HIS 111 Exam 1

volta do mar

"Returning through the sea," a fifteenth-century Portuguese sea route that took advantage of the prevailing winds and currents.

sola scriptura

"Scripture alone." It is the belief that all man needs for salvation is the Bible. This is a tenet for most Protestants.

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Galileo

(1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life.

improvements in navigation

-navigational instruments -knowledge of winds and currents

copernicus

1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

atlantic world

A pattern of exchange between Western Europe, Western Africa, North and South America, and the Caribbean. Made it easier to get goods from foreign places.

triangular trade

A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa -Consumer goods: Europe to Africa Slaves: Africa to Americas Cash crops: Americas to Europe Commercial goods (clothing/weapons) traded for slaves Risk, but potential for enormous profits

middle passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Akbar

Babur's grandson r. 1556-1605 created centralized government was religiously tolerant "Divine Faith" merged elements of all religions

council of trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

english civil war

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

religious wars

Countries in Europe fought for decades trying to decide what religion to follow.

confucius

During Qing Empire in china Teacher and scholar Developed a philosophy about ethics and social harmony called confucianism More philosophy than a religion

Olaudah Equiano (re: middle passage)

He was a slave who escaped, but was educated and spoke out against the Middle Passage and how horrible it was.

safavid empire

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) Ismail (1501-1524): A young military leader who becomes the Shah Ismail makes Shiism the official religion

regional differences re: slavery

Most slaves were sent to the Carribeans and Brazil, due to the low life expectancy, and only about 5% were sent to North America, where families were actually encouraged.

maroons

Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.

indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

tokugawa shoguns

Shoguns responsible for isolating Japan - led to Japan falling behind rest of world in technology & industry

heliocentrism

The belief that the sun was the center of the solar system and that the earth rotated around it

scientific revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.

Philosophes beliefs

reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Isaac Newton

-1642-1727 -Natural laws govern whole cosmic system -Combined physics, mathematics, chemistry, philosophy, humanities religion

westward passage

-A pathway to the west, around Japan, that is quicker than sailing around Africa. -passage to Asia from the Atlantic Ocean sought for but not found by Columbus and many explorers.

motivations for European exploration

-Colonizations -gold, wealth and profit -christianity converts -establishing trade routes -increase labor force -knowledge of geography -getting natural resources -land for growing population

Ignatius Loyola

-Founds a group of catholic men -Founded society of Jesus (jesuits) in 1540 -Emphasis on education and missionary work

Zheng He

-Greatest admiral in Chinese history -Led a fleet of massive chinese vessels to go on a sea voyage exploration - during chinese voyages of exploration: 1405-1433 -90 years before Columbus -Christopher Columbus's ship was a lot smaller in comparison -Exerting Chinese power over the world -Collected treasures wherever they want -Interested in making sure people knew the emperor of china was the most powerful-not interested in taking in over -Naval technology was beyond what europeans had, could have made it to America first if they had wanted to -New emperor came into power in 1433 - records got burned by the emperor to change focus -The Chinese were world leaders in naval technology

the columbian exchange

-biological interaction and exchange between the old and new world -disease, animals, plants/crops, and people

Suleiman the Magnificent

-expanded the ottoman empire in asia and europe -besieged vienna -created an organized system of government and laws

john locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

martin luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

constitutional monarchy

A form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body.

absolute monarchy

A government in which the king or queen has absolute power.

encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

protestant reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Ptolemy

Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD)

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.

prince henry of portugal

An early 15th century explorer, Henry "the Navigator" (but only paid people to explore, he didn't actually himself do so) sought to increase the power of Portugal by seeking trade routes to the East by way of Africa (going around the cape of good hope-around africa to india)

cash crops

Crops grown in large amounts to be sold for profit

divine right of kings

Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent

conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

filial piety

Foundation of all the virtues Twenty four exemplars- stories that teach us about honoring your ancestors It is your duty, obligation to respect and honor those above you Filial piety and brotherly respect are the root of humanity

deism

God is a watchmaker; The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws.

hispaniola

Haiti and the DR First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.

universal priesthood

Idea that if Christian, then you are all priests. God speaks to you and you speak to God. You and God, no mediator. Confess directly to God. Catholics confess to priests. Don't have secular and Christian jobs, vocation is a big deal

civil service exam

In China, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the bureaucracy.

95 theses

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state -suleiman the magnificant millet system janissaries

scholar-bureaucrats

Scholar-officials that were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance. Required to pass civil service exams. Highly educated in Confucianism.

bartolome de las casas

Spaniard who fought for Native American rights. was a spanish missionary who went to hispaniola. exposed spain to the violence.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

geocentrism

The outlook that the earth was the center of the universe and every thing rotated around it.

Catholic reformation

a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

mughal empire

a period of Muslim rule of India Babur (r. 1483-1530) invades and Conquers India Descendants of the Mongols Babur's grandson, Akbar: r. 1556-1605 created centralized government was religiously tolerant "Divine Faith" merged elements of all religions

english reformation

result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom -church of England splits from the catholic church

Friar Tetzel

the priest whose sale of indulgences in Germany sparked the protestant reformation