and rival nobles that also had a religious component. It was neither a wholly religious nor wholly political conflict.
Which of the following best describes the cause of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?
Catherine de' Medici ordered the killing of many Huguenots in response to Protestant anger over a shooting.
Charlemagne
Charles the Great; Frankish; inherited the throne and ruled over a humongous empire in Europe that included most of Europe, parts of France, and parts of Italy; crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope on Christmas Day, which represented fusion of the Germans and the Church; learned to read, and stopped the decline of learning in Europe because of his appreciation of learning
Jannisaries
Children put into intense military training and all things Islam. Elite infantrymen
Which of the following best describes how the Reformation was truly a re-formation of Christianity in the sixteenth century?
Christian institutions and doctrine underwent a remaking.
English Civil War
Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following the execution of the previous king
Francisco Pizarro
Conquered the Incas, he captured and killed Incan emporer Atahualpa, and claimed the lands for SPain
Hernan Cortez
Conquers the Aztecs 1519-1522. Conquistadors. Only 450 men destroy the Aztecs. Aztecs are afraid and he tells them come and he'll free them.
Francisco Pizarro
Conquers the Incas 1532-1533 with 600 men. Motivated by wealth.
Quinto
Conquistadors must send Spain one fifth of everything they seize, and keep the other four fifths
What was Edmund Burke the major spokesperson for?
Conservatism
How did Hernán Cortés begin his assault upon the Mexica Empire?
Cortés was sent to explore, but then decided on his own to start a war in the name of the Spanish king.
Convergent thought
Could be dealt with mathematical questions When the thought process is directed where observed data is narrowed step by step, and leads to a a common point, focus or conclusion By continuously narrowing one's observations they will come to the "truth"
Counter Reformation/Catholic Reformation
Council of Trent considered Martin Luther's ideas and predestination and all new things that came about in reformation but never followed through with applying them or actually proceeding in reformation
Why would a European country go by water to seek out new lands to control?
European countries were intensely competitive but gridlocked; new lands and opportunities would give a country an advantage.
Direct Rule
European presence on the ground controlling a government answerable to the European capital (i.e. India)
humanists
European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. Explored human endeavors in their art, literature, and poetry.
How did Martin Luther feel about infant baptism?
Even though it was not in the Bible, he felt that all Christians should be baptized as infants.
How did Louis XIII attain and hold onto power?
Extended the use of intendants (commissioners) of each of France's districts who were appointed by and answered to the monarch. They recruited for army, collected taxes, presided of administration of law, checked up on local nobility and regulated economic activity. He also destroyed the Hapsburgs grip on territories on their borders.
True or false: The Renaissance was a uniform movement with identical traits throughout Europe.
False
Jesus Christ of Nazareth
Founder of Christianity; Christ means Messiah; he and his followers claimed he was the fulfillment of the prophecies of a coming messiah; two major parts of Christianity: crucifixion, which represents dying for the sins of all humankind, and resurrection, which proves the first part
Where did Thomas Hobbes take the children of Charles I (Charles Stuart)?
France There Thomas Hobbes became the tutor of the two children
States that allowed religious pluralism in order to maintain domestic peace.
France (after the issuing of the Edict of Nantes) The Netherlands (religious tolerance would be one factor contributing to the Dutch Golden Age) Poland
After the Edict of Worms, Martin Luther translated the bible into _____.
German
Johannes Kepler
German mathematician and astronomer that is best known for his laws of planetary motion, which provided the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of gravity
Angles and Saxons
Germanic groups that flooded in to invade England; set up small kingdoms around England and dominated the region
Who increased their military spending by 120%?
Germany
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy.
Who were the Axis powers in the Great War?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey
Which of the following best describes how Martin Luther's beliefs about salvation differed from that of the Catholic Church?
He believed that faith, as a gift from God, was a sign of salvation.
Reforms of Peter the Great
He created a strong navy, reorganized his army according to Western standards, secularized schools, administered greater control over the reactionary Orthodox Church, and introduced new administrative and territorial divisions of the country.
Which of the following best describes how Cromwell handled the political and governmental fallout from the new English church?
He dissolved monasteries and friaries and gave the property and money to the king's supporters.
Which of the following best describes how King Philip of Spain saw his planned invasion of England in the 1580's?
He felt it was a holy war and a battle between Catholic and Protestant.
Which of the following best describes how Martin Luther's thinking differed from that of the Catholic Church?
He felt that the message of Christ was lost in the existing church.
What kind of names did Christopher Columbus give to the territories he explored in 1492?
He gave them all Spanish names.
Castiglione
He knew that the ideal man was many talented, including artistic, intellectual and physical skills. Wrote regarding manners. Wrote Book of the Courtier
In the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, why did Luther reject some of the Catholic Church's sacraments?
He rejected all but the ones he found sanctioned by Scripture.
Which of the following best describes how Ignatius Loyola saw his mission from God?
He saw himself as a soldier on a Christian quest against the devil.
What did Columbus think upon making landfall in 1492?
He thought his theory had been correct, and he was in Japan.
Which of the following best describes how Martin Luther felt about the curriculum at the University of Wittenberg?
He thought that the teaching of Aristotle was unnecessary and that the focus should be the bible.
How did Christopher Columbus describe the native people he encountered upon landing?
He thought their temperament and nature would allow them to be good servants.
Which of the following best describes how Martin Luther approached religious texts with his students?
He wanted them to study texts with a fresh eye and didn't want them relying on old interpretations.
Which of the following best describes why Martin Luther wanted to simplify church rituals?
He wanted to reinforce faith alone as the way to salvation.
Which of the following best describes how Martin Luther wanted to change church services in his new church?
He wanted worshipers to connect spiritually to God through a Bible in a common language.
Albrecht von Wallenstein
He was a Bohemian soldier and politician who gave his services (an army of 30,000 to 100,000 men) during the Danish Period of the Thirty Years' War to Ferdinand II for no charge except the right to plunder the territories that he conquered.
Who was Bartolommeo de Las Casas?
He was an encomendero-turned-priest who became an advocate for natives and fought against slavery.
Which came first, the Italian or the Northern Renaissance?
Italian Renaissance the Italian Renaissance then moved North- creating Northern Renaissance
All of the following statements about the origins of the Italian Renaissance are true except:
Italy's aristocratic class was sharply divided from the class of wealthy merchants.
Whose rule was the best symbol of absolutism?
King Louis XIV
Henry VIII
King from the Tudor dynasty; was married, but had an affair and wanted to annul his marriage, pope wouldn't let him, so he took England out of the Catholic Church and started the Church of England, with himself at the head; worship service, hierarchy, and most things are the exact same as the Catholics'
William of Orange
King of England and Scotland and Ireland, he married the daughter of James II and was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; when James fled, William III and Mary II were declared joint monarchs (1650-1702)
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649
What were the two African nations independent by 1914?
Liberia and Ethiopia
What marriage united the Bourbons and the Habsburgs?
Louis XVI and Marie Anntoinette
How did Martin Luther differ from Erasmus when he entered the monastery?
Luther eagerly entered the monastic life, while Erasmus did not want to be a monk.
Doctrines of Salvation-Compare Lutheran, Calvinism, and Catholic beliefs
Lutherans-believe solely faith is needed to go to heaven; belief that Jesus is the savior of humanity-Messiah Catholics- believe faith and good works are needed to go to heaven-according to Roman Catholicism; good works=being obedient to things Church asks of you-following 7 Sacraments Calvinists- belive in predestination
Machiavellian
Machiavellian End=control over a strong and stable state that functions for the good of the whole; all means can be used to achieve this end
The emperor Constantine:
Made Christianity the preferred religion of Rome
How did the Safavid Empire retain power?
Made Shi'ite Faith official religion, built national army loyal to shah alone and gave power to Shi'ite ulama which unified tribes
Andreas Vesalius
Made advancements by correcting the facts of the ancients- Galen He doesn't care that autopsies are still seen as illegal and goes to graves to dissect bodies and gain information on the human anatomy Wrote a text on the human anatomy
Augustus reformed the senate in all of the following ways EXCEPT
Made the position of Emperor subordinate to the Senate
Cog
Main vessel during age of exploration. Disease factories. Not a lot of space for food or water
Heavily outnumbered by opposing forces, the Athenians defeated the Persians at the battle of:
Marathon.
Huldrych Zwingli and Martin Luther met in 1529 to discuss religious issues. This was know as the _____ Colloquy.
Marburg
Blaise Pascal
Mathematician- Pascal's Triangle, Integral Calculus, and contributed to accurate measurement of barometric pressure Influenced by Cornelius Jansen=founder of Jansenism Jansenism=says that only unswerving faith will get you to heaven- absolute commitment- nothing get in way of your belief Pascal's sister becomes a Jansenist and becomes worried about Pascal's soul b/c all he does is ask questions and she convinces him to become a Jansenist Pascal gave up science all together and urged other Scientific Revolutionaries to do so Pascal now wanted people to realize that the truth uncovered by science was not as important as religious truth
Then Mennonites, a successful sect of Anabaptism, were started by a former Catholic priest named
Menno Simons.
The Lydians had achieved great levels of prosperity as intermediaries for commerce between:
Mesopotamia and the Aegean.
What was constructed on the ruins of Tenochtitlan?
Mexico City, the capital of Spanish America.
Social Darwinism
More advanced cultures will be the ones to stomp the rest
Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the southern tip of South America and set sail on what he named the _____ ocean.
Pacific
What did King Louis XIV build?
Palace of Versailles
What happened in the final phase of the French Revolution?
People thought Louis was going to try to topple the government, so France declared war on Austria and executed Louis.
Pope Leo X
Pope of Rome appoints the king of Austria as his Holy Roman Emperor-Charles (V) (I) Pope has Holy Roman Emperor deal with Martin Luther and people like him Pope involved in marriage with Arthur, Henry, and when Charles told him to not allow the annulment and Pope backed off and did not allow annulment
Francis Bacon
Promoted science as the savior of the human race= offense to the church b/c saw Jesus as savior Bacon is not connected to the church and does not care about being excommunicated/recanting/called heretic etc.. Writes The New Atlantis=suggesting a time of perfection will come again Bacon uses The Allegory of the Cave(Plato) to make a comparison that the church is holding people back/blinding people from the full truth Allegory of the Cave= describes many people trapped in the cave with drawings of monstrosities engraved in their heads about the outside world and one man eventually goes outside and at first is blinded by the light/light or truth can be painful but then he realizes the beauty of the world and tries to persuade the other people to come out but they wont b/c they have been influenced by the drawings (comparison to church)
Shah Abbas the Great
Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.
What was the most profitable of all Caribbean colonies?
Saint Domingue
Michel de Montaigne
Secular Humanist He was a nobel who had no responsibilities never had to worry about taking care of anything but still had the benefit of being of a strong family line Everything in his life changed when his best friend died and he began to fall into a deep depression Wrote "Sceptecism" Book about no meaning to life etc until he finally has a turning point where he says one must "know thyself" Promoting that people should look within themselves- soul search Leads Montaigne to conclude that all people are good but they become corrupt from external forces He believed in mortality without theology
Which of the following best describes the principle of separation as discussed by radical Protestant re-formers?
Separation from nonbelievers was needed to stay true to God's word.
Miguel de Cervantes
Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form and after the Bible is the most translated book in the world
Perhaps the most important of the four Church Fathers and author of On the City of God was:
St. Augustine
Who was the leader of the Soviet Union?
Stalin
What was collectivization?
Stalin's plan to take farm surplus to fund heavy industry
Why can it be misleading to use the term "New World"?
The "New World" does not take into account the people already living there who would not have considered it "new."
How are the invention of the printing press and the Protestant Reformation connected?
The Bible was able to be printed and put into the hands of lay people (non-clergy) facilitating easier discussion and circulation of ideas.
Why was the battle for the Canary islands different from earlier attempts to conquer the Azores and Madeiras?
The Canary islands were populated by natives who fought against being conquered; the other islands were uninhabited.
What was the Catholic response to the Reformation?
The Council of Trent affirmed the Bible and authority of the church were equally important, salvation was through faith and works and indulgences were permitted but not for sale.
Mughal Empire Strengths and Weaknesses
The Delhi sultanate, Akbar, a good ruler, religious tolerance, Taj Mahal. Some weaknesses were heavy taxes, wars between Christians and Hindus, rebellions, and blood taxes.
Napolean Bonaparte
The Directory- 4 years - opposed the return of monarchy -depended on an army to defeat all ruling families in Europe - established the continental system to isolate Great Britain - created the largest empire in Europe since Rome
What did Conservatives see as severing ties to the past?
The French Revolution & Industrialization
Hermeticism—two types
The belief that at one time human beings possessed all knowledge and that somehow that knowledge was lost 2 branches= Internal and External INTERNAL the belief that at one time a particular body part must have released/held knowledge The believe that over this time that body mart malfunctioned Body part= Pituitary Gland This belief led to advancements in Anatomy EXTERNAL the belief that at one time humans had a book containing all knowledge but it got lost/hidden somewhere People began looking for the "book of knowledge" This false science led to advancements in Cartography Also led to advancements in expansionism and trade because people would be less afraid of traveling the world and everything that came along w/ it after exploring for the "book of knowledge"
Alchemy
The belief that base medals could be converted to gold This false science was funded by kings trying to gain wealth (gold was so valuable b/c it was scarce) Paracelsus= most famous alchemist He did not find gold itself but did find how to make steel-advancements to engineering
What is renaissance individualism?
The belief that human beings occupy a special place in the world and are capable of extraordinary achievements.
Astrology
The belief that planetary movements could be used to determine human behavior Most people thought this was a false science but it led to advancements of Astronomy
ANATOMISM- define and explain
The belief that the observation of nature would lead to a perfect understanding of the world's mysteries As technology advanced- the study evolved into the real science of biology This also led to the discovery of advanced medicines Also the studying of animal behavior led to advances in psychology and sociology
Heliocentric
The belief that the universe is sun-centered Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler
How did Portuguese slave traders acquire African slaves to sell?
The captured the slaves themselves but soon found it better to buy them from and African agent.
What was the drawback of the Portolan chart as a navigational tool?
The charts were unhelpful in open seas where there were no reference points to serve as guidance.
Who in the 17th century might be persuaded by Jurieu's argument and why?
The common man being heavily taxed with no way to fight it because they are being abused and their interests not represented.
How did acquiring new territories offer a European country an advantage over its rivals?
The country gained raw materials and significant economic benefits.
Catholic missionaries used what types of comparisons to help natives accept Christianity?
The drew parallels between the native belief in a mother goddess and the Christian belief in the Virgin Mary.
In 1521, the emperor issued the Edict of Worms. Which of the following best describes how this affected Martin Luther?
The edict made Luther an outlaw.
How were French Protestants and Catholics affected by the Edict of Nantes?
The edict restored rights to the French Protestants and allowed Catholics and Huguenots to coexist in France.
