HIST 1001 Final Sherri Johnson, HIST 2020 Sherri Johnson Final Exam

First Crusade

1096 - 1099 Was an attempt to re-capture Jerusalem (Jerusalem captured by the Muslims in 1076). Christians who wanted to pay a pilgrimage to the city faced a very hard time. Muslim soldiers made it very difficult for the Christians.

Peasant's Crusade

1096-1096 Peter the Hermit called the peasants of France to leave their fields and go to fight in the Holy Land. This Crusade was unorganized, and many of the people who went had no idea what they were doing, where they were going, or what they were in for.

Cluny

10th c. A monastery was established in Cluny by William of Aquitaine. This monastery was the first of its kind that was exempt of papal and lay control.

manor

10th c. basic unit of landholding system, an expanse of land where at least one village of peasants works under the authority of the lord of the manor why: manor was important to feudal system, lord was able to act as administrator over peasants, early form of local government

College of Cardinals

11th c. group of high ranking church officials come together and elect the next pope why: this was thought to lead to the election of better popes, as these were men with religious authority and not just members of noble roman families

Latin Kingdom of Constantinople

1204-1261 Was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. It was established after the capture of Constantinople. Latin Kings tried to reconcile Orthodox Christians with Catholics.

Magna Carta

1215 Nobles wanted acknowledgment of limits of the king's power. There was conflict between the king and the nobles over taxation, imprisonment, confiscation of land and compelled remarriage of noble women. Will be rescinded, revised and reissued many times in the next century

Fourth Lateran Council

1215 Often referred to as the Great Council. 71 patriarchs, 412 bishops and 9 abbots convened together to approve 70 decrees presented to them by Pope Innocent III.

Citeaux

12th c. Citeaux was a monastery established in the image of Cluny. It focused on manual labor and prayer. It had four daughter houses that were founded under the same abbot. These monasteries would often have their own land that peasants would live and work on. why: more modern form of monastery, closer to how monastic life looks today

Peter Waldo

12th c. Heresy of the 12th c. who devoted his life to labor and lay preaching. He was not affiliated with any church and traveled to preach, left his family behind to pursue religious life. Preached without license from bishop, criticized the church for being so wealthy why: heresies like Peter Waldo forced the church to consider what to do with them. Eventually the church decided that these lay preachers could preach the bible but they could not interpret it.

Constitutions of Clarendon 0

12th c. A set of laws passed by Henry II in the 12th century that attempted to limit the power of the clergy over local affairs. These constitutions were rescinded after the death of Thomas Beckett, who became a martyr and face of christendom during the middle ages why: this is one of the earliest instances of a noble trying to limit the power of the church. it failed, which is telling of church's power.

Investiture Controversy

12th c. This investiture controversy arose when clerics were installed a local leaders by the pope, giving him influence over lands that weren't his. Lay leaders believed that they had the right to choose which clergymen held office in their own territories. why: this is the beginning of a controversial discussion of the separation of church and state

Henry II 0

12th c. king who kills thomas beckett and therefore turns him into martyr in canterbury why: canterbury still important pilgrimage site, telling of how much authority clergymen had over lay lords and how much trouble they could cause them

Guilds

12th c. organizations that regular crafts and trades in a city and provide some kind of insurance. apprentice --> journeyman --> master why: formed small communities within communities, allowed people a step by step system to perfect a craft, establishment of "master" status

Thomas Becket 0

12th c. trust by Henry II so he was appointed bishop, acted according to what he thought the church would want and attempts to trump Henry's attempts to assert his power over the clergy. Murdered by henry's men and made a martyr at canterbury why: one of the most important martyrs in christendom, telling of church's power over lay lords

Little Ice Age

1317 There was a drop in temperatures which made marginal lands difficult to cultivate. Led to famine and killed the vulnerable populace.

Fourth Crusade

13th c. Crusaders stop in Constantinople and decide to stay to reform the eastern church. They form the Latin Kingdom of Constantinople. This kingdom falls after 60 years.

