HIST 1010/1013 Final/Test 3/Exam 3 Ultimate Study Set Auburn

________ came to be identified as the paradigmatic "path" of Muhammad's traditions which, if trodden by believers, would lead to salvation. a. Shia. b. Dhimma. c. Sunna. d. Haditha.

c. Sunna.

The "Crusade of the Three Kings" was led by: a. Bernard I of Clairvaux, King Louis IX of France, and Gustav VI of Norway. b. Frederick I of Germany, Philip II of France, and Richard I of England. c. Holy Roman Emperor William I, Louis V of France, and George II of England. d. Philip II of France, George II of England, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.

b. Frederick I of Germany, Philip II of France, and Richard I of England.

After the __________were pushed back to Iraq and Iran and converted to Islam, the Mamluks were able to terminate the Crusader Kingdom in 1291 with the conquest of Acre. a. Seljuks b. Marinids c. Mongols d. Fatimids

c. Mongols

________ Islam, or Sufism, was an outgrowth of meditative thought and practices developed from the Christian, Zoroastrian, and Greek philosophical heritages interacting within the Muslim world. a. Scientific. b. Literary. c. Mystical. d. Intellectual.

c. Mystical.

The following order of events is correct: a. Gregory I's papacy; Reign of Charlemagne; Crusades to the Holy Land; Black Death. b. Crusades to the Holy Land; Black Death; Gregory I's papacy; Reign of Charlemagne. c. Reign of Charlemagne; Crusades to the Holy Land; Black Death; Gregory I's papacy. d. Black Death; Reign of Charlemagne; Crusades to the Holy Land; Gregory I's papacy.

a. Gregory I's papacy; Reign of Charlemagne; Crusades to the Holy Land; Black Death.

Windmill technology, borrowed from _________ during the twelfth century, helped significantly to increase food production in medieval Europe. a. Islamic Iran. b. Song China. c. Ancient Romans. d. Muslim Spain.

a. Islamic Iran.

The medieval economy profited from several innovative financial and legal instruments, like the commenda, which were devised to facilitate ____________. a. Long-distance trade. b. New agricultural technologies on manors. c. The king's acquisition of new estates. d. The payment of crusaders in the Holy Land.

a. Long-distance trade.

Problems faced by fourteenth-century Europeans included all of the following EXCEPT: a. Muslim invasions. b. Dramatic climate change. c. The Black Death. d. A shortage of arable land, leading to famine.

a. Muslim invasions.

In the fourteenth century, the 'Merton Calculators' of Oxford University argued that: a. Objects of different weights fall at a uniform level of acceleration. b. There was no such thing as a vacuum in space, in spite of Aristotle's claims. c. 'Arabic' numerals were more useful in establishing valid calculations than Roman numerals. d. Aristotle's treatises had been so badly translated from Arabic documents that they were impossible to decipher.

a. Objects of different weights fall at a uniform level of acceleration.

In the early medieval period, the concept of Latin Christendom provided a common identity for those living under the primacy of the ________________. a. Frankish king. b. Holy Roman Emperor. c. Pope. d. Byzantine Emperor.

c. Pope.

The first attempt to open up gloomy Romanesque interiors—and an early expression of the new Gothic style—was made at the abbey church of St. Denis near ________ in 1144 under the guidance of Abbot Suger. a. Paris. b. Canterbury. c. Ravenna. d. Aachen.

a. Paris.

In 1055-1059, Seljuk rulers ended the Buwayhid regime in Baghdad and assumed power under the title "sultan" (from the Arabic for "______"). a. Power. b. Holy. c. Temporary. d. Intelligence.

a. Power.

The 'Cathars', or '_________', rejected orthodox church doctrines and the sacraments of Eucharist and baptism, while also railing against the abuses of the clergy. a. Pure Ones. b. Poor Ones. c. Free Lovers. d. Fire Lovers.

a. Pure Ones.

A "Muslim" would come to be defined as a believer who _________ the will of God (Allah). a. Submits to. b. Rebels against. c. Drinks in. d. Ascends to.

a. Submits to.

The 'investiture controversy' erupted between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV over the issue of: a. The appointment of clergy members. b. The rate of church investment in imperial properties. c. The vestments worn by members of the church hierarchy. d. The vestiges of pagan culture in books that were sanctioned by the emperor.

a. The appointment of clergy members.