James I
The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625
Suliman the Magnificent
The greatest Ottoman ruler by Military expansion, political rule and cultural influence.
How might the harsh living conditions on board a ship affect how sailors generally treated native people?
The harsh living hardened the sailors, which made it easier to mistreat the native people.
How did native people attempt to fight European conquest?
The natives would turn against the Spanish; in some cases hey would form fierce alliances to battle the Spanish.
What kind of pattern did Castile set when it conquered the Canary Islands?
The pattern was one of conquest, colonization, and maintenance of economic advantage.
Sumerians
The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.
Neolithic
The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.
Paleolithic
The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.
In general, the history of the early Roman Republic was dominated by:
The plebian struggle for social and economic equality.
What should be the role of the king from Jurieu's perspective? What is it in practice?
The role of a king should be to preserve their persons, lives, liberty and properties. In practice, the king views everything as belonging to him alone. The state became nothing and serving the king's interest and preserving his wealth and land everything.
Explain the global economic system which formed from silver mined from Potosi
The silver mined from Potosi created the first truly global economy. Most of it went to China for silk. It gave the Spanish Empire great wealth and power.
Luther's ideas and how they challenged orthodox Catholicism
They were an indictment of the abuses in the sale of indulgences and a critique of the papacy. Indulgences gave forgiveness after death for sins. Luther believed that God's grace alone saved man from sin and only Christ's death could reconcile man to God.
How did the events at Munster affect how the Catholics and conservative Protestants viewed the radical reformers?
They were outraged at the extreme radicalization of the city.
James II
This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government
Frederick the Great
This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler
Jean Bodin
This was the man who created the theory of sovereignty in which a state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly over the instruments of justice
Cardinal Richelieu
This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy
Protectionism
To retain these assets mercantilist governments regulated exports/imports through tariffs and awarded trade monopolies.
Concordat of Bologna
Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right for the government to nominate all French bishops and abbots (1516)
Rene Descartes
Tries to be a peacemaker- by combining teachings of the church with science- maybe science can help explain aspects of religion created the Cartesian Method- ask a question then break it down by organizing each component of the question from simplest to most complex(this way you can find any truth) Asks the question does God exist? Tries to break down the question by starting with what is existence itself and how do I know I exist? 1. I think therefore I am- I must exist since I am thinking/pondering 2. Whatever is clearly and distinctively thought must be true 3. We are imperfect- no perfection in the world but we can clearly and distinctively think of perfection- therefore God must exist wrote discourse on method
True of false: After the voyage of 1498, Christopher Columbus was jailed on suspicion of fraud.
True
True of false: The Spanish model of colonization placed heavy emphasis on systematically taking over a territory through military force.
True
True or false: Martin Luther was unhappy with the sale of indulgences in Wittenberg.
True
Henry VII
Tudor Dynasty 2nd in line of the kings 1485-Henry VII became first Tudor king and had two kids- Arthur and Henry VIII Arthur was oldest and spent most of his life training in many subjects to be next king Henry was religious-wrote articles defending Catholicism(last person you would think to be next king) Henry goes to Spain to bring her back to England- to marry Arthur- and they become very close/hard for him to hand him over to brother to be married Arthur dies but England and Spain still want a connection of power so Pope is asked whether Catherine and Henry can marry and he allows it Henry and Catherine have one daughter- Mary Tudor but after 11yrs fail to have a male heir and so Henry gets nervous b/c of fate from previous Tudor Dynasty that failed to have a male heir- War of the Roses Henry asks Pope for an annulment- Catholic Divorce-allowed if marriage was doomed from beginning states the marriage never even happened, meaning Mary's now seen as a bastard child Pope considers doing this since marriage may have been doomed b/c Catherine was Henry's brother's widow-not allowed in Church Charles I V brings his army and surrounds vatican questioning Pope whether he is really considering this and Pope says of course not Henry makes the decision to have a civil divorce and creates the Anglican Church of England
Saladin
Turkish leader that recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusades; gained a reputation for his mercy, integrity, and character; didn't slaughter anyone, well respected in Europe, gave most of his wealth away to poor children
Why were the Americas named after Amerigo Vespucci?
Vespucci had publicized accounts of travels in the New Wold, and a German mapmaker decided to name the area for him.
Spanish-American War
We want Philippines to have a presence in the Pacific.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between several North American and European countries based on the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949.
What is NATO?
a movement for (originally) the re-establishment and (now) the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel.
What is Zionism?
When one ruler has supreme authority and that authority is not restricted by any laws;France; King Louis XIV
What is an absolute monarchy? What country was the most absolutist? Who was its leader?
military governor
What is shotgun?
a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
What is socialism?
intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War; The U.S.
What is the League of Nations ? Who never joined ?
Movement against the holy Roman church, began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic church and resulted in the creation of Protestant Church; 1517; Germany
What is the Protestant Reformation? What year did it begin? Where did it begin?
The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.
What is the United Nations?
Christianity
What religion did Spanish missionaries introduce in the Americas?
Black loyalist founding fathers of the Nations of Siera Leone in West Africa
What was Thomas Peters and where did he found a colony and why?
When developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chem transformed the views of society about nature
What was the Ptolemaic universe and the Copernican universe?
an economic modelof price determination in a market; the quantity of a good supplied rises as the market prce rises; and falls as the price falls
What was the law of supply and demand?
French lawyer; converted to Christinaty;institutes of the christian religion; Doctrine predestination
Who was John Calvin and what was his doctrine?
Father of Liberalism; philospher and physician
Who was John Locke?
German professor of theology; composer; priest monk; and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation
Who was Martin Luther? What did he author? What was his doctrine? What movement did he initiate and why?
transfered Russia into a Great military power
Who was Peter the Great? What country was he from? What was the name of the capital he established that became a seaport for the Navy?
first to navigate a direct route from Portuguese Europe to Asia
Who was Vasco da Gama?
Louis XIV ; Palace of Versailles
Who was the Sun King and what did he build?
Portugal
Who were the first to engage in the slave trade and for what purpose did they initiate it ?
Francisco Cervantes de Salazar
Wrote the 'Chronicle of New Spain', assigns a heroic role to Cortes, and presents a notably negative portrait of the indigenous people.
Original Sin
born with it Adam and Eve at from knowledge born with sin in your soul=explains why humanity is mortal get rid of it by baptism Limbo=place people go if they have died with sin w/out getting baptized
Luther's Ninety-Seven theses, released in early 1517, were mainly concerned with
curriculum reform
Isabel Moctezuma
daughter of the aztec ruler Moctezuma II. After the spanish conquest, she was recognized as moctezuma's legitimate heir and became one of the mexican indians granted an encomienda. Married to 3 aztec emperors and 3 spaniards, Widowed 5 times, had a wedlock with conquistador Cortes.
The word Baroque originally meant
deformed and tortured.
Wealthy Florentines commissioned works of art to
demonstrate their devotion to the church and the republic.
William Harvey
demonstrated that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through the body
Who were the Boers?
descendants of Dutch colonists
In order to restore the traditional values of the Roman Republic, Augustus did all of the following EXCEPT
destroyed the office of consul
Martin Luther could not truly be considered a humanist because he
did not share the humanist optimism about human nature.
Africans ___ ___ _____ to resist Europeans.
did not unite
balance of power
distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong
what did the anti-federalists believe in?
distrusted any gov, removed from direct control of the people
Nobility/Aristocrat
during renaissance-nobles and aristocrats dominated society nobles served as advisors to the king nobles=expected to fulfill ideals in Renaissance society
What was the issue with the way the states were set up in the Articles of Confederation?
each state was sovereign so own currency, rules, and treaties
Guilds
early unions; workers of common crafts organized themselves into guilds that train apprentices in the craft; start at apprentice, to journeyman, to master craftsman
People during the Renaissance regarded artists as
eccentric, somewhat deviant manual laborers.
What were the primary motivations behind the overseas explorations of new continents?
economic advantages
European Renaissance artists
embraced Italian artistic styles and also made many innovations of their own.
Debt peonage
employer compels worker to pay off debt with work, system where workers are tied to their jobs until they can pay off debts they owe their employer
The perfection of the printing press
enabled many more people to access books.
Chamber Music
ensemble music for up to about ten players, with one player to a part
The development of the new Anglican Church had some conflicts because
even though Henry had left the Catholic Church, he still believed in many aspects of Catholicism.
Characteristics of absolute rule
exclusive power to make and enforce laws without checks
Past attempts to establish a new trade route with Asia included
exploring the African coast.
Who were the Puritans?
extremist Presbyterian (calvinist beliefs)
In general, Thomas Aquinas argued that:
faith could be defended by reason.
Petrarch
father of humanism; emphasized the revival of Greek and Roman literature
What two groups were in the constitutional convention
federalists and anti-federalists
Humanists begin to approach classical writings with an ad fontes spirit because they
felt many ancient texts had been corrupted or altered.
Erasmus
first Christian humanist Catholic Munch- in Northern Renaissance he transcribed Biblical text in vernacular he is very critical to the Church-brought up problems of the Church-seen as a threat to the Church Church threatens to excommunicate him Erasmus then took a step back and realized he was not ready to sever himself from the Church- he still believes the Church is his only way to his afterlife
What did the slaves do during the Haitian Revolution?
formed an army and attacked coffee and sugar plantations
Nicolaus Copernicus
formulated a model of the Heliocentric universe, independently of Aristarchus, who did it 18 centuries before
The most significant development made by European renaissance artists was the
formulation of oil-based paint.
The two main governmental systems on the Italian peninsula were
hereditary kingdoms and communes.
What did Napoleon spread in Europe?
heritage of French Revolution and the spirit of nationalism
King Philip II
his empire included territories on every continent then known to Europeans, including his namesake the Philippines. During his reign, Spain reached the height of its influence and power. This is sometimes called the Golden Age.
Influential aristocrats in Bohemia supported Jan Hus out of national pride and because:
his reforms might allow them to recover revenues lost to the orthodox Catholic clergy.
In his debate with Martin Luther, Johann Eck led Luther to reveal
his true feelings toward the Catholic Church.
Stalin felt like the USSR was surrounded by what?
hostile powers
European artists Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden demonstrated
how Italian renaissance concepts influenced and were influenced by other Europeans.
When Portugal conquered the Madeira Islands, what model did it establish?
how to establish a plantation society that benefits the conquering country
Petrarch developed and promoted ideas of
humanism and the Italian Renaissance.
Something unique about Mussolini was that he had no strict _______ or ______.
ideology fanaticism
Joan of Arc
illiterate, peasant teen girl that said God was communicating with her; French let her lead them into battle, she wins; biggest achievement is when she freed Orleans from English domination; eventually captured and brought before the inquisition, accused and convicted of being a witch, and burned at the stake; Church eventually reversed the verdict and named her a saint; now the patron saint of France
By the early fifteenth century, Rome was
in a state of economic and social decline.
royal fifth
in colonial Spanish America, a tax levied by the crown on mineral products
Conservatives distrusted _______ and ______.
individualism ; romanticism
John Tetzel
indulgence preacher for the Wittenberg church area; very good salesman, guilted people into buying indulgences for their dead relatives suffering in Purgatory
Purchased from the Catholic Church to take time off of a sinner's sentence in Purgatory, _____ were a popular good work in Europe in the sixteenth century.
indulgences
Isaac Newton
introduced the theory of Gravity; co-founded calculus
The Spanish model of colonization was one of
invasive expansion with the long-term goal of permanent settlement.
Johann Gutenberg
invented the printing press, which is considered the greatest invention of all time; this made it much easier to spread Protestant Reformation across Europe
Ignatius Loyola
involved in the Counter Reformation Catholic founder of the Jesuits
The Peloponnesian War:
involved the armies of Athens and Sparta.
The Catholic Church's doctrine of salvation in the sixteenth century stated that forgiveness
is achieved through confession, faith, and good works.
As opposed to the clergy, Catholic missionaries in the colonies were more likely to
learn the native tongue and even live among the natives.
The interactions of European merchants in the East
led Europe to be increasingly influenced by Eastern ideas.
The Law of Burgos of 1512 and New Laws of 1542 sought to _____ the encomienda system and give more control to the natives.
limit
Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
lived in colonial Mexico where women had two options either marry and belong to someone or join a convent nun who urged that women be educated...Mexican Poet
In the Italian / Portuguese model of colonization, the goal is primarily to
locate potential markets and set up trading centers.
Phoenicians
located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform
Calvin wanted his followers to focus on God's
love for everyone.
The Parliamentary Act of Supremacy, put into effect in 1559 by Elizabeth,
made her the "supreme governor" of the English church.
The Electoral Decree of 1059:
made it clear that popes were to be selected by the College of Cardinals
What was seen as "talent" for entrepreneurs?
making $$$
The second Council of Trent redefined the role of bishops in the Catholic Church by
making bishops responsible for the actions of priests.
Northern Italy was largely governed by
many independent city-states.
Octavian defeated who at the Battle of Actium to become emperor?
marc antony
In the second century B.C.E. one innovation that changed the patriarchal Roman family system was:
married Roman women could control their own property.
Encomienda
means entrustment. signifies that individulas and land are entrusted to you, if you hoold encomienda, the land is yours and you have the right to the labor but you have to provide for them; clothes food housing etc
alchemy
medieval chemical philosophy based on changing metal into gold; a seemingly magical power or process of transmutation. (Some Scientific Revolution thinkers continued to be interested in this idea from an earlier age.)
alchemy
medieval chemical philosophy based on changing metal into gold; a seemingly magical power or process of transmutation. (We discussed how there were still elements of this during the scientific revolution. Even Newton devoted time to this.)
The majority of the political power in Florence was held by
members of the influential trades, such as bankers, lawyers, and wool-makers.
Spanish military expeditions after Columbus were comprised mainly of
men from all walks of life, including merchants, clergy, and artisans.
Burghers
merchant class members of the middle class who lived in a city or town
Who are the bourgeoisie?
middle class
The main purpose of the Schmalkaldic League was
military
Masada
minor Jewish revolt against the Romans; Jews were up in a mountain top named Masada, Romans surrounded them and Jews wouldn't come out; eventually, the Romans built their way up and found all the Jews dead because they didn't want to be enslaved or slaughtered by the Romans
Homo sapiens sapiens
modern humans
What was messed up about the Congress of Berlin?
no Africans were invited to decide the fate of Africa!
The most important regional dividing line in Italy has always been between
north and south.
After the Anglo-Russian Entente, who got control of the north, middle, and south lands?
north: Russia middle: neutral south: Britian
John Cabot was an explorer for England who made landfall in Canada while seeking a _____ _____ to Asia.
northwest passage
The Renaissance was
not uniform across Europe and was interpreted in distinct ways in different regions.
Neo-Platonism
philosophy-religion advocated by Plotinus that was popular with the educated elite; emphasized the spiritual side of philosophy; the principle goal of life is not the comprehension of this world but to focus on the oneness of humanity and the One, God; never drifted down to the masses, just stayed with the educated elite
Cassandra Fedele and Laura Cereta were both
renowned intellectual humanists.