Francis of Assisi

13th c. Left life as son of a merchant after conversion. Emphasized poverty and giving to the poor while living a pious lifestyle. Formed own religious group of monks that became the franciscans. why: important saint and founder of the franciscans, normalized the idea that to be devoted to god one must not be dependent on wealth and should focus on giving back

Clare of Assisi

13th c. St. Francis psticks Clare in a monastery in San Damiano, where she establishes her own nunnery for women who also want to live pious life of the franciscans. why: established order of poor ladies which worked in conjunction with the franciscans

Council of Constance

1414-1417 This council ended the Western Schism, by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and electing Pope Martin V.

John Wycliffe

14th c. an english scholar and oxford professor. he thought the clergy was corrupt and didnt reflect the true intentions of god. the things the church tells you to do are just traditions, not really the mandate of god. did not believe in transubstantiation. why: developed concept of visible vs invisible church. paved the way for the challenging of traditions within the church, theological philosophization

Joan of Arc

15th c. france a peasant girl who has visions from god/angels. she helps the french dauphin in his war efforts. They won the seige of orleans and she accompanies him to his coronations. She's a hero. Until she is tried and convicted of witchcraft and heresy. people were really just not into the idea of a lady in men's clothing. why: og feminist. great saint. cool gal.

Dictatus Papae

27 statements of powers arrogated to the Pope that was included in Pope Gregory VII's register in 1075.

Jan Hus

A Czech priest, philosopher and early Christian reformer. Considered the first church reformer after John Wycliffe. Was a key predecessor to the Protestant movement of the 16th century.Was burned at the stake for heresy against the Catholic church.

Clericis Laicos

A Papal bill issued in 1296 by Pope Boniface VIII in an attempt to prevent the secular states of Europe, in particular France and England, from appropriating church revenues without the express prior permission of the pope.

Unam Sanctum

A Papal bill issued in 1302 by Pope Boniface VIII. It lays down dogmatic propositions on the unity of the Catholic Church, the necessity of belonging to it for eternal salvation, the position of the pope as supreme head of the Church, and the duty thence arising of submission to the pope in order to belong to the Church and thus to attain salvation.

Dominic de Guzman

A Spanish priest and founder of the Dominican Order (Order of Preachers). Was a missionary to heretics in retinue of Bishop Diego of Osma.

Waldensians

A heretical movement inspired by Peter Waldo who was excommunicated in 1184 was a Christian sect of dissenters that originated in southern France

Peace and Truce of God

A medieval European movement of the Catholic Church that applied spiritual sanctions to limit the violence of private war in feudal society. Peace: no attacks on farmers, women, children Truce: no war on Sundays, Fridays and during lent

Thomas Aquinas

A philosopher and theologian who combined the theological principles of faith with the philosophical principles of reason. He ranked among the most influential thinkers of medieval Scholasticism. Wrote: Summa Theologica and Summa catholice fidei contra gentiles

Hundred Years' War

A series of conflicts waged from 1337-1453 between England and France, for control of the French throne.

Constitutions of Clarendon

A set of legislative procedures passed by Henry II in 1164. 16 articles that represent an attempt to restrict ecclesiastical privileges and curb the power of the Church courts and the extent of Papal authority in England.

Great Western Schism

A split within the Roman Catholic Church from 1378-1417. Several men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. The schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414). For a time these rival claims to the papal throne damaged the reputation of the office.

John Wycliffe

An English theologian, philosopher, church reformer and promoter of the first complete translation of the Bible into English. Was one of the forerunners to the Protestant reformation.

Boccaccio

An Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Boccaccio wrote a number of notable works, including The Decameron.

manor

An agricultural estate that was owned by nobility and worked by peasants.

guild

An association of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town. The earliest types of guild were artisans and merchants.

Sic et Non

An early scholastic text ("Yes and No") was written by Pierre Abélard. Abélard juxtaposes apparently contradictory quotations from the Church Fathers on many of the traditional topics of Christian theology.