One of the most important religious disputes to wrack the Byzantine Empire was the iconoclasm controversy, which concerned: a. The removal of all religious images from churches and monasteries. b. The demotion of the emperor from a semi-divine status to a human being. c. The precise nature of Jesus Christ. d. Whether the language of church administration would be Greek or Latin.

a. The removal of all religious images from churches and monasteries.

The entirety of the Islamic moral and legal code, completed by the mid-900s, is known as the________. a. Quran b. Sunna c. Sharia d. Hadith

c. Sharia

During the period between the ninth century and the year 1300: a. There was a period of chaos, out of which grew a new model of well-run, centralized governments. b. A series of strong men tried to consolidate power in specific areas, but they were never successful. c. Germany and Italy were able to consolidate power and develop strong central governments. d. France and England each tried to consolidate power in their respective realms, but were not able to do so until much later.

a. There was a period of chaos, out of which grew a new model of well-run, centralized governments.

____________ is defined as the removal and destruction of all religious images from churches and monasteries. a. iconoclasm b. aniconism c. iconodulism d. iconolatry

a. iconoclasm

Some of the changes of the eleventh and twelfth centuries included: a. The abandonment of urban life, in reaction to the Black Death. b. The growth of barter as a means of exchange. c. The appearance of the military as a new social class. d. The strengthening of the feudal economy, as the use of coinage diminished.

c. The appearance of the military as a new social class.

The vestiges of Charlemagne's empire were invaded in the 9th century by all of the following groups except: a. Angles. b. Muslims. c. Vikings. d. Magyars.

a. Angles.

St. Thomas Aquinas: a. Argued, in his Summa Theologica, that it was possible to compromise between or to synthesize faith and reason. b. Believed that human reason was too imperfect to understand evidence of God's existence. c. Believed that Aristotle, a pagan, could add nothing to human understanding of the divine will. d. Was captured and castrated by the uncle and other relatives of a young woman with whom he had become involved.

a. Argued, in his Summa Theologica, that it was possible to compromise between or to synthesize faith and reason.

The 'trivium' that formed the foundation for the 'liberal arts' included all of the following except: a. Arithmetic. b. Logic. c. Grammar. d. Rhetoric.

a. Arithmetic.

The Hanseatic League was a trade network of allied ports along the North and ______ Sea coasts, founded in 1256. a. Baltic. b. Black. c. Mediterranean. d. Irish.

a. Baltic.

After overcoming armed resistance, Muhammad founded the "umma" (__________) of Muslims, who believed that in one God having Muhammad as his Prophet. a. Community. b. Church. c. Empire. d. Nation-State.

a. Community.

In 596, Pope Gregory I dispatched a group of monks under the leadership of Augustine to __________. a. Convert the Anglo-Saxons of southern England. b. Eradicate institutionalized slavery in Christian England. c. Represent church interests in the dispute between King Henry II and Thomas Becket. d. Launch a missionary effort in pagan-dominated Ireland.

a. Convert the Anglo-Saxons of southern England.

Among the surviving Arabic palaces, the best preserved is the Alhambra of __________ (ca. 1350-1450), with its exquisite honeycomb-style decorations. a. Granada. b. Damascus. c. Cairo. d. Baghdad.

a. Granada.

After many full-scale assaults and episodes of mob violence against Jewish communities, England expelled Jewish people in __________. a. 1492. b. 1290. c. 1066. d. 1144.

b. 1290.

The designation of time Anno Domini ('in the year of the Lord') was introduced by the Roman monk Dionysius Exiguus in (A.D.) __________ but popularized during Charlemagne's reign. a. 800. b. 532. c. 325. d. 33.

b. 532.

The "investiture controversy" was: a. A petition condemning the luxurious living conditions of bishops and cardinals. b. A power struggle between popes and emperors. c. A disagreement about the rule of clerical celibacy. d. A treatise vesting the pope with the right to excommunicate kings.

b. A power struggle between popes and emperors.

All of the following are indications of new intellectual trends from the eleventh century through the fourteenth century, EXCEPT: a. Leadership of the Church was increasingly taken on by councils of bishops. b. Abandonment of the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle in favor of a literal interpretation of scripture. c. Challenges to Church dogma such as those by John Wycliffe and John Huss. d. Increasing literary expression in the vernacular (language of the people, such as Italian or French) instead of Latin.

b. Abandonment of the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle in favor of a literal interpretation of scripture.