Martin Luther (95 Theses)
saw buying indulgences as getting to heaven by performing a work, not through grace as you're supposed to; wrote 95 Theses, which are 95 things the Church was doing wrong and nailed it to the Wittenberg church; at the heart of the 95 Theses is the "Justification by faith"
What was the 1st successful uprising by people of color against colonial power?
the Haitian Revolution
What was the only estate not tax-exempt?
the commoners
According to Martin Luther, "by Scripture alone" meant that
the word of God was learned through the Bible, not through the church or priests.
The Anabaptists survived mainly because
their belief in sectarianism allowed them be strong, small groups of religious folk.
The power of the Medici family came from
their wealth and political skills.
Levelers
these Englishmen wanted every man in England to have a vote and thus a say in government
Religious dissidents were smashing idols of the Catholic Church in 1521 mainly because
these idols represented the old ways of the Catholic Church.
Recant
to cleanse oneself of their sins needed if want to remain in good graces of Church or go to heaven if threatened with excommunication or being a heretic
One trait of renaissance humanism was
to interpret and define the classical past.
When compared to southern Italy and the rest of Europe, northern Italy was more
urban.
William Shakespeare
used scientific method, all plays answering a question, tudor england is his point of reference, all plays represent flaws in human society and all characters represent that, criticizes monarchies, all plays answer question at end/describe what happened
One way the Medici family became wealthy was by
using the money of the papacy for its own gain.
In general, the Spartans:
viewed themselves as protectors of the traditional constitutions of Greece.
The epic poem the Aeneid about the founding of Rome was written by who?
virgil
The peasants in the Black Forest rebelled in 1524 because they
wanted to end serfdom and sought more rights for themselves.
The church prevented Pico from debating his Conclusiones when they learned he
was sympathetic to Muslims and Jews.
The Act of Supremacy
when Henry VIII created the Anglican Church of England you have to figure out who will run it because the Pope is taken out political factor in England- parliament and they decide to let the king be the head of the Church Henry VIII was unaware of how advantageous taking away Pope was Henry VIII now has a huge tithe income and owns majority of land in England
Scarcity
when there are limited resources in a world of unlimited wants and needs
Sale of Indulgences
you could pay for forgiveness for your sins or you could pay for a family member to get out of a purgatory- into heaven one of the thesis in Martin Luther's "95 Thesis"-Martin Luther does not agree with the sale of indulgence
The rulers of Egypt tries (and failed) to use military force to evict the Portuguese from the _____ Ocean trade.
Indian
What was special about Haiti?
It was the first independent state in Latin America
Which was more secular, the Italian or the Northern Renaissance?
Italian Renaissance the purpose of the Northern Renaissance was to challenge the Church Erasmus, Luther, and Sir Thomas More show how Italian Renaissance was more secular Italian=secular humanism- focuses on your happiness in your current life and not so much the next North=Christian humanism- North also patronized Roman Catholicism
Which of the following best describes the importance of Eck's papal bull Exsurge Domine?
Luther's public response of burning the papal bull truly separated him from the Catholic Church.
Several princes in the European region called Scandinavia converted to _____ in the 1530's.
Lutheranism
At the Battle of Tannenberg in 1410:
Polish-Lithuanian forces defeated the German military order of Teutonic Knights.
Songhay
Put together in mid 1400s. They make a ton of money through trading goods coming from Africa's interior. Middlemen. Slaves, gold, glass, etc.
What did Montesquieu believe in?
Separation of powers, checks and balances
Lope de Vega
Spanish playwright of 1500 during Baroque era; plays, wrote to entertain
17th
The American Revolution took place during which century?
Madame de Pompadour
The mistress of Louis XV who used her ability to take away her "services" to gain power and to give advice about and make important government decisions. She was a member of the French court.
Where did Christopher Columbus and his crew explore in 1493?
They took months exploring the islands of the Caribbean before returning to Hispaniola.
Peter the Great
This was the tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army.
Who proposed "pursuit of happiness"?
Thomas Jefferson
What did John Locke create?
Two Treatises of Government
Total War
War that involves entire civilian sector, and not just the military sector.
Catholic title of the blessed
What is the Virgin of Guadalupe?
named after Columbus; widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human population, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old world in the 15th and 16th centuries
What was the Columbian Exchange and its impact on global societies?
Britain
Who was the first to abolish slavery?
Portuguese areas of commercial trade
along the African coast South Asia East Asia South America (Brazil)
Bubonic Plague
also known as Black Death; swept through Europe in the 14th century and wiped out as much as half of the European population
Laissez faire (free trade) economics was inspired by who?
Adam Smith
Who was the leader of Germany?
Adolf Hitler
When Portugal gained control of the port of Cueta in 1415, it was important because Portugal then had a foothold on the continent of _____.
Africa
_______ reflected interest of middle and business classes.
Liberalism
delivered unfinished material to rural households.
What was the putting- out system?
mathematical reasoning secular values
What was the scientific Revolution?
Rudyard Kipling
"White Man's Burden"
Renaissance
"rebirth"; emphasized secularism (have a good time, enjoy the pleasures of the world), individualism (express your talents; strive for fame and glory), and humanism (moving ahead by reaching back and reviving ancient Greece and Rome)
Anabaptists
"to baptize again"; believe that a person shouldn't be baptized into a faith until they are old enough to fully understand what they're being baptized for; want democratic churches with independent congregations that govern themselves
Malintzin
'bad luck', She played a role in the conquest of the Aztec Empire by being an interpreter, advisor and lover to Cortes. She gave birth to a son who is considered the first mestizo.
Nicolaus Copernicus
(1473-1543). Heliocentric theory
Michelangelo
(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.
Raphael
(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.
Martin Luther
(1483-1546) a German monk who, in 1517, took a public stand against the sale of indulgences by nailing his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenburg; he believed that people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them; his actions began the Reformation
What was the result of the Suez Canal?
- Egypt was unable to pay loans - Britain and France took over - Ismail abdicated
Oliver Cromwell
- English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)
Henry VIII
(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532. He subordinated the Church to the state. The Act of Supremacy is one example when he made himself the Head of the Church of England, so that he was the head of the state and the head of the church.
Akbar the Great
(1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion.
Council of Trent
(1545-1563). Effort of Catholics to figure out the problems that got them into the Protestant Reformation
Peace of Augsburg
(1555) Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects. (Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism)
Peace of Augsburg
(1555) Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects. The prince could choose Catholicism or Lutheranism. (This would be an issue later when Calvinism became a more significant religion.)
Akbar the Great
(1556-1605). Babur's grandsun.
Elizabeth I
(1558-1603) Protestant ruler of England who helped stabilize religious tensions by subordinating theological issues to political considerations. She subordinated the church to the state.
William Shakespeare
(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.
Galileo
(1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life.
Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642). Heliocentric theory. Proved Copernicus
Kepler
(1571-1630) Assistant to Tycho Brahe who believed in the Copernican view. He continued Brahe's observations and created three laws of planetary motion published between 1609 and 1619. They provided mathematical backing for heliocentrism and suggested that the planets orbits were ellipses.
Henry IV
(1589-1610) - Formerly Henry of Navarre; ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. Survived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes, quoted as saying "Paris is worth a mass." He is an example of a politique. He put the needs of the state ahead of any personal religious convictions.
What three things caused the French Revolution?
- Enlightenment ideas - Economic problems - Not happy with Royalty
30 Years War
(1618-1648). War sucks in outside powers to the HRE-some politically and some religiously. Devastates heart of Europe
Thirty Years' War
(1618-48) the last great religious war fought in Europe brought into France by Richelieu. began in Bohemia when protestant nobles revolted against the newly crowned Catholic emperor Ferdinand II when he revoked their religious freedoms. ended with Protestant-French victory by the Peace of Westphalia. reshaped the religious and political map of central Europe. (While it is in the "Wars of Religion" unit, it should be remembered that it was as much about political power. For example, the fight between the French and the Habsburgs was between two Catholic powers.)
John Locke
(1632-1704). Father of classical liberalism. "Knowledge doesn't come from religion, it comes from the senses."
Louis XIV
(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.
Isaac Newton
(1642-1727). Gravity, Laws of Motion
Voltaire
(1694-1778). Freedom of expression.
James II (1685-1688)
- Final Stuart ruler; he was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary, who agreed to the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy.
Reign of Terror
(1793-1794). Led by Maximillien Robespierre. Loved Rousseau, and wanted to make a government of general will. Guillotine
Bill of Rights
- First 10 amendments to the Constitution - All protected individual freedoms - Separation of powers between branches -1791
Otto Von Bismarck
(1815-1898). Envisions territorial expansion of German lands for Prussia.
Karl Marx
(1818-1883). Believes in violence to achieve greater goal. Destroy the government and put in workers for the people.
First Opium War
(1839-1842). British use Opium to get into Chinese market by getting them addicted.
Berlin Conference
(1884-1885). Tried to never have a war between 2 European empires because of territory.
Vasco de Gama
- First European to reach the Indian Seas
Ismail
(r. 1501-1524). Captures Baghdad and makes himself Shaw (King).
Mughal-Babur
(r. 1504-1530). Trying to promote education & literature. Sunni. Descendant of Genghis Khan. Religious Toleration
Henry VIII
(r. 1509-1547). Removed the pope and put himself as the head of the church.
Charles V
(r. 1519-1556). Holy Roman Emperor when Protestant Reformation started. Controls a very large portion of Europe through Royal intermarriage.
What three key points did Mussolini's fascism include?
- 'Great Man' theory - Social Darwinism - Nostalgia for Roman Empire
'Weltpolitik' was a global policy based on these fatal assumptions:
- France & Russia could never be allies - Russia & England would always have serious differences in central Asia - Germany was needed as an ally more than Germany needed allies
Idea of Leisure
- Free time - Social pressures - Neighboring garden/Parties
Voltaire
- French philosopher - He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government -Spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church
What were reasons for Nazi success?
- German bitterness bc Treaty of Versailles - Inept Weimar Republic's - propaganda - appeal of Anti-Semitism
What were causes of the Great War?
- Germany's pursuit of Weltpolitik - Disintegration of the Ottoman & Habsburg empires - Nationalism in the major states & the Balkans - Domestic problems (women's suffrage, labor unrest) - Assassination in Sarajevo
Which of the following were included in a humanist course of study?
- Greek - Latin - Hebrew
What were obstacles in the Russian Revolution?
- Napoleonic wars - Romanov ruled for 300 years - Serfdom until 1861
Reformation
- 1517-1648 - Martin Luther - Aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church
Supremacy Act
- 1534 and 1559 - Established King Henry VIII of England and subsequent monarchs as the supreme head of the Church of England - Took the church away from the Pope and made it his own
Scientific Revolution
- 1543 -A series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period - Transformed the views of society about nature - Isaac Newton
Which Caribbean islands did Columbus explore after his first landing in 1492?
- Bahamas - Cuba - Hispaniola
What were Napoleon's four accomplishments?
- Bank of France - Mass education - Concordat (returned Catholicism as state church) - Civil Code of Law
Blood Sports
- Bloodshed activities - Bull vs. dog - People would bet money on who wins the fights - 16th-17th century
What were the results of the 'Congress System'?
- Bourbon rule restored - Habsburgs controlled German confederation - European peace for almost 100 years
What agreements was the Anglo-Russian Entente setting in place?
- Britain and Russia in a deal to control Persia and Afghanistan - Divided "spheres of influence"
Versailles
- Louis XIV - It was where rival aristocratic factions jostled for power - 1682 to 1789
Ferdinand and Isabella
- 15th century -Made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration
What happened with the Opium Wars?
- Brits brought opium from India to China - Huge profits made off Chinese addicts - Trade conflicts showed Euro technology & military might
Which of the following best describes the effects of the Augsburg Confession?
- Charles insisted that all Protestants accept Johann Eck's response to the Augsburg Confession. - Johann Eck wrote the Confutation in response.
Constitutionalism
- Complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior
Tycho Brahe
- Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct - Known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observation
Glorious Revolution
- 1688 - King James 2nd was diposed, invited daughter Mary and William to rule - Mary and William of Orange
Heliocentric System
- 16th century - Placed the Earth at the center of the universe - Nicolaus Copernicus
Enclosure System
- 16th century to 18th century - Ended Open field system -Enclosing small landholdings into larger farms
Mercantilism
- 16th to 18th century -A system in which a country attempts to amass wealth through trade with other countries, exporting more than it imports and increasing stores of gold and precious metals
The Spirit of the Laws
- 1748 by Charles de Second-at - Treatise on political theory
Republic of Letters
- 17th and 18th century - Long distance intellectual community
Putting-out system
- 17th century - Employers putout materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes
Scientific Method
- 17th century - Francis Bacon - Observation, Measurement, Experiment, Formulation, Testing, and Hypothesis
English Civil War
- 1816 to 1865 - United States vs. Confederate States - Protect the institution of slavery
During the Russian Revolution, what did Napoleonic wars lead to?
- Decembrist Revolt failure - Xenophobia (fear of the others)
Enlightened Absolutism
- 18th and 19th century - Conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs - Enhance their power
Holy Roman Empire
- 18th century - Multi-ethnic complex of territories
Isaac Newton
- Defined the laws of motion and gravity - Tried to explain motion of the universe
Enlightenment
- Dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century - 1715 to 1789 -Could lead to human improvement and was the most legitimate mode of thinking -Voltaire, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, David Hume, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith, Isaac Newton and Thomas Jefferson
Ancient and medieval world-views
- 5th century AD to 16th century
Britain's dominance
- 67% worlds coal -50% iron -50% cloth -gave access to new markets and materials
Which of the following describes how Luther's beliefs about salvation shifted away from the Catholic Church's beliefs?
- He believed that humans were so sinful that they could not do anything on their own to achieve salvation. - He began to believe that salvation was a gift from God. - He found that grace alone was the way to salvation; the church was unnecessary.
Charles V
- Holy Roman Emperor - Tried to keep Europe religiously united
Mitigating Factors of WWI
1. Alliance Systems 2. Massive Arms Race 3. Imperial Conflict 4. Nationalism
Seven Sacraments
1. Baptism 2. Reconciliation-confession 3. Eucharist-communion 4. Conformation 5. Matrimony- can't be married to join Church and Holy orders 7. Last Rites-Rite of the sick-ritual for the sick done by a priest before they die
socialism
1. reflected interest of working class attacked laissez- faire capitalism -criticized industrial system& concentration of wealth -called for public, or worker, ownership of business & industry 2. socialists searched for balanced world 3. impractically of experiments brought failure, but forced politicians to consider demands
In the first century B.C.E., slaves comprised what proportion of the total population of the Roman territories?
1/3
Nearly __ of colonists were loyal to the crown.