Thomas Becket

Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162-1170. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. He engaged in conflict with Henry II over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers.

Seljuk Turks

Background to the First Crusades Become dominant in Muslim lands. Defeat the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert (1071)

Eastern-Western Schism

Background to the First Crusades. Occurs between East and West in 1054. Was the event that precipitated the final separation between the Eastern Christian churches (led by the patriarch of Constantinople) and the Western Church (led by Pope Leo IX).

Battle of Manzikert

Between the Byzantine Empire & Seljuq Turks (1071) The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army played an important role in undermining Byzantine authority in Anatolia and Armenia and allowed for the gradual Turkification

Henry IV

Considered one of the greatest kings of France and was instrumental in ending the French Wars Of Religion. He converted to Catholicism to satisfy the wishes of the population of France. Was the first of the Bourbon dynasty.

simony

Corruption in the Church The buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices or the buying and selling of church offices.

Pope Boniface VIII

Declared that both spiritual and temporal power were under the pope's jurisdiction, and that kings were subordinate to the power of the Roman pontiff.

lords

During feudal Europe, a lord was a landholder who oversaw the peasants (tenants) and military (vassals). These tenants and vassals provided labor and protection in exchange for a place to live on the lord's land. Why: essential to the feudal system

Crusader States

Feudal states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and the Holy Land during the Crusades.

Peter Abelard

French philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician. Wrote Sic et Non

Cathars

Heretical movement in Europe during the 1100s. Criticized the church's wealth. Cathars are dualist, believe in two different principles (light vs dark or good vs evil). Led the Albigensian Crusade in 1209-1212

Indulgences

Indulgences were payments made to the church for forgiveness for yourself or on the behalf of ancestors who were stuck in purgatory why: these became a controversial topic, especially whenever martin luther came around and said that you could not earn your salvation and that it was predestined by god

Henry II

King who formed the Angevin Empire. Desired to reform the relationship with the Church. Creates the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164 Conflict with Thomas Becket the Archbishop of Canterbury. Makes the offhand comment "Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?" Becket is murdered and Henry does penance in Canterbury because of it.

filioque

Latin word meaning "and the Son" Was added to the Nicene Creed by the Church of Rome in the 11th century, one of the major factors leading to the Great Schism between East and West.

Urban II

On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II makes an influential speech, giving rise to the Crusades by calling all Christians in Europe to war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land, with a cry of "Deus vult!" or "God wills it!"

Joan of Arc

Peasant girl who said she received visions of the Archangel Michael, Saint Margaret and Saint Catherine instructing her to support Charles VII and recover France from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. King Charles VII sent Joan to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief mission. Was captured, put on trial for witchcraft and burned at the stake.

serfs

Peasants unable to move elsewhere, bound to their lords

Avignon Papacy

Period from 1309-1377, during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon, in France, rather than in Rome.

Innocent III

Pope during the Middle Ages. Reestablished and expanded the pope's authority over the Papal States, launched the Crusades to recover the Holy Land and presided over the Lateran Council.

Gregory VII

Pope from 1073-1085. One of the greatest medieval popes, later canonized, he was a man of intense conviction and will. He vigorously initiated reforms and asserted the papal claim to primacy of jurisdiction in the Church.

Black Death

Reaches Italy in 1317 and spread throughout Europe in 3 years. Wiped out entire villages and killed roughly 1/3 of the European population. Also known as the bubonic plague.

Cathedral Schools

Rediscovery of Ancient Learning Greek philosophy was nearly lost but works of Plato and Aristotle survived by being transmitted through Arabic philosophers. Cathedral schools were founded in the 11th century to study liberal arts, theology and law. There were no formalized degrees at first but cathedral schools were formalized into universities beginning the 12th century.