The first signs of a religious orientation within the Arab Empire occurred during the reign of ___________, the third Umayyad ruler. a. Muhammad al-Shaybani b. Abd al-Malik c. Muhammad II d. Saladin

b. Abd al-Malik

John Wycliffe was famous for doing all of the following except: a. Overseeing a translation of the Bible into Middle English. b. Advocating the papacy's relocation to Avignon in 1305. c. Railing against the wealth and abuses of the higher clergy. d. Challenging church doctrine on sacraments like the Eucharist.

b. Advocating the papacy's relocation to Avignon in 1305.

The following issues can be considered a part of the inspiration for the Crusades EXCEPT: a. A new wave of Christian enthusiasm sweeping across Europe. b. An attempt to protect European trade routes to southeastern Asia. c. A perception that Muslim control was vulnerable because of squabbling between factions. d. A drive to reconquer lands that had been lost to Muslim armies in the eighth century.

b. An attempt to protect European trade routes to southeastern Asia.

Throughout the Muslim world, autonomous dynasties recognized the Abbasid caliphs in _______, but for all practical purposes they were independent. a. Damascus. b. Baghdad. c. Medina. d. Jerusalem.

b. Baghdad.

The model for monastic life was established by St. _________ (ca. 480-543), whose Holy Rule governed the rhythms and rituals of a monk's day. a. Augustine. b. Benedict. c. Gregory. d. Dominic.

b. Benedict.

The founder of the Merovingian dynasty was: a. Otto I b. Clovis c. Charlemagne d. Charles Martel

b. Clovis

At some point in his reign, perhaps in 498, ____________ adopted ('orthodox') Christianity, which gave him the backing of Christian bishops in Gaul. a. Pepin 'the Short.' b. Clovis. c. Merovech. d. Boniface.

b. Clovis.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king, as in the case of the lands controlled by Hugh Capet between 987 and 996 were called his ___________. a. Seigneurie. b. Demesne. c. Province. d. Duchy.

b. Demesne.

Pope Gregory I is credited with all of the following EXCEPT: a. Making the papacy powerful in Western Europe. b. Dispensing with papal armies and military retainers. c. Laying the foundation for the Papal States in Italy. d. Allying with Frankish kings in order to strengthen both the Church and the developing Frankish kingdom.

b. Dispensing with papal armies and military retainers.

In gratitude for his putting down disturbances and protests against the church in the 10 century, Otto I of Saxony was proclaimed '__________' by Pope John XII. a. Defender of the Faith. b. Emperor of the Romans. c. Holders of the Keys of St. Peter. d. King of the Germans.

b. Emperor of the Romans.

Which of the below correctly identifies the "liberal arts" as taught in the monasteries? a. Reading, Latin, arithmetic, chemistry, engineering, music, and astrology. b. Grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. c. Calligraphy, philosophy, mathematics, geology, geometry, music, and astrology. d. Aristotelian philosophy, arithmetic, solid geometry, architecture, algebra, literature, and music.

b. Grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.

Pope Gregory I did all of the following EXCEPT: a. He sent a group of monks to Britain to aggressively promote the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. b. He recalled St. Boniface to Rome for his failure to convert the Irish. c. He encouraged the conversion of the German kings to Christianity. d. His actions contributed to the increasing independence of Latin Christendom from the Eastern Church at Constantinople.

b. He recalled St. Boniface to Rome for his failure to convert the Irish.

All of the following contributed to cross-Mediterranean trade and commerce EXCEPT: a. Innovations suggested by observation of Islamic and Byzantine merchants. b. Improvements in astrological tables. c. Stern-mounted rudders, in use as early as 1180. d. The lateen sail, adapted from those used by Muslim sailors.

b. Improvements in astrological tables.

In spite of the innovative nature of scholasticism, the Aristotelian logic upon which it was based was suspected of being: a. Incomplete when compared with Islamic medical technology. b. Incompatible with Christian doctrine. c. Intelligible only to those who could read the original Greek. d. Inconsistent with dominant Neo-Platonic philosophy.

b. Incompatible with Christian doctrine.

Between 1096 and 1099, European Crusaders returned Nicaea to Byzantium and captured_________. a. Aleppo b. Jerusalem c. Cairo d. Baghdad

b. Jerusalem

Saladin [Salah ad-Din], the _______ successor of the Fatimids in Egypt and Seljukids in Syria, nearly ended the crusader kingdom in 1187. a. Turkish. b. Kurdish. c. Moroccan. d. Mamluk.

b. Kurdish.