1/3
Ivan III
1480 took control of Mongol Moscow and proclaimed himself as tsar. "Defender of the faith"
Christopher Columbus
1492 voyage for Spain to New World
Vasco da Gama
1492 voyage to India for spices
Treaty of Tordesilles
1494. Treaty between Spain and Portugal, proctored by the Pope, preventing war in the New World.
Edict of Nantes
1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
Edict of Nantes
1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after lengthy civil wars between Catholics and Protestants.
Impact of the Edict of Nantes
1598 made Catholicism official religion of France and Huguenots gained religious freedom.
Glorious Revolution
1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne because of parliament and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
Catholic Reformation
16th Century. Partly in response to the Protestant Reformation, Roman Catholic authorities undertook a reform effort within their own church. To some extent, their efforts represented a reaction to Protestant success. Roman Catholic authorities sought to define points of doctrine so as to clarify the differences between the Roman and Protestant churches. They also attempted to persuade the Protestants to return to the Catholic church.
The Reformation
16th century movement involving the creation of the Reformed Protestant Churches said to be initiated when Martin Luther wrote "95 Thesis" in 1517 criticizing church doctrine and practice
Seven Years War
1756-1763. First Global War. France v. Britain. France lost everything.
Castas
A Casta was a hierarchical system of race classification created by Spanish elites (españoles) in Hispanic America during the Spanish colonial period. It was used to describe as a whole and socially rank the mixed-race people who were born during the post-Conquest period.
Senate is ____ per state. The House of Reps is based on _____.
2 population
What was the Boer War a preview of?
20th century wars of decolonization
Sargon
2340 B.C. leader of the Akkadians who overran the Sumerian city-state and set up the first empire
How were slaves represented?
3/5 of a person
What forced the royal family in France to go back to Paris?
7,000 women stormed Versailles
During the Haitian Revolution, slaves were ___ of the population.
90%
Iceland may have been the location of the first parliamentary democracy when the settlers there formed a legislative assembly in:
930
The commoners in France were ___ of the population.
97%
factories noted for
=bad lighting -poor ventilation -dangerous machines -no safety features until 19th century
John Calvin
A French theologian who established a theocracy in the Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination. Bible is the sole word of God. Helped create the protestant work ethic. Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion (1509-1564)
Copernicus
A Polish astronomer who put forth the theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the earth spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun. This is called heliocentric, or sun centered system
Athens
A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.
White European
A mestizo was a combination of what ancestry?
What is dead reckoning?
A method used to calculate a ship's speed and direction of travel based on observations and measurements.
Sparta
A powerful Greek miliary polis that was often at war with Athens. Used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor.
Who was Jacques Benigne Bossuet?
A priest in 17th century France who wrote Politics Derived from Holy Writ about the divine right of kings.
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
Chinese Civil Service Exam
Academy set up by Wu Di in Han Dynasty in 124 BCE test people took in China to become state officials of China tested: history, literature, confucian thinking, etc. this started the selecting of gov't officials by merit rather than class which allowed the possibility of lower class smart citizens to become officials. This allowed for social class mobility because it was open to all.
Carrack
Age of exploration vessel. Most parts were Chinese
Capital of Mughal Empire?
Agra
Joint Stock Company
Agreement between the crown and private investors
Zoroaster taught that there was only one god called:
Ahura-Mazda.
Which pharaoh is most associated with reorienting Egyptian religion toward the god Aten:
Akhenaten
Radical re-baptizers who did not believe in infant baptism were known as _____.
Anabaptists
Treaty of Westphalia
All places in Europe have the right to their own destiny, and can elect to join HRE. HR Emperor forced to sign.
What was the name of sailor who figured out that the area in which Christopher Columbus had landed was bigger than India?
Amerigo Vespucci
Perhaps the most influent Muslim scholar to help purify and preserve the study of Aristotle's thought was:
Averroës Ibn Rušd
From 1309 until 1377 the papacy resided continuously at:
Avignon.
Test Act
An act forbidding anyone except members of the Church of England from holding political office or entering the professions
Ptolemy
An ancient Greek astronomer, living in Egypt, who proposed a way of calculating the movements of the planets on the assumption that they, along with the sun and the stars, were embedded in clear spheres that revolved around the Earth. His beliefs prevailed for nearly fifteen hundred years, until the modern model of the solar system, with the sun at the center, was developed from the ideas of Copernicus.
Baroque
An art movement associated with the reformed catholic church that emphasized sumptuous, richly decorated churches and dramatic paintings and sculptures. everything is overly decorated
baroque
An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements.
Which Sciences were advanced by having the ideas of the "Ancients" reexamined?
Anatomy Astrology
Which true sciences were advanced by these "Magical" sciences?
Anatomy Astronomy Cartography
Aristarchus
Ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known model of heliocentrism, or the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it
Democritus
Ancient Greek philosopher known for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe
Etruscan
Ancient people that dominated the Italian peninsula; Romans were often ruled by Etruscan kings; Etruscans taught Romans how to be an urban civilized people; thanks to the Etruscans, Romans are known for warfare, engineering, and government
Semites
Ancient peoples of the Near East, from whom the Israelites are descended
Which modern Scientific Revolutionaries corrected or supported the findings of the "Ancients"?
Andreas Vesalius corrected the discoveries of Galen regarding human anatomy Kepler- successfully proved a heliocentric world
Anglicans/Episcopalians/Church of England
Anglican Church of England-born out of political goal- founded by Henry VIII- very Catholic but without the Pope Episcopalian=someone whose roots trace back to the roots of the Anglican Church of England Anglican- of or relating to the Church of England
Whigs
Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government
Monroe Doctrine
Any European interference in the America's is seen as an act of war. Huge Sphere of Influence for US.
Which of the following territories was France not able to recover by the end of 1204?
Aquitaine
Catherine of Aragon
Aragon-Spanish province Hapsburg Dynasty aunt of Charles I V (he is her nephew) becomes close w Henry VIII as he goes on journey to retrieve her initially married to Arthur Tudor to create strong political powerful bond between England and Spain being 2 powerful kingdoms Arthur dies and Catherine marries Henry VIII Catherine has daughter- Mary Tudor, but fails to have male heir to throne which causes Henry to ask Pope for annulment Pope says no after Charles I V shows up and so Henry filed for a civil divorce from Catherine, creating the Anglican Church of England
Gobekli Tepe
Archaeological site in present day Turkey, advanced in terms of tools and architecture, one of the oldest examples of organized civilization and archeology. 10,000 BC
Mannerism
Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symmetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poses and compression of space.
Henry Ford
Assembly line manufacture
Octavian
Augustus Caesar; considered the first emperor of Rome, but never took the outright title of emperor; nephew (then adopted son) of Julius Caesar; established the foundation of the Pax Romana by putting in reforms to combat corruption in the government; provides cheap food and entertainment to keep the public happy; leaves people's customs and religions alone as long as they pay their taxes and don't rebel
Bismarck's system formed Dual Alliance with who?
Austria
Where was Adolf Hitler born?
Austria
Who issued the Declaration of Pillnitz?
Austria and Prussia
Socratic Method
Based on the ideas of philosopher Socrates The practice of answering questions with well directed questions that lead the person to search deeper to find the answer within themselves (belief that when someone asks a question they already know the answer from their knowledge they just need to be provoked/helped to come to it) Method works well with philosophical questions People learn more and retain information longer by just helping the person come to the answer themselves rather than just telling them the answer
True of false: Bartolommeo de Las Casas believed that native conversions to Catholicism could only be meaningful if they full renounced their native religion.
False
True or false: The Italian/Portuguese model of establishing settlements was more invasive than the Spanish model?
False
Divine Right
Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.
Sunni
Believe anybody capable can lead the Islamic Community
Robert Owens
Believed in a "grassroots" version of socialism. Thought factory owners run it themselves.
How did Louis XIV attain and hold onto power?
Believed in divine right of kings, ruled through his counsels, did not call up the representative Estates General, controlled the nobility, hated division so was religiously intolerant.
John Calvin
Believed in the idea of Predestination. No free will.
What became the global center for industry and military?
Berlin
What real sciences evolve from this pre-science?
Biology Psychology and Sociology
True or false: Two thousand Catholics were killed at the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
False (Protestants were killed, not Catholics.)
Stalin organized 'show trials' of what people?
Bolsheviks
Who was the Anglo-Russian Entente between?
Britain and Russia
How did Ottomans retain power?
By training slaves to serve in the military and the elite Janissaries
For whom were the effects of the Crusades most disastrous:
Byzantium
Protestants who did not want to see the church subordinated to the state
Calvin, Anabaptists
Protestant Work Ethic/Manifest Destiny/WASP Mentality
Calvinism lead to the Protestant Work Ethic the idea that wealth accumulation was a sign of god's favor arose and because of this worth ethic changed people believed that they were rich because God wanted them to/ why would God waste his time on them/give them privilege for a reason- leads to Manifest Destiny- form of Christian Ethnocentrism the idea that since god has made me so powerful- with all privilege-we are predestined to buy land/he wouldn't just waste his time on us- there is a reason why we have been given privilege (wealth etc) WASP Mentality=White Anglo Saxon Protestants= thinking they are better than others because of their privilege and they practice protestant work ethic
Who was Pierre Jurieu?
Calvinist minister who fled France because of the government's persecution of the Huguenots in the 17th century.
The Carolingian dynasty in France was replaced by which dynasty in 987:
Capetian
Persepolis
Capital of Persian Empire
The _____ were a fierce, violent people who practiced cannibalism.
Carib
Harvey
Described the circulation of the blood through veins and arteries.
States that exploited religious conflicts to promote political and economic interests
Catholic Spain Protestant England France, Sweden, Denmark in the 30 Years' War
Inquisition
Catholic courts of judgement-Church courts that determine whether one is a heretic or not
Giordano Bruno
Catholic priest that fell out and became a pantheist (god is nature and nature is god); accepted heliocentrism; claimed the universe was infinite and filled with infinite worlds; proposed the possibility of having life on other planets (hated by Catholics and Protestants for this)
The Jesuits
Catholic priests highest educational priests created by Ignatius Loyola
Which of the following best describes why the Society of Jesus was so successful?
Catholics respected the rigorous training process.
spread christianity, gold, technology
What were the motives for transoceanic exploration?
The most prominent northern Renaissance intellectual movement was:
Christian humanism.
Treaty of Verdun
Charlemagne's old empire was split into three major kingdoms: Eastern (now Germany), Western (now France), and Middle
What was at stake in England's Constitutional Crisis?
Charles I tried to govern without Parliament's consent by imposing illegal taxes.
Rome experienced a revival in part because of
Christian pilgrimages to Rome which were encouraged by the Pope.
When were the Americas colonized?
Colonization of the Americas was not a single event but rather several events.
Why were slaves largely unnecessary on the Madeira Islands?
Cheap Portuguese laborers flocked there to seek a better life.
Council of Trent
Church council that reaffirmed basic Catholic doctrines such as papal supremacy and exclusive Church authority to interpret the Bible; prohibited Church abuses; required clergy to renounce worldly pleasures; authorized an index
Inquisition
Church court put in place to root out heresy; most famous is the Spanish Inquisition; made sure people conformed to the official doctrine of the Catholic church; no due process, so you could be tortured and interrogated
What was Napoleon's greatest achievement?
Civil Code of Law
Which leader championed the cause of the demos and introduced the practice of ostracism:
Cleisthenes
Japan was rattled by the arrival of ____________ _______ from the _____ _____.
Commodore Perry; United States
Which Roman emperor made succession to the imperial throne hereditary:
Constantine
Capital of Ottoman Empire?
Constantinople (Istanbul)
Reforms of Catherine the Great
Continued the westernization of Russia through patronage of arts. Instituted domestic reform, restricted torture, some religious tolerance and improved education and local government. Expanded territory by conquest of Caucasus.
Cartesian Method
Created by Descartes ask a question then break it down by organizing each component of the question from simplest to most complex(this way you can find any truth)
James Watt
Creates the first efficient steam engine. Industrial Revolution starts in Britain.
Caudillos
Creole with personal military force
Ferdinand Magellan
Crew is first to circumnavigate the globe. Only 18 return from the voyage. Killed in Philippines
Why was Cromwell a hypocrite?
Cromwell was a hypocrite bc he
Northern Renaissance
Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe, began later than the Italian Renaissance (circa 1450), centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany, featured a greater emphasis on religion than the Italian Renaissance
Gaucho
Culture of the mixed people in Latin America. "Cowboy Culture"
Which Persian king built his capital at Persepolis:
Darius I
Mercantilism
Defines economic wealth by three tangible finite assets: 1) money backed by precious metals, 2)land, 3) gold
Which reform did Gaius Gracchus NOT attempt to implement?
Destroy the Roman monarchy
How did Copernicus and Galileo challenge traditional ways of thinking?
Destroyed the idea that the earthly world was different than the heavenly world and challenged religious worldview of accepting established authority.
Rousseau
Disagrees with Locke entirely, who believes there needs to be no government because all people need to come together for the good of the whole.
Pedro Alvares Cabral
Discovered Brazil 1500- claimed Brazil for Portugal en route to India
Petition of Right
Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land
Which holy order was perhaps the most intellectually oriented?
Dominicans
There was a _______________ with Austria and Russia to keep both in check.
Dreikaiserbund
Jan Matthys was a Dutch baker who believed that he was the reincarnation of a person
in the Bible.
What concept did he promote as "truth"? Galen
Examined war wounds to discover "truths" about human anatomy Could not do autopsies b/c they were illegal at the time Andreas Vesalius corrected his mistakes with further advancements regarding human anatomy
Putting Out System
Earliest form of Capitalism. Human assembly line.
Hebrews
Early group of people who lived in lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt. They developed the religion Judaism.
How does a mercantilist economy work?
Economic policies of Mercantilism and Protectionism.
Who wrote "Reflections of the Revolution in France"?
Edmund Burke
Columbian Exchange
Exchange of a vast array of foods, plants, goods, diseases, etc. Movement of cultures powered by massive populations.
True or false: After Hernán Cortés starved the people of Tenochtitlan until they surrendered, he repopulated the city with the poor white settlers from Cuba.
False (Remember that Cortés razed all of the buildings in the city and built another city on top of it.)
What did the Suez Canal connect?
Egypt and India
Horus
Egyptian falcon-headed solar god
Osiris
Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead
Mikhail Romanov
Elected to rule Russia, for expansion of the state.
What were the two teams for the French & Indian War?
England vs French & Indians
Oliver Cromwell
English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.
John Wycliff
English philosopher; attacked the privileged status of the clergy; important predecessor to Protestantism
John Dalton
English scientist known for proposing the modern atomic theory
The European Renaissance
included Italy as one of many voices in creating renaissance ideas.
The earliest inhabitants of the Italian peninsula were the:
Etruscans.
What did the Monroe Doctrine declare?
Europe could not colonize any more of the Americas
Zambos
European and African mixed
Mestizos
European and native mixed
What was a major contributing factor to the defeat of the Mesoamericans the Spanish?