Phillip II

Rise of the French Monarchy Phillip consolidates territory and slowly reclaims French territories held by England (Battle of Bouvines, 1214)

John I

Ruled from (1100-1216) Had many conflicts with the Church, especially Pope Innocent III. John forbids Innocent's choice of Archbishop. Declares and interdict in 1208 (no one can take sacraments) and confiscates church property. Innocent excommunicates John in in 1212. John capitulates in 1213 and acknowledges the Pope as his feudal lord. MAGNA CARTA!

vassal

Subordinate party in the landholding relationship. Were usually men in the military or men of wealth. Offered service and loyalty to lords.

feudalism

Term coined after the medieval period. The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Little Ice Age

The Little Ice Age occurred during the 14th c. crisis. It was a period of time where temperatures dropped, making it very hard to grow crops. This led to famine and a decline in health, making people more susceptible to diseases like the black plague, which spread to europe when they needed to ship goods from across the black sea. rats with infected fleas were on these ships and then yeah the plague spread.

Black Death

The black death, or bubonic plague, came to europe when they needed food from across the black sea due to the little ice age. because they were in a famine, the people of europe were already weak, susceptible to disease, and crowded into cities. so the infected fleas on the rats onboard the ships were able to wipe out 1/3 of europe's population. Why: this was believed to be the wrath of god and inspired much of the theological thinking and philosophies that followed the 14th century crisis.

Pilgrimage

The church encouraged people to make pilgrimages to special holy places (shrines). It was believed that if you prayed at these shrines you might be forgiven for your sins and have more chance of going to heaven

lord

The elite of medieval society.

Phillip IV

The first French king of the Valois dynasty. His reign saw the beginning of the Hundred Years' War and the arrival of the Black Death.

Anselm of Canterbury

The founder of scholasticism, he has been a major influence in Western theology and is famous as the originator of the ontological argument for the existence of God and the satisfaction theory of atonement.

serf

The lower class of medieval society. An agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.

Investiture Controversy

The most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. A series of popes challenged the authority of European monarchies. Issue:whether the pope or the monarch would name powerful local church officials (bishops of cities and abbots of monasteries).

vassals

Vassals were people indentured to lords who supplied payment in the form of military service. why: essential for feudal system, how lords held private armies/supplied the king with troops when needed

Hundred Years War

War between france and england over who had the right to the french crown. it was part of the 14th c. crisis. was very costly and devastating considering how fcked everything was at this time with the plague and the ice age and sht/

Francis of Assisi

Was the son of an Italian merchant who had a conversion experience. He embraced poverty and gained a following, sought papal approval. Founded the Foundation of Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans).

First Crusade 0

early 11th c. Pope Urban holds council of clermont and calls for an armed pilgrimage to take back jerusalem in the name of christendom. Basically christians versus "enemies of christ" these included the muslims in jerusalem as well as the jews they encountered along the way why: this begins what would become a series of crusades across europe for the next 100 years. also demonstrates power of pope and religion itself

Gregorian Reforms

early 11th c. A series of reforms made by the church during the 10th century. these were meant to eliminate some of the scandal within the church, and included reforms such as a push for celibacy and a strengthening of the church against lay lords why: this was meant to "purify" the church and therefore give the pope more religious sway and authority

Latin Kingdom of Constantinople 0

formed during 4th crusade in 1204-1264

Innocent III 0

late 12th, early 13th c. Innocent III appointed archibishop to english, but King John resisted. Innocent excommunicates John in 1212 and convinces france to seek english crown. John eventually concedes in 1213. why: example of pope's power over multiple countries

King John

late 12th, early 13th c. King who clashed with Pope Innocent when Innocent appointed an archbishop that John did not approve of. Innocent deposes John (1212) and encourages France to seek English crown. John eventually concedes in 1213 why: another instance of noble trying to limit power of the church and failing

Urban II q

led first crusade in early 11th c. called for armed pilgrimage at the council of clermont to take back the holy land from enemies of christ why: even though he died before the end of the crusades, they continued, making him one of the most influential popes in history

peasants

under the authority of the lord but able to own and cultivate land for themselves. They must, however, work the lord's land, give a percentage of their own crops to lord. important: not completely indentured to lord, important for feudal life and eventually the social class that leads peasant rebellions