Scholars surmise that the _____________________set off the spread of the Black Death in the mid-fourteenth century. a. Umayyad conquest of Iberia. b. Mongol invasion of Vietnam c. fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks d. Muslim invasion of Egypt

b. Mongol invasion of Vietnam

Among a group of delegates, only Ibn Taymiyya had the courage to stand before the _________ ruler and accuse him of being an infidel, lecturing him sternly on his Muslim duties of adherence to Islamic law and peace. a. Byzantine. b. Mongol. c. Chinese. d. Mamluk.

b. Mongol.

The combined body of the legal verses of the Quran, the prophetic Sunna, and the legal commentaries of the 800s and 900s came to be called ___________. a. Mihna. b. Sharia. c. Dar al-hikma. d. Madrasa.

b. Sharia.

Representative assemblies developed in two areas: a. The Estates-General established in France under Louis IX and the Parliament established in England under Richard III. b. The Estates-General established in France by Philip IV and the Parliament established in England during the reign of John. c. The Parliament established in 11th-century Hungary and the General Estates in 14th-century Germany. d. Congresses developed in England and France after the example of the American Continental Congress.

b. The Estates-General established in France by Philip IV and the Parliament established in England during the reign of John.

Charlemagne's empire did not long survive his death for all of the following EXCEPT: a. It was plagued with external wars and internal strife. b. The Pope withdrew his support for the resulting kingdoms and principalities as punishment for disobedience. c. Charlemagne's eldest son, Louis the Pious, divided the empire among his three sons, reducing the strength of each. d. The Norsemen began marauding the coastlines and navigable rivers, the Magyar horsemen terrorized East Frankland, and the French coast of the Mediterranean was vulnerable to Muslim pirates.

b. The Pope withdrew his support for the resulting kingdoms and principalities as punishment for disobedience.

All of the following were true of medieval Jews EXCEPT: a. They sometimes served as diplomats or bankers. b. They lived in integrated neighborhoods among non-Jews in most European cities. c. As a group, they developed a wide knowledge of geography and languages. d. Violence against them increased steadily between 1096 and the early 1400s.

b. They lived in integrated neighborhoods among non-Jews in most European cities.

All of the following are true of the Hundred Years' War EXCEPT: a. It lasted (with a few breaks) from 1337-1453, spanning a period of roughly 116 years. b. In one phase, a young peasant girl led the French to an astonishing victory. c. Since it was fought primarily on French soil, it caused no harm to the English. d. It contributed to religious, economic, and political instability across Western Europe.

c. Since it was fought primarily on French soil, it caused no harm to the English.

Joan of Arc's victory at Orleans in _________ inspired the French to one success after another (even though Joan was burned at the stake two years later). a. 1346. b. 1415. c. 1429. d. 1453.

c. 1429.

All of the following contributed to a more advantageous economic atmosphere in Europe after 1000 EXCEPT: a. An increasing population, based on improvements in the European diet. b. An increasing demand for consumer goods. c. A greater supply of trade items that were in high demand across Asia. d. More efficient watermills.

c. A greater supply of trade items that were in high demand across Asia.

Scholasticism was: a. A drive to encourage young aristocrats to attend universities, such as the University of Paris. b. A field of study that focused on astrophysics, philosophy, and Christian theology. c. A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic. d. A technique of learning derived from application of the Socratic dialectic.

c. A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

In 971 the Byzantines crushed the _________ and reintegrated their realm into the empire. a. Venetians. b. Ottoman Turks. c. Bulgars. d. Abbasid caliphs.

c. Bulgars.

The Eastern Roman Empire would ultimately survive under the name of____________. a. Constantinople b. Istanbul c. Byzantium d. Sigeion

c. Byzantium

Comprised of merchants and artisans who lived in 'burghs' (or _________) the bourgeoisie made their livings from producing and selling goods for commercial exchange. a. Castles. b. Monasteries. c. Cities. d. Cooperative farms.

c. Cities.

Boccaccio's Decameron and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales were both: a. Composed in Latin, in emulation of their ancient Roman models. b. Created in the 13 century, just when new forms of literature were being introduced. c. Constructed from bawdy and erotically themed stories. d. Cited by Dante as examples of literature that could be found in various circles of Hell.

c. Constructed from bawdy and erotically themed stories.