European diseases.
Ivan IV (The terrible)
Expanded Russia into Siberia, which was full of resources. Russian economy heavily driven by sale of natural resources. Uses this to buy a bigger army, and crush the power of nobillities
Galileo Galilei
Expanded heliocentric beliefs by publishing his telescope observations Observations= sun rotated on an axis, the moons of jupiter revolve around jupiter, sun spots, mountains and valleys on the moon His ideas led to advancements in Astrology Also advanced physics by these conclusions 1. If a pendulum is given a momentum of equal velocity- it will swing forever 2. All objects heavy or light will fall the same speed in the absence of friction (helped prove gravitational pull)
How did Luther interpret the idea of a "priesthood of all believers"?
Faithful Christians did not need someone to help them speak to God.
Martin Luther
Felt the church had gotten away from their purpose. Disagreed with the sale of Indulgences. Destiny is determined only through your faith to God. 95 theses.
Ignatius Loyola
First Jesuit. Very forceful to get people to come to or return to the faith.
Implications of Treaty of Westphalia
First general diplomatic conference in European history as a model for future European cooperation
William Harvey
First man to describe the function of the circulatory system Observed heart, arteries, veins and their functions Made massive advancements to Anatomy
Bartholomeu Diaz
First man to sail around the Cape of Good Hope
________ were barred in Japan.
Foreigners
How were the native people of the Americas different from those of Europe and other continents?
For thousands of years, they were isolated from the trading culture, diseases, and goods from other continents.
John Cabot
Found Newfoundland in search for Brazil. Becomes first part of British Empire
Jansenism
Founded by Cornelius Jansen Religion became a sect of the Catholic Church Doctrine of Salvation- states that only unswerving faith will get you to heaven- absolute commitment- nothing get in way of your belief Pascal's sister becomes a Jansenist and then convinces Pascal to become one too
Protestantism
Founded by beliefs of Martin Luther
Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen
France's D.O.I. Reason French Revolution is much bloodier than American Revolution.
Who were the allies in the Great War?
France, England, Russia, Italy
The sale of indulgences in Germany in 1517 caused a conflict because
Frederick the Wise saw them as competition for his personal fund raising, so he banned the sale in his territory.
The Huguenots were
French Protestants who mostly followed John Calvin.
Intendants
French officials, usually nonnobles, sent out to assert the will of the monarch in the provinces of France in the 17th and 18th centuries
Jean Racine
French plawright who wrote tragedies set in Greece or Rome that celebrated the new aristocratic virtues that Louis XIV aimed to inculcate: a reverance for order and self-control, characters regal or noble, lofty language, aristocratic behavior. Most famous works are "Andromaque", "Berenice", "Iphigene", and "Phedre".
Who did the Declaration of Pillnitz trigger?
French radicals
Estates General
French version of parliament that only met when the monarch called it together; consisted of members of the French aristocracy, higher ups in the Catholic church, and representatives from the bourgeoisie
Who were some allies of the colonists?
French, Dutch, Scotch
Consequences of Treaty of Westphalia
Goal to create a balance of power among European states to maintain peace, German states recognized as independent states ensuring German disunity for 200 years and the birth of the modern European nation state.
On behalf of the Portuguese, Vasco de ama found a sea route to Asia by sailing around the Cape of _____ _____ in Southern Africa.
Good Hope
Safavid Empire Strengths and Weaknesses
Good military, carpet industry, reformed government. Some weaknesses were a 14 year old founder, the lack of modern technology, and forced conversions.
Absolutism
Government with absolute authority over the people. Led by a monarch or dictator
Who served in the German army in WWI?
Hitler
The Council of Constance brought an end to the:
Great Schism.
Iliad and Odyssey
Greek epic poems attributed to Homer; defined relations of gods and humans that shaped Greek mythology.
Ottoman Empire Strengths and Weaknesses
Gunpowder, easy access to sea trade, powerful military, and lots of land. Some weaknesses were rulers having too much power, unfair social hierarchy, religions were separated, high taxes on people who were non muslims.
What was Christopher Columbus looking for while exploring islands in 1502?
He continued to believe his theory and looked for Japan.
The ______ were in constant warfare against France.
Habsburgs
Filial Piety
Harmonious family. Emperor on top.
How did Christopher Columbus's voyage of 1502 end?
He and his crew had to be rescued from Jamaica, where they had been starving for months.
What concept did he promote as "truth"? Aristotle
He believed all heavenly objects were lighter than earthly objects This lead him to believe in a geocentric universe
What concept did he promote as "truth"? Ptolemy
He found the mathematical proof to support geocentricism He followed what Aristotle believed rather than Aristarchus b/c Aristotle had a greater resume/reputation
How did Christopher Columbus's marriage to the daughter of a Portuguese official benefit him?
He gained access to their connections as well as to the family's large library of navigational papers.
What did Christopher Columbus leave behind everywhere he landed while exploring?
He planted a cross in the soil in the name of Spain.
On April 17, 1521, what did Martin Luther do at the Diet of Worms?
He refused to recant his heretical beliefs.
How was Christopher Columbus treated upon his return to Spain?
He was treated as a hero with banquets and parades, as well as the title of governor of the new lands.
The Roman governor, Pontius Pilate, condemned Jesus to crucifixion because:
He was trying to preserve the peace during a religious holiday
Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's concerns about salvation?
He worried that it was impossible for him to achieve salvation, because of his sinful nature.
When _____ died in 1559, the French throne became a source of conflict in France.
Henry II
King _____ _____ was one of the first European kings to appreciate the power and protection provided by a strong navy.
Henry VII
Parliament after the Glorious Revolution?
House of Lords (passed bills, highest court) and House of Commons (pass bills, controlled money)
Examples of religious conflicts that were based on challenging the monarch's attempts to control religious institutions.
Huguenots, Puritans, Nobles in Poland
Castile was part of the _____ Peninsula.
Iberian
Appeal of Lutheranism (Protestantism)
Idea of personal faith, resentment of church's wealth by commoners, rulers wanted to confiscate church wealth and appeal to literate middle-class.
The founder of the Jesuits, an order of spiritual soldiers of the Catholic Reformation, was
Ignatius Loyola
How does Jurieu support his position?
Immense sums collected, The violence and abuse committed when they are collected, The bad uses of them, The misery of the people as a result of them.
Location of Mughal Empire?
India
Where was European Imperialism in full swing?
India
Sepoy Mutiny
Indian mercenaries who revolt
The Jesuits-Society of Jesus-Inquisition
Inquisition-Catholic courts of judgement, Church courts determine who's a heretic If convicted as a heretic-excommunicated and burned at the stake Pope attempts to bring Martin Luther and John Calvin in front of inquisition-naming them heretics
Eli Whitney
Interchangeable Parts
Location of Safavid Empire?
Iran
Capital of Safavid Empire?
Isfahan
How was humanism eventually regarded in European society?
It eventually influenced all levels of European society.
England following the Glorious Revolution?
It formalized Parliament's power which was of the upper classes.
To what extent is Bossuet's argument based on biblical assumptions?
It is totally based on Bible scriptures. He uses Solomon as an example, Cyrus and other verses on rulers and kings.
Which of the following best describes why the Catholic Church wanted to sell indulgences in Germany in 1517?
It wanted to finish expensive renovations of papal Rome and gain a powerful archbishopric.
How large was the force led by Hernán Cortés to explore the Mexica empire?
It was a lightly armed corps of about four hundred soldiers.
How big was Christopher Columbus's second convoy to the new lands in 1493?
It was large: seventeen ships and more than a thousand settlers and sailors.
Petrarch
Italian poet and scholar one of the earliest humanists he rediscovered Cicero's letters- something credited for the initiation of the 14th century Renaissance into making Virgil's work accessible to everyone- Church didn't see this as a threat
During the Late Middle Ages,
Italy escaped the poor weather and famine that hit northern Europe.
The Italian Renaissance declined because:
Italy lost its supremacy as the center of world trade.
Russia was transformed into a truly imperial power by:
Ivan the Great.
1500-1800
What years constitute the early modern era?
Corribean
What?where was the first site of interaction between European and American peoples?
According to modern scholars, the paintings of Botticelli:
represent allegories fully compatible with Christian teachings.
Christopher Columbus believed that _____ was much closer to the west coast of Europe than was previously believed.
Japan
Zaibatsu
Japanese corporation by 1 family
Daimyo
Japanese noble. Each one has a personal army made up of peasants, and professional warriors (Samurai and Ronin)
Who proposed the pursuit of happiness?
Jefferson
Francis Xavier was one of the founders of the _____ order.
Jesuit
Who were leaders of Authoritarian states?
Joseph Stalin and Benito Mussolini
Probably the most restive of all Roman provinces was:
Judea.
Who dismissed Bismarck?
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Who reversed all the good that Bismarck had achieved?
Kaiser Wilhelm II
sugarcane required extensive processing to turn it into a profitable export
Why did the production of sugar differ from that of other agricultural commodities of western hemisphere?
Who wrote "The Communist Manifesto"?
Karl Marx and F. Engels
Taiping Rebellion
Keep out the west and introduce some sort of economic reform. Led by Hong Xinquan
Who was the prince of Egypt?
Khedive Ismail
Who was the villain during the writing of the Declaration of Independence?
King George
Who set up Congo Free State?
King Leopold II
How did the division of land in England change between 1536 to 1540?
Land that was previously owned by the Catholic Church was now owned by wealthy English nobility.
Qing
Last dynasty in China. Foreign run empire. Power sharing government
According to scholars, the greatest achievement of Marsilio Ficino was his:
Latin translations of Plato's works.
Indirect Rule
Leader of the country from that country, though a European is pulling the strings (i.e. Egypt)
Petition of Rights 1628
Limited the power of Charles I of England. a) could not declare martial law; b) could not collect taxes; c) could not imprison people without cause; d) soldiers could not be housed without consent.
plants, animals, and diseases
List biological exchanges. List commercial exchanges and the diffusion of technologies.
Berlin's global center of industry and military got rivaled by:
London's finance & Paris' culture
Grand Remonstrance 1641
Long Parliament's 200+ list of grievances against Charles I
How did Lorenzo de' Medici differ from his grandfather, Cosimo?
Lorenzo liked to show off his wealth and magnificence.
Which French king was the epitome of thirteenth century kingship?
Louis IX
Who was the king from the Bourbon family?
Louis XIV
The sale of _________ doubled U.S. size.
Louisiana
Which of the following best describes the tone of the Ninety-Five Theses?
Martin Luther was critical, but still accepting, of many teachings of the Catholic Church.
At the heart of the practices of the Medieval Roman Church was the celebration of the _____.
Mass
Why was there increased demand for luxury goods after the plague of the 14th century?
More urban Europeans had money to spend on luxury items after the economy recovered.
Potosi
Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver.
Peninsulares
Most powerful people in Spanish empire. Pure Spaniards born in Europe.
What leader earned favor because he fought alongside his troops?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Why was the Spanish authority rejected?
Napoleon put his brother on the throne (made him a HYPOCRITE)
Ndongo Kingdom
Portugese couldn't get slaves from middle man, so they go straight to the source.
What was a major issue with the Habsburgs' people?
No ethnic unity, mixture of languages and nationalities
Line of demarkation
Portuguese got all of the land to the east, while Spain got all the land to the west.
What did Francisco Pizarro find when he reached South America with the idea of conquering the empire?
Once he realized how massive and powerful the empire was, Pizarro returned to Spain to gain official approval before launching an attack.
Why did Christopher Columbus study the Castilian language as part of his training for a life on the seas?
One needed to know Castilian to win patrons from the royal courts.
Who built "real politik"?
Otto von Bismarck
Sir Isaac Newton found _______ exists in the universe
Order
Who called the Congress of Berlin?
Otto von Bismarck
Who led German Nationalism?
Otto von Bismarck
The Second Triumvirate consisted of
marc antony, augustus, and lepidus
The Hammer of Witches
Originally published under the title "Malleus Maleficarum," this book was written by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger. It is a treatise on witches.
What happened to the patrons of art between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?
Patronage shifted from the church and kings to wealthy cities, groups, and individuals.
What did the Bolsheviks call for?
Peace and Bread
Devshirme
Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers
Where was the Tobacco Rebellion?
Persia (Iran)
Achaemenids
Persian dynasty which traced its lineage back to an ancestor named Achaemenes; founded by Cyrus
Who was the most famous Romanov?
Peter the Great
Where was the Declaration of Independence adopted?
Philadelphia, PA
Which ancient culture had the most lasting impact on Greek civilization:
Phoenician
What is the name of the white-skinned god revered by the Aztec people?
Quetzalcoatl
Renaissance humanists studied many classical texts, the most important of which were the works of
Plato.
Who was the first Roman commander to create a personal army by ignoring property qualifications for military service?
marius
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
President of Mexico. Only Hispanic area to industrialize
Which of the following best describes how print culture in the 1500's affected the Catholic Church?
Print culture helped Martin Luther and other Protestants share their ideas.
Divergent thought
Process of solving something to find/collect as much data as you can and then using that data to come to a conclusion/ "truths" When the thought process seeks answers by expanding one's observations from a particular point or narrow focus to include as many characteristics and opinions as possible- thinking outside of box
Socialism
Product of France. "Haves and Have Nots". Government owns all means of production.
Since the 1500's, followers of all branches of the re-formed Christian faith are known as _____.
Protestants
Huguenots
Protestants (Puritans/Calvinists) largely persecuted by the Catholic Church
Satrapies
Provinces in the Persian Empire.
What did the Hohenzollerns have control over?
Prussia
Raj
Put in place of Mughals
Who had a terrible influence over Queen Alexandra?
Rasputin
Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901)
Rebellion against foreigners with no reform plan
The Columbian Exchange
Refers to the trade system between the Americas and European countries in the 15th and 16th centuries. Trade items included a wide variety of new crops and livestock which supported the increase of population in both places.
How did the Mughal Empire retain power?
Religious tolerance and gradual conversion to Islam and used people of all origins in his government so no one faction could gain power
What did the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk do?
Removed Russia from the war
Machiavelli
Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."
Absolutist qualities of Peter the Great
Required all nobles to serve in army or government for life, created a large military bureaucracy, increased service requirements of commoners, increased taxes and obligated serfs to work in factories and mines.
Peter the Great
Responsible for expanding Russia to it's current size. Main goal was to "Westernize" Russia.
Goal of Habsburg rulers during the Wars of religion
Restore Catholic unity across Europe. Examples: Charles V Philip II Philip III Philip IV We mostly looked at Charles V and Philip II
Kango
Retrading. Are Christian while others are Muslim. Also trade many slaves to Portugese. Collapses in the 17th century.
Who was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror?
Robespierre
Diocletian
Roman general that became emperor of Rome; autocrat- wanted to wield absolute power, believed he could save the empire; increased taxes; in an effort to save Rome, divided the Western part from the Eastern part; stayed in the thriving Eastern part, even though the city of Rome was in the western part; this division made the decline worse because the West continued to decline and the East did not share any resources; unleashed the last great Christian persecution, intent on wiping them out, which lasted 10 years; eventually retired to live out his life out of office
Julius Caesar
Roman politician and general known for granting citizenship to many residents of far regions of the Roman Empire; assassinated on the Ides of March in 44 BC; considered one of the greatest military commanders in history
Nationalism was tied to ______.
Romanticism
Due to the schism of the papacy
Rome's population decreased drastically as clerics moved to France.
During Medieval times, the city considered to be the center of the Papal States was
Rome.
American Revolution
Roots lie in 7 Years War.
Louis IV
Ruler during Baroque time
politiques
Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs. For example, both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity.
Napoleon's campaign fell when he lost the battle against who?
Russia
Boyars
Russian nobility; second only to the ruling princes
Criollos
Second most powerful people in Spanish empire. Pure Spaniards born in America.
What is the key to a good government?
Separation of powers
What was Catherine de' Medici's role in the French Wars of Religion?
She assumed power in the French government when her son died.
Who is La Malinche?
She was an Aztec woman who served as translator for--and eventually became mistress of--Hernán Cortés.
Twelver Shia
Shift in Shia belief, to the thought that there's 12 Imam since Muhammed, who were so holy that they were almost the same as the profit.
In 1347, trading galleys from the Black Sea brought the Black Death to:
Sicily and northern Italy.
Who was called the "George Washington of Latin America"?
Simon Bolivar
Why did Henry VIII of England decide to split from the Catholic church?
So he could divorce his wife and take control of church doctrine and property.
What was a response to the effects of laissez-faire economics?
Socialism
Who said "the unexamined life is not worth living":
Socrates
Who built the temple complex at Jerusalem to house the Ark of the Covenant:
Solomon
The Zealots:
Sought to overthrow the Romans by force
Location of Ottoman Empire?
Southeast Europe, Western Asia, North Africa
The country of _____ established the pattern of systematic colonization and economic exploitation that was borrowed by other European countries.
Spain
Encomienda
Spanish forces the Taino to work for them, to look out for their health, welfare, and spiritual wellbeing, though they don't get it.
Scientific method
Steps considered necessary for reasonable investigation in order to find out what is "true" 1. Question 2. Observation 3. Hypothesize--Theory Stage 4. Test to Prove 5. Announce Conclusion as Fact
The late Republic was influenced by Hellenist philosophies including Epicureanism and:
Stoicism.
Result of Europe's Religious Wars
Strengthened the power of the state, growth in armies, increased taxes, expansion of government and acquisition of land and empires.
Johannes Kepler
Successfully came up with the mathematical logic behind Copernicus's theory of a heliocentric world Studied the ellipses pattern
Gustavus Adolphus
Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632)
Jizya
Tax on the unbeliever
Virgil's epic poem about a Trojan hero was called:
The Aeneid.
How did the conquering Castilians take the culture of the Canary Islanders into consideration?
The Castilians largely ignored the culture of the islanders.
What important religious text was discovered in a cave near Qumran in 1947:
The Dead Sea Scrolls
Why was the Genoese style of trade important to other European countries?
The Genoese model of trade made Europeans recognize the power of controlling raw resources.
What was the Habsburgs family nicknamed?
The Holy Roman Empire
How did Francisco Pizarro manage to conquer the massive Inca empire despite having a small and poorly equipped force?
The Incas were weakened by European diseases and had been further weakened by a civil war dividing their Empire.
Which institutions traditionally shared power in England?
The King and the House of Commons
The reign of James I challenged what English ideas/traditions of governance?
The Magna Carta and the Provisions of oxford guaranteeing representative governance.
What was the drawback of the astrolabe for navigation once sailors traveled south of the equator?
The Pole Star disappeared from view south of the equator.
Why were the new lands divided between Castile and Portugal?
The Portuguese claimed the new lands belonged to them, so the pope split the lands between Castile and Portugal.
Who decided how the land in the encomienda system would be used?
The encomendero decided what use of the land gained the most money for him and for the crown.
Who was Peracelsus?
The most famous alchemist He did not find gold itself but did find how to make steel-advancements to engineering
What did Stalin create to wipe out people?
The Purges
What did J.J Rousseau create?
The Social Contract
What did Montesquieu create?
The Spirit of the Laws
What kinds of traditions of the Taíno people were hard for Europeans to recognize?
The Taíno worshiped ancestral gods with complex ceremonies.
Arianism was declared a heresy because if its views on:
The Trinity
Which of the following statements about the effects of the Hundred Years' War on England is incorrect?
The Wars strengthened English national identity.
Brunelleschi
The artist and architect credited with discovering linear perspective
Geo-centrism
The belief that the universe is earth-centered Aristotle, Ptolemy,
Why did Castile take so long to conquer the Canary Islands?
The native population fought fiercely; meanwhile the Castilians were also battling Portugal for control of the territory.
Why did Christopher Columbus assume that the Taíno people welcomed the Spanish and accepted their rule?
The natives showed no hostility to the Europeans and allowed them to fly the Spanish monarch's flag on native waters.
How were the natives of the Canary Islands treated y the conquering forces?
The natives were seen as a force of free labor to be enslaved and exploited.
Shia
The only legitimate rulers of the Islamic Community are in the bloodline of Muhammed
What is Jurieu's argument?
The oppression of the people is caused by the large amount of taxes they are required to pay.
What decision did city officials come to about Zwingli's fate in 1523?
The thought he should be allowed to preach in the city.
How did the customs of the Carib people set the stage for the violent conquest of the natives by the Europeans?
The violence and cannibalism of the Caribs made Europeans see them as a subhuman species that should be conquered.
How did the unification of Spain help the Spanish monarchs decide to fund explorations for possible expansion?
The were already ruling over a complicated kingdom of many religions and cultures , so these were not new issues to them.
Which of the following best describes how most of the English followers felt about the Church of England under Henry VIII?
They were confused and unsure about what they should believe.
Who were the native people of the Americas?
They were descendants of people who had migrated from Asia sometime before 15,000 BCE.
How did the second Council of Trent change church practices?
They called for religious leaders to focus on the religious lives of their followers.
England's Constitutional Monarchy
They could choose ministers, control foreign affairs, veto bills
Why did Pope Paul III agree to establish a holy order for Loyola and his men?
They did a lot of good work among the sick and poor in Rome.
How did Castile and Portugal decide to split the new lands?
They did it first with a papal declaration and then with the treaty of Tordesillas.
Why did the Portuguese not colonize along their Indian Ocean trade route?
They did not have a military or the disease immunity advantage over those in the established states on the route.
What happened to many communes after 1250?
They fell under the control of local families who often feuded.
How did the Portuguese establish dominance in the Indian Ocean trade?
They set up trading posts and fortifications throughout the Indian Ocean.
Puritans (What was their new and emerging role?)
They sought to purify the Church of England from its Catholic practices. They became a major political force in England and allied with commerce and parliament
James I
This Scottish ruler became the English king as well once Elizabeth died. He inherited a country that was in debt, as well as in mourning for their highly-idealized former queen. He was generous with favors but Scottish and English differences made it impossible for him to gain anyone's favor. He also would have preferred to be a divine right monarch.
Guttenberg
This man is credited with inventing the printing press in Europe:
Jesuit Order
This order was founded by Ignatius of Loyola. They set up schools to teach the Catholic belief. The Catholic faith spread by this to Africa and Asia. The establishment of the religious order was part of the counter-Reformation.
sun at the center of the Earth
What was the Ptolemaic universe and the Copernican universe?
Was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period
What was the Scientific Revolution?
Bacon
This scientist spread the word about the experimental method and formalized the empirical method and combined his thinking with Descartes to form the scientific method
Hongwu
Threw off Mongolia and reclaimed land for China. Ming Dynasty created
Which Greek wrote a history of the Peloponnesian Wars:
Thucydides
Junkers
Traditional landowning nobility in Prussia that exercised substantial political influence on the Prussian, and later, German monarchs
Elizabeth agreed to give military assistance to the Dutch Revolt with the
Treaty of Nonsuch.
What resulted from the Boer War?
Union of South Africa
Great Ziggurat
Ur, Iraq, Neo-Sumerian, 2100 BC
The Church became a clearly defined hierarchical organization because:
Urban-based bishops asserted control over priests in their surrounding areas
The exchange of renaissance ideas between Italy and the rest of Europe can be exemplified by
Van der Weyden teaching oil painting techniques in Italy.
Upon invading Tenochtitlan and seeing its sophisticated canal system and elaborate bridges, the Spanish compared the city to _____.
Venice
The only medieval Italian commune to develop a lasting, republican form of government was
Venice.
War fought primarily in Central Europe; longest and most destructive conflicts in human history; ended by the Treaty of Westphalla
What was the Thirty Years' War and what brought an end to it?
Port Jackson
What was the first settlement established in Australia in 1788?
Who came back from exile?
Vladimir Lenin
What satirist attacked organized religion?
Voltaire
Why was disease vulnerability so important to colonizing efforts?
Vulnerability to disease created a distinct disadvantage to the natives, who were dying off rapidly.
Emily Du Chelet
What was the most notable woman to contribute to science in Europe during 18th century?
refers to the communities throughtout the world that have resulted by descent from the movement in historic times of people from Africa
What was the African Diaspora?
differences between Roman and protestant churches
What was the Catholic Reformation and why was it founded?
Benito Juarez
Wanted a democracy for Mexico, which sparked the Civil War.
smallpox, measels, etc.
What epidemic/ disease led to the decline of populations?
economic system in which private parties make their goods and services available.
What is capitalism? What was the goal of capitalism?
Excommunication
When someone severs their relationship with the sacraments-kick them out of the church the Church threatened to excommunicate Erasmus because he was a threat to the Church-he brought up the problems of the Church in his writing Martin Luther= first man to fully sever himself from the Church- first Lutheran
How did a white-skinned god affect Mexica history?
When the Spanish forces invaded, some Aztec people greeted them as the prophesied return of a white-skinned god.
What caused the civil war of the Inca Empire?
When the old Inca emperor died, he split the kingdom between his two sons which resulted in them battling each other.
What differences can you describe between the art of the Italian and Northern Renaissance?
art of Northern Renaissance=more secular
_____ Russians wanted to restore Romanovs. _____ seized banks and media.
White Reds
Shah Jahen; in remembrance of his wife she died
Who built the Taj Mahal?
Hernando Cortes
Who conquered the Aztec empire?
Francisco Pizzaro
Who conquered the Inca Empire?
Jesuits; Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Peter Faber
Who founded the Society of Jesus?
Isabella lof Costile, Ferdinand II of Aragon
Who founded the Spanish Inquisition?
Thomas Savary & Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester
Who invented the steam engine?
philosper
Who was Adam Smith?
Empires of Russia; Catherine II; country's longest ruling female leader
Who was Catherine the Great? What was her native country? What did she advocate for that almost caused her to lose her title?
From Mexico, New society of Mexico; spoke different lang.
Who was Dona Marina ans what was her role?
First European to cross the Pacific Ocean;set out to discover a Western sea route to the Spice Islands
Who was Ferdinand Magellen?
British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy
Who was James Cook?
Which of the following best describes the role of women in the Lutheran Church?
Women deserved respect from their families.
Cult of Mithras
Worship of the Sun; brought from Persia to Rome by Roman troops; male cult emphasizing courage, bravery, and comradery
Classical Liberalism
Writings describing the relationship between the ruler and the ruled.
Descartes
Wrote Discourse on Method. Believed in Cartesian Dualism where the body can be doubted, but the mind can't so the two must be radically different. Used deductive reasoning (reasoning through previously know facts) to come to conclusions.
Pico della Mirandola
Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.
perspective
artistic techniques used to give the effect of three-dimensional depth to two-dimensional surfaces
According to Bossuet are there any limits to the king's power?
Yes. They must use it for good, employ fear and self-restraint, tremble at the power granted them, not make decrees contrary to God's laws or use violence to slay his children.
Constitutionalism
You have a government that is constrained by a document "for the people"
Rene Descartes
_17th century French philosopher -Wrote Discourse on Method -Known as father of modern rationalism
What did Japan want to establish in eastern Asia?
a 'new order'
Teresa of Avila's suffering was important to Catholicism at the time because it
represented the connection between pain and spirituality for Christians.
Cavalier
showing an offhand or carefree disregard; arrogant
Who was Francisco Pizarro?
a Spaniard who decided to find the powerful Inca Empire of which he had heard rumors and conquer it in the name of Spain.
Bernal Diaz del Castillo
a Spanish conquistador, who participated as a soldier in the conquest of mexico under Cortes and late in his life wrote an account of the events. In his later years, he was an encomendero and governor in Guatemala where he wrote memoirs.
Heresy
a belief or opinion contradictory to orthodox religious doctrine (esp Christian) where word heretic comes from- a person who has a belief contradictory to orthodox religious doctrine
Akkadians
this civilization included Semitic people living north of Sumeria; united city-states of Mesopotamia; first empire in history; established by Sargon the Great
Tithe
a church tax at least 10% of your income went to the church Serfs paid tithes to the church in exchange for their mortal soul reaching a favorable afterlife
Plebian
a commoner or member of the lower social classes in Ancient Rome
English Civil War (1642-49)
a conflict in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy
Bolivar's conference was ____.
a failure
Republic
a form of government where the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote
The Fronde
a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism. Parisian mobs used to smash windows of supporters of cardinal mazarin.
Mortal Sin
breaking the 10 Commandments doing mortal sin in lifetime-automatically go to hell in order to get rid of mortal sin, must confess/ reconciliation
Which of the following best describes the Huguenots in France?
a group with wide variability and differences in their Protestant beliefs
One factor contributing to the marginalization of women in the Church after the Council of Nicea was:
a growing emphasis on aestheticism
Court of the Star Chamber
a judicial innovation of Henry VII of England, designed to curb the independence of the nobility, whereby criminal charges brought against the nobility were judged by a court of the king's own councilors
The Taíno people, who Christopher Columbus encountered in 1492, were
a large kingdom of farming people who dominated the region.
Patrician
a member of a noble family or class in Ancient Rome
Protestants
a member of any of the Western Christian Churches separate from the Roman Catholic Church follow the principles of the Reformation-including Presbyterian, Lutheran, and Baptist Churches WASP
Volley firing
a military tactic, is in its simplest form the concept of having soldiers shoot in turns
Conservatism believes freedom found _____ ____.
through order
Kaiser Wilhelm II embarked on what in foreign policy?
a new course
After the Diet of Speyer in 1526,
a number of regions and cities in Germany adopted Protestantism as their official religion.
Tories
a person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist
In the meeting set up by Cosimo de' Medici in 1439, the eastern and western churches
brokered a doctrinal compromise.
The term ad fontes, when applies to renaissance humanists, means
a return to the sources of classical writings.
Punic Wars
a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage; at the time, they were some of the largest wars that had ever taken place; the main cause was fighting over who would be the dominant power; by the end of the Third Punic War, Rome had conquered Carthage's empire and destroyed the city
Janissary
a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks
Petrarch's ultimate ideal for human conduct was:
a solitary life of contemplation and asceticism.
repartimiento
a system by which the crown allowed certain colonists to recruit indigenous peoples for forced labor.A colonist who wanted a repartimiento had to apply to the viceroy or the audiencia (provincial appeals court), stating that the supplemental labour required on his plantation or ranch or in his mine would provide the country with essential food and goods.
Canton System
a system to control forign trade which confined all trading to the port of Canton
A galley was
a unique ship used by Venetians for trade and war.
In the Spanish Netherlands of 1566, the population was
a variety of religions, including Lutheranism.
In general, the Hittites:
adopted the practices of those they conquered.
In order to gain respect and prestige in Florence, one had to be
a wealthy merchant.
Shi'ite Muslim
accept only the descendants of Ali as the true rulers of Islam
Regicide
act of killing a king
Great Schism in West
after the French Avignon popes, the cardinals elected an Italian pope; French were not pleased with the decision, and elected their own pope, then both popes excommunicated each other; eventually had a counsel and came together to elect a pope together, but the other two wouldn't step down, so there were three popes
Individualism held that
all individuals have an innate ability to make great accomplishments.
Avignon Popes
all the popes during the 14th century were French, so they lived in France, not Rome; in 1378, an Italian was named pope, and the French were upset so they appointed their own pope
HRE Charles V
allowed Martin Luther safe passage to present his religious views and give him the opportunity to recant everything he has said; Martin doesn't, so Charles lets him leave, then declares him an outlaw of the Empire; recognizes treaty called Peace of Augsburg, which says the religion of your area's ruler is your religion (if Catholic prince rules your area, you're Catholic)
Venice's location on the Northeastern Italian peninsula
allowed it to control trade coming from the Adriatic sea.
The greatest advantage of the manorial system in terms of productivity was that it:
allowed the adoption of new and more efficient systems of crop rotation
Battle of Tours
characterized by Christians as the decisive turning point in the struggle against Islam; Charles Martel's Frankish forces defeated an army of a caliphate in France; this battle helped lay the foundations of Frankish domination of Europe for the next century
The humanist movement studied recent history and tried to
connect it to the ancient history of classical civilizations.
fresco
an art form in the Italian Renaissance painting done on wet plaster with water based paints
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
an attempt for the Catholic church to get Protestants to come home- back to Catholicism
In southern Italy, you would most likely find a system governed by
an elite ruler who inherited his title.
Overseas territories would allow Spain to develop
an empire.
What other official declaration regarding Martin Luther was issued in addition to the Edict of Worms?
an excommunication decree
The Hanseatic League was:
an effort to control long-distance trade in the Baltic and North seas.
Humanism- Italian Humanism/Christian Humanism
an intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities- grammar, poetry, philosophy, history came around after the crusades and Western Europe questioned Canon Law/ rules of the church Italian: movement of humanism into the South more secular because the Church did not see this movement as much of a threat compared to the Christian humanism Christian: Erasmus creates a Christian humanist movement the bible is translated into the vernacular(Erasmus)- being interpreted many different ways- threat to the Church
Like Florence, Bruges was an example of
an urban center whose wealth drew many artists for patronage opportunities during the Renaissance.
Galen
ancient Greek physician,4 humors Disorders happened due to an imbalance- correcting done through bleeding
As humanists looked for meaning in the classical civilizations of the past, they found that
ancient authors and texts did not always live up to their ideals.
The native islanders of the Canary Islands were
animal herders and farmers.
During the Constitutional Convention, what group distrusted any government removed from direct control of the people?
anti-federalists
What were the two groups at the Constitutional Convention?
anti-federalists, federalists
Charles V (I)
assigned as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope duty to get rid of Martin Luther, John Calvin, and people like them king of Austria-most powerful German state from Hapsburg Dynasty Charles surrounds the vatican with his army when he hears of Henry VIII and his ask for an annulment Charles questions the Pope as to whether he is seriously considering this and he now says of course not Charles- influenced Pope and changed outcome of the possible annulment between Henry VIII and Catherine
Christian Humanism
associated with northern Europe; studied classical texts; gave humanism a Christian context; committed to religious piety and institutional reform; Desiderius Erasmus
Unlike their noble superiors, the urban elites of independent Italian city-states depended on
cooperation and stability with neighbors to increase trade and wealth.
Renaissance Florence was known as an innovator in
banking methods.
A galley could
be powered by wind or man.
Christopher Columbus moved to Portugal
because he yearned for a life at sea.
Venice was protected from invasion
because it was encircled by waterways.
The Assyrian threat upon the Hebrew tribes forced the Yahwist prophets to:
become exclusively monotheistic (?)
The Renaissance
began in Italy and spread to much of Europe.
The term incunabula refers to
books printed in the first fifty years after Gutenberg'a Bibles.
The Roman senators responded to Tiberius Gracchus
by murdering him and his 300 followers
Most renaissance artists
came from the common classes.
The first successful attempt to restore the spiritual legitimacy of the Latin Church:
can be traced to the establishment of the monastery at Cluny
Which of the following were hallmarks of European renaissance art?
carefully rendered material objects.
The Council of Trent in 1545 made it more difficult for Catholicism to reconcile with Protestant beliefs by
changing Catholic doctrines into dogmas, which were sanctioned by the church.
Most of the radical Protestant sects believed in the idea that
church should be voluntary and a matter of private choice.
He was the senator and orator who attempted to uphold republican values against Julius Caesar
cicero
One distinguishing feature of fourteenth-century Italy was the predominance of
cities.
What did the Declaratory Act do?
claimed unlimited authority over colonists
While much of Europe was driven by an agricultural economy, Northern Italy's economy was mostly based on
commerce and trade.
what did the federalists believe in?
committed to the idea of strong central gov
The hoplites were:
common foot soldiers.
Competition for trade led to
conflicts and rivalries among European powers.
Indulgences
could be purchased from the Church to get you or a loved one out of Purgatory quicker; half of the money from the sale of indulgences went to renovating St. Peter's basilica, and other half went to an archbishop who was indebted to a German banking family
eformed the military in all of the following ways EXCEPT
created a personal army for the senate
New Laws of 1542
created by Spanish King Charles I regarding the colonization of Spanish America forbid enslavement of indians, declared indians to be free people. The laws were meant to protect the Indian people and their exploitation by labor. The laws banned encomiendas, but this was not strictly enforced
Johann Gutenberg revolutionized Europe by
creating Bibles using an improved printing method.
Mussolini expected ______ devotion.
cult-like
Martin Luther
first Lutheran- from Holy Roman Empire first man to sever himself from the Church (excommunication) thought the Church was wrong in how they taught one to get to heaven began the Protestant Reformation in early 1500s wrote "95 Thesis" in 1517 Lutheran believed your faith alone will get you to heaven-used biblical reference Luther trying to reform Roman Catholicism not trying to create a new religion Church told Luther needed to recant-told him was being heretic- threat of excommunication Luther flees to Northern German Land-Luther Lands residents hide him and he spreads Lutheranism
Machiavelli's book, The Prince,
focused on cold, calculated strategies for political survival.
What did the "Federalist Papers" argue?
for passage of the new constitution
Hundred Years' War
fought between two royal dynasties for the throne of France; despite all the resources and manpower it poured into the war, England could not overcome the greater resources of the French monarchy; France won in 1453
The Medici family
improved banking by using Arabic numerals and double-entry bookkeeping.
Niccolo Machiavelli
founder of modern political science; wrote "The Prince", which was controversial because he believed that a ruler does whatever they need to in order to gain power, and then whatever they have to do in order to hold on to power; posed the question "Is it better to be feared or loved?", said better to be feared
Crusades
four major crusades, three minor ones; Europeans go on offensive, instead of being on defense as they've always been; originally called by pope Urban II to free the holy land from the Turks and reunite (by force, if necessary) the Eastern Christians with the Western Christians
Laissez-faire means:
free trade
What did Adam Smith believe in?
free trade
Jean Bodin
french lawyer; theorist of absolutism; sovereignty can't be divided ---> must remain w/an individual; insisted monarch had "absolute power" over people
William the Conqueror
from northern France; claimed England, saying he should be the true ruler; invaded England, defeated and killed the Anglo-Saxon King Harold that was defending England, takes over England; ordered a very detailed census of England, called Domesday book- count animals, land, people; organized England and brought about crucial developments that turned England into a developed state
Zwingli protested the Catholic church by
getting married, even though he was a Catholic priest.
The most serious slave revolt, occurring between 74 and 71 B.C.E., was led by
gladiators
A primary reason that Portugal began exploring Africa was a desire to find a direct source of _____.
gold
Lutherans
in Northern German land-Luther Land believe only faith alone will get you to heaven meaning believing that Jesus is the messiah will get you to heaven-good deeds are not needed
Battle of Actium
great naval battle pitting Cleopatra and Marc Antony against Octavian; Octavian wins and is elevated to sole master of Rome; Cleopatra and Marc Antony flee and commit suicide rather than be captured; Octavian then annexes Egypt into the Roman Empire, and Egpyt becomes the bread basket of the Roman Empire
Emperor Justinian
greatest of the Byzantinian emperors; known for briefly reuniting the Roman Empire, but couldn't hold on to it because it was too expensive; Bubonic plague (aka Plague of Justinian) broke out during his rule- he contracted it and barely survived; after him, the Byzantinian empire continued to decline and shrink
What were communes in renaissance Italy?
groups of local, powerful men who governed the northern states.
During the Reign of Terror, mass executions were performed using the ____.
guillotine
The Dutch East India company
had a monopoly of trading rights to East Asia.
John Calvin believed that salvation
had already been determined by God and that a person's future was unknowable.
What did Frederick Wm I demand from his subjects?
hard work and obedience
It was surprising that Henry VIII decided to leave the Catholic Church because he
hated Martin Luther and was against the new religion.
John Calvin differed from other religious re-formers because
he used logic to consider the relationship between the church and state.
Henry VIII decided to leave the Catholic Church because
he wanted to divorce his wife.
Martin Luther was an unlikely person to reform the Church because
he was a member of the Catholic clergy and a professor of theology.
How did Stalin earn power?
he was a secretary
Martin Luther felt called to enter the monastic life after
he was almost struck by lightning.
What did Voltaire think about democracy?
he was wary of it and believed it could brainwash you .... and it was stupid.
Council of Trent
held by Catholic Church in response to the Protestant movement; aimed to make sure Roman Catholicism speaks with one clear voice by clearly identifying Catholic doctrine; also wanted to make it clear they were not going to compromise with Protestantism; also tried to address abuses going on in the Church
Bismarck had a policy devoted to _________ ______.
isolating France
Edict of Milan
issued by Emperor Constantine; granted Christians permission to practice freely without persecution; did not make Christianity the official religion, which in effect grants religious toleration to everybody
Popes were unable to stop prostitution because
it generated a great deal of wealth.
Who was murdered by the Roman Senate on March 15, 44 B.C.E?
julius caesar
What three individuals created the First Triumvirate
julius caesar, pompey, and crassus
Renaissance Venice maintained its wealth by
keeping trade channels open with careful diplomacy.
Passed in 1534, the Act of Supremacy established the _____ as the supreme religious authority of the English empire.
king
Venial Sin
lesser sin ex: unkind thoughts, minor disobedience go to Purgatory in order to get rid of venial sin, must cleanse sins in purgatory
Constantine
known as the first Christian emperor and the last great Roman Emperor; continued to divide Rome into the East and West; converted ancient Greek city of Byzantium into new Roman capital named Constantinople, which continued the shift of power from the West to the East; issued the Edict of Milan, which granted religious toleration to Christians
Liberals wanted ________ _____ economics.
laissez-faire
3-Field System
late middle ages Europe; one third empty, one third grows crops, one third for grazing; doesn't wear out the fields, produces more food, which leads to longer, healthier lives; contributed to the revival of town and city life in Europe because they were not as susceptible to famine anymore
Natural laws
laws that govern human nature
Machiavelli's political experiences led him to believe
leaders should focus on self-preservation and be ruthless.
Compared to the Italian Renaissance, the European Renaissance was
more overtly religious.
Isaac Newton
most important and well-known scientist of the scientific revolution; published the Principia Mathematica; co-founder of calculus
Humanism
most important part of the Italian renaissance; an intellectual movement focused on reaching back to revive the ancient learning of Greece and Rome; Petrarch is the father of Humanism
Louis XIV brought focus on _______ _____.
national loyalty
The European agenda to convert native Americans to Catholicism was made easier because
native Americans had a tendency to take on the religious beliefs of their conquerers.
What team was the US on during the Great War?
neither; tried to remain neutral
The wealthy group of individuals that emerged out of the Punic and Macedonian wars known as "the best" were also known as what?
optimates
All of the following were titles that Octavian held EXCEPT?
optimator
Baroque art in Catholic churches was mainly characterized by
opulent paintings and dramatic images.
Which of the following best describes the city of Geneva under Calvin?
orderly and demanding
Hernán Cortes
originally was a soldier, he ignored orders and traveled to Mexico with about 500 men and 11 ships in 1519, setting his sights on overthrowing ruler Montezuma II in the Aztec capital of Tenochitilán
Teresa of Avila's motto, "Lord, either let me suffer of let me die," showed that suffering was
part of being a Christian.
The period of time in Roman history between 31 B.C.E - 128 C.E. know for the peace within the Roman Empire is known as what?
pax romana
What did the Roman Senate hope to gain in giving up power to Augustus?
peace
Peasants' Revolt of 1524
peasants rise up and slaughter landlords and their families; Martin Luther initially supports it, but once he finds out about the slaughtering, condemns it and says to crush it
Individualists believed that
people could use intellect to find a deeper understanding of the world and a better way of life.
Petrarch believed that
people should question the status quo.
Purgatory
place one goes after venial sin place where sinners cleanse their sins before going to heaven wether or not go to heaven depends on how fast you cleanse your sins
Heaven
place one goes if have not committed any sins in lifetime can also go to heaven if you go to purgatory and cleanse your sins(after a venial sins)
Hell
place one goes if they have committed a mortal sin- broken the 10 Commandements
Limbo
place sinners(original sin) if they have died w/out being baptized
What was the destination for most African slaves after being sold by Portuguese traders?
plantations on Atlantic islands
What does "real politik" mean?
politics of realism
During the Renaissance, the dividing line between the two main regions in Italy was most apparent in
politics.
What was one major reason for the revival of Rome in the 1400s?
popes focused attention on the city
Liberals wanted constitutional governments based on __________ ______, not monarchy.
popular sovereignty
Political leaders who appealed to the masses were called
populares
Which was a challenge to religion?
popularity of deism
Nationalism can be ____ or ____.
positive negative
Humanists sought out classical works in order to
preserve the knowledge and history contained in them.
Who resisted Stalin's Five Year Plan?
private farmers (kulaks)
Renaissance Rome had a thriving entertainment and leisure industry based on
prostitutes and courtesans.
Johannes Kepler
published the laws of planetary motion
The place between heaven and hell where the sinful await judgement is known as _____.
purgatory
Italian political elites differed from other medieval nobles because the Italians
pursued the arts and learning.
Liberalism sees ______ __ _________ as an inherent _____.
pursuit of happiness; right
Nefertiti
queen of Egypt and wife of Akhenaton (14th century BC)
What revolution in transportation became critical in the modern world?
rail roads
urban crisis's
rapid growth -sanitation systems -housing -schools social distress seen in -alcoholism -prostitution -illegitimacy
Genoa used smaller trading colonies in foreign ports to acquire
raw materials such as mercury.
Which of the following was a reform proposed by Tiberius Gracchus?
redistribution of public land
What were guides to the conservatives?
references to the past and proven events
Conciliar Movement
reform movement that held that supreme authority in the Catholic Church resided with an Ecumenical council apart from or even against the pope; emerged as a response to the Western Schism incident between rival popes
Waldensians
reformists led by Frenchman Peter Waldo; attacked Catholic church for too much wealth and corruption; Church persecuted them very hard and nearly wiped them out; some of their ideas were later adopted by protestants
What did the first unions focus on?
reforms of working conditions
Sir Thomas More was executed in 1535 because he
refused to swear an oath supporting the Act of Supremacy.
Tecnochtitlan
remained the most important Aztec centre until its destruction at the hands of the conquering Spanish led by Hernán Cortés in 1521
One way that Calvin's church differed from the Catholic Church was that
reverence for the Virgin Mary was seen as idolatry.
William Harvey
said that the heart is a pump and is responsible for the circulation of blood through the body; was laughed at for saying this
Eratosthenes
said the Earth is round, and calculated the Earth's circumference almost exactly
In the late fifth century B.C.E, Darius I divided the Persian Empire into provinces, each administered by a:
satrap.
What was the catalyst to the Enlightenment?
scientific revolution
John Calvin
second most important figure in Protestant Reformation, known as the Organizer of Protestantism; attracted to Protestantism, but doesn't agree with Luther on everything
The "international system" of the Late Bronze Age refers to the idea that:
security and stability helped trade to flourish.
What did Montesquieu believe was the key to good government?
separation of powers
Peace of Westphalia
series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War
In the fifteenth century, the economics and politics of Florence were dominated by
seven major guilds.
European renaissance humanists, such as Erasmus, uses printed technology to
share their views with large audiences.
Published in 1564, the Tridentine Index
showed church censors which print materials were unorthodox and harmful.
In his Discourses on Livy, Machiavelli:
showed himself to be a committed republican.
A Portolan chart
showed landmarks and compass headings so that a pilot could plot his course.
Treaty of tordesillas
signed at Tordesillas on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.
Edict of Nantes
signed by King Henry IV of France; granted Calvinist Protestants of France (aka Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation
Natives working in the _____ mines faced bone-crushing labor and exposure to mercury during the processing procedure.
silver
The Spanish believed the encomienda system was not _____ because the natives could convert to Catholicism at any time and become free.
slavery
During the Renaissance,
social ills persisted and attitudes shifted very gradually.
What did J.J Rousseau believe corrupts people?
society
Renaissance Man
someone who has advanced knowledge and abilities-makes a mark on the world great man, capable of anything greatest example: Leonardo Da Vinci
Heretic
someone who veers off course of Catholicism Ex: Pope attempts to bring Martin Luther and John Calvin in front of the inquisition- naming them heretics
The Waldensians:
sought to imitate the life of Christ and the apostles.
Bartolomé de las Casas
spanish spokesman for the indigenous victims of the Spanish conquest. Most important achievement was promoting passage of the New Laws of the Indies.
The Portuguese were known for dominating the trade of
spices.
Catharism
split from the Catholic church and heavily persecuted by the Church for their views; believed Old Testament God was Satan and New Testament God is good; Old Testament God (Satan) created everything, so all matter is therefore tainted with sin
effects in europe
spread of the heritage of the french revolution - liberty -equality -fraternity -promoted spirit of nationalism
What group spent 80% of their budget on the military?
the Hohenzollerns
What was the symbol of the Old Regime?
storming the Bastille
The prophet Ezekiel:
stressed that salvation could only be found through religious purity.
What did women demand that threatened the status quo?
suffrage
Parliament
supposed to represent the people; made up of members of England's upper class; focused on taxation and money- if king wanted money to support his wars, he had to go to parliament; passed laws and legislation; two houses- house of commons, supported by ordinary people, and house of lords, supported by the monarch
The Sophists:
taught that all knowledge was relative.
The Florentine Codex
term for book produced by Indigenous people. Printed on bark paper. Sacred books and there are many of them but were destroyed by the Spaniards
Which family was known for a strong military?
the Hohenzollerns
The Renaissance was a time
that had many problems, such as poverty and disease.
Which of the following did the Hundred Years' War teach Europeans?
that it was very destructive for European countries to attempt to gain territory from each another
In his writings Pico della Mirandola argued that:
that man has the capacity to achieve union with God through the exercise of his unique talents.
On which of the following issues did Martin Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin agree?
that people should be baptized as infants
Areas of Spanish trade and colonial dominance
the Americas the Caribbean the Pacific Sapin was a dominant state in Europe due to its trade network and colonial empire
Where was Napoleon's defeat?
the Battle of Waterloo
What was guaranteed to calm anti-federalist's fears of direct control?
the Bill of Rights
Who challenged the Habsburgs in German central Europe?
the Hohenzollerns
The culmination of the efforts of Girolamo Savonarola to end excess in Florence became known as
the Bonfire of the Vanities.
Frederick V
the Calvinist elector of the Palatinate, elected King of Bohemia, and husband of Elizabeth Stuart
After the war between the Union of Utrecht and the Union of Arras ended, the United Provinces were known as
the Dutch Republic.
Geocentric
the Earth being at the center of the universe
King Henry IV of France ended the French Wars of Religion with
the Edict of Nantes.
What were some catalysts to nationalism?
the French Revolution and Napoleon
Who was the arch rival of the Bourbons?
the Habsburgs
What was the second native American empire to fall to the Spanish conquest?
the Inca Empire
Where was the Inca empire?
the Inca had its center in modern day Peru
What group was Robespierre a member of?
the Jacobins
Which of the following is evidence of a growing Panhellenism at the end of Archaic Greece:
the Olympic Games
What did the astrolabe use as its fixed point to help sailors navigate open ocean?
the Pole Star
Who became the "National Assembly"?
the commoners in France
What family was the leader of Russia?
the Romanovs
Who was not invited to peace talks?
the Russians
What was the major turning point in India?
the Sepoy Rebellion
What was another name for the French and Indian War?
the Seven Years' War
What was King Louis XIV nicknamed?
the Sun King
Heliocentric
the Sun being at the center of the universe
Who retreated into isolationism after WWI?
the US
Defenestration
the act of throwing someone or something out a window
Rhetoric
the art of persuasive speech/the ability to persuade someone of your ideas because you are educated -something needed for a Renaissance Man-Da Vinci=great example of someone w rhetoric
What was "Divine Right"?
the belief that God chooses leaders
The word "simony" means:
the buying and selling of Church offices
In Venetian politics, the doge was
the chief government official, who mainly performed ceremonial duties.
Italy was able to flourish during the Renaissance because
the church was in a weakened state, allowing Italy to operate without much papal interference.
Chivalry
the code of conduct in feudalism
Some Anabaptists sects believed in millenarianism, which is the belief that
the end of the world was coming and that a time of peace and prosperity was also near.
Status Quo
the existing norm in a particular society
Triangle Trade
the extensive exchange of slaves, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic
In general, the reform popes could enforce their decrees only in those areas of Europe:
where they could count on the support of secular rulers.
Machiavelli
the first modern political scientist Italian writer-wrote The Prince Machiavellian End=control over a strong and stable state that functions for the good of the whole; all means can be used to achieve this end cruelty used well=if applied only once and for self-defense and the greater good of the whole-resulting in control over a stable state cruelty used poorly=if applied continuously/more than once and not for the greater good of the whole-resulting in no control over a stable state Machiavelli believed that it is better for a ruler to be feared than loved if a ruler was loved and promised his people much/constantly did good deeds and rewarded them and then he began to disappoint, the people would instantly turn on him and drive him out of power if a ruler is feared then he should occasionally do an act of kindness- totally unexpected so that if eventually you do not maintain a stable state- the people will expect that and know that the shouldn't always expect you to do good deeds 3 ways to come to power 1. to be elected to power 2. to be born to power 3. to seize or take power- Machiavelli agreed with this tactic as long as a ruler followed their means(w only one act of cruelty) leading to a Machiavellian End
The Law of the Twelve Tables was:
the formal codification of Roman law.
Masaccio is best known for
the frescoes of Saint Peter in Santa Maria del Carmine.
Who forced King John to issue Magna Carta?
the great magnates of the realm
One of the major contributors to the agricultural boom after Charlemagne was:
the heavy-wheeled plow
Ghiberti is best known for
the huge bronze doors on Florence's oldest building.
In northern renaissance Italy,
the immense wealth generated by merchants allowed many more people to commission art.
Where did Columbus initially land after heading west into the Atlantic?
the islands of the modern-day Bahamas
One of the key ideas expressed by Magna Carta was:
the king is subject to the laws.
Vernacular
the language spoken by the inhabitants of an area
The "equestrian order" contained those Romans:
who chose a life of business over politics.
What was instituted during the Final Phase of the French Revolution?
the military draft
The individualistic perspective of renaissance artists was demonstrated by their belief that
they could equal or surpass the quality of ancient works.
The greatest obstacle facing Boniface VIII was that:
the national monarchies had gained more loyalty of their subjects than the papacy.
What aspect of interaction with natives were the Spanish and the Catholic Church especially interested in?
the opportunity to baptize thousands of new Catholics
According to the Catholic theology, Mary and the saints could intercede on a sinner's behalf because
the overwhelming good works of Mary and the saints were seen as credit that could be used in favor of the sinner.
Who comprised the force commanded by Hernán Cortés to explore the Mexica empire?
the poorest white residents of Cuba.
Restoration
the re-establishment of the British monarchy in 1660
Of the Germanic tribes in the Roman Empire, it can be said that:
they had adopted the Arian variety of Christianity
When Venetians had a disagreement with another city or nation,
they preferred to settle it by diplomatic means.
What did the federalists feel about a strong central government?
they were committed to it
Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, released in October 1517, were mainly about
the sale of indulgences and other church abuses.
Donatello is best known for
the statues on the Duomo's bell tower.
Peninsulares
top of the encomienda system, they were granted land, political office and voting rights
Venetians selected leaders from males over twenty-five years old who could
trace their lineage to the founding families in the Book of Gold.
Renaissance artists
tried to emulate many elements of classical art.
The Dutch Revolt occurred in 1566 when Philip II of Spain
tried to get rid of the Calvinists in the Spanish Netherlands.
Italian political leaders
tried to maintain peace so they could keep profitable trade running smoothly.
Before 1492, how long had Europeans been seeking an ocean route to the Indian Ocean and Asia?
two centuries
Standing Army
unlike a reserve army, is a permanent, often professional, army. It is composed of full-time soldiers and is not disbanded during times of peace.
Philip the Good
was a generous patron who brought art and luxury goods to Bruges.
The outcome of the 1439 meeting of the eastern and western churches
was a largely symbolic gesture of unity that led to more cultural interest between the east and west.
What did the Declaration of Pillnitz state?
willingness to intervene to restore Louis's rule
The ars nova ("new art"):
was a musical movement that flourished in Italy and France.
Stadt Holder
was an office of steward, designated a medieval official and then a national leader. was the replacement of the duke or earl of a province during the Burgundian and Habsburg period.
Although the Requerimiento of 1510 could have protected native Americans, it
was complicated and written in Spanish so it seldom helped the natives.
The reach of renaissance ideas
was extensive across Europe.
In 1431, Joan of Arc:
was found guilty of heresy and burned at the stake.
Michelangelo's David:
was intended to be a public expression of Florentine civic ideals.
The city of Florence
was one of the earliest renaissance cities to be a major patron of art.
Christine de Pisan:
was perhaps the first lay woman to earn a living by writing.
After his murder by four of Henry's knights in Canterbury Cathedral, Thomas Becket:
was proclaimed a martyr and a saint.
Cardinal Mazarin
was the minister to Louis XIV whose policies drove nobles to rebel against the boy king
Atahualpa
was the ruler of Quito for five years before conquering the Inca Empire from his brother Huáscar Capac, the 13th Inca Emperor. Before Huayna died, he made a verbal testament to the people in his empire that he intended to divide his empire into two parts
The Venetian system of government
was too complex to allow one family to gain too much power.
By European standards, much of Italy was considered to be
wealthy.
Renaissance individualism and renaissance humanism
were influenced by the classical past as well as interactions with the contemporary East.
Tiberius and Gaius Grachus:
were killed by their political enemies.
During the Renaissance, the Ottomans
were relatively tolerant of different religions and cultures.
mathematics
what was Issac Newton
Who are the proletariat?
working class
Idolatry
worship of idols
Sir Thomas More
writes Utopia Church disagrees with this because how can there be a perfect society- why would you put these ideas in people's heads- it does not exist called a heretic by Church church tells him he needs to recant- in threat of excommunication and he does because he is afraid of his mortal soul-wants to ensure his path to heaven
"The Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1536)
written by John Calvin in 1536 based on predestination- believes everything in life is predestined Calvin believed that god is omniscient and he knows from the beginning whether you will be saved thinks that it is very presumptious to think that we as people would have a say in our fate
"95 Theses" (1517)
written by Martin Luther in 1517 describes everything he thinks the Church is doing wrong Ex Thesis (1): Luther does not agree with the corrupt sale of indulgence-challenges the church and thinks this is wrong Ex These (2): Luther does not agree with the Doctrine of Salvation "Justifications" - does not believe faith AND good works are needed to go to heaven- just faith(that Jesus=Messiah)
John Calvin
wrote "In the Institutes of the Christian Religion" in 1536 believes everything in life is predestined Calvin believed that god is omniscient and he knows from the beginning whether you will be saved thinks that it is very presumptuous to think that we as people would have a say in our fate
Miguel de Cervantes
wrote Don Quijote, reference was the decline of Spain during the fall of the Hapsburgs, satire, everything represents flaw in society, moral is that people worry about the wrong things/don't focus on the root cause
In the Augsburg Confession, one of Luther's disciple
wrote a clear statement of the Lutheran faith.
As a leading proponent of individualism, Pico della Mirandela
wrote the Conclusiones and Oration on the Dignity of Man.