Manorialism was primarily a(n) __________ system that came to dominate medieval life in the wake of the Carolingian empire's collapse. a. Military. b. Political. c. Economic. d. Religious.

c. Economic.

Henry II of England reformed the judicial system by making his royal courts the _____________. a. Only ones that could call on the services of jurors. b. Subordinates of courts convened by bishops. c. Final courts of appeal. d. Elected representatives of the three social 'estates.'

c. Final courts of appeal.

The following order of events is correct: a. Magna Carta, England; St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica; Foundation charter of the University of Paris; Council of Constance. b. St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica; Foundation charter of the University of Paris; Council of Constance; Magna Carta, England. c. Foundation charter of the University of Paris; Magna Carta, England; St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica; Council of Constance. d. Council of Constance; Magna Carta, England; St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica; Foundation charter of the University of Paris.

c. Foundation charter of the University of Paris; Magna Carta, England; St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica; Council of Constance.

In contrast to western art, both Byzantine Christians and Muslims retained the ________ for rulers, even applying it to ordinary humans. a. Crown. b. Scepter. c. Halo. d. Beard.

c. Halo.

Charlemagne was grandson of Charles Martel, who stopped the Muslim armies at Tours. In his general policies and political preferences, all of the following are valid EXCEPT: a. He represented the first full synthesis of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultural elements. b. He forged a distinctive Western cultural identity and raised its status. c. He was able to severely limit the Church's influence so they could not pull political power from him. d. His imperial status was recognized by the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, Harun al-Rashid.

c. He was able to severely limit the Church's influence so they could not pull political power from him.

Which of the following statements is false? a. In the visual arts, Arabs and early Muslims continued to create paintings and sculptures in the hybrid style that had become common in the Mediterranean and Middle East during the 300s. b. The Umayyad and early Abbasid caliphs loved frescoes with hunting, drinking, and dancing scenes. c. Islamic law does not prohibit painting and sculpture, unlike Byzantine iconoclasm. d. The rulers of Granada in the 1400s enjoyed scenes of courtly love in their royal chambers.

c. Islamic law does not prohibit painting and sculpture, unlike Byzantine iconoclasm.

The Arabic word ________ literally meant the "struggle for the path of God (fi sabil Allah)", and this could range from a personal struggle for faith to war in the name of Islam. a. Mahdi. b. Amir. c. Jihad. d. Hijra.

c. Jihad.

All of the following is true of the Benedictine monasteries EXCEPT: a. Their model was established by St. Benedict. b. The guidelines govern such matters as the times for rising, praying, eating, and retiring. c. They were supported by offerings from the peasants around them in exchange for their prayers for a bountiful harvest. d. They established a hierarchy, overseen by an abbot and regulated by a series of "offices."

c. They were supported by offerings from the peasants around them in exchange for their prayers for a bountiful harvest.

The dispute between St. Anselm and Peter Abelard hinged on whether: a. One must be consecrated by the church in order to be a university professor. b. Women could be educated in the formal precincts of a university. c. Understanding a concept is necessary for belief in it. d. God's existence can be proven from reading Aristotle's Metaphysics.

c. Understanding a concept is necessary for belief in it.

Feudalism consisted of powerful landed aristocrats (lords) who assembled small private armies consisting of dependents (___________) in order to meet military emergencies. a. Serfs. b. Fiefs. c. Vassals. d. Minuscules.

c. Vassals.

Key to Charlemagne's effort of educational reform was the appointment of Alcuin of ______________ as master of the palace school. a. Aachen. b. Baghdad. c. York. d. Jarrow.

c. York.

At the top of the Mamluk state was the______, who controlled the annual purchases of slaves and commanded the largest cavalry regiment a. imam b. mullah c. sultan d. raja

c. sultan

The ___________is the best preserved example of an Islamic palace in the world. a. Topkapi Palace b. Taj Mahal c. Hagia Sophia d. Alhambra

d. Alhambra

All of the following innovations contributed to the revitalization of European economy during the fifteenth century EXCEPT: a. Smaller markets, bringing about increased competition among merchants. b. New accounting techniques such as double-entry bookkeeping. c. The introduction of insurance for maritime ventures. d. An increased demand in India and Asia for European manufactures.

d. An increased demand in India and Asia for European manufactures.

During the coronation of Pepin III 'the Short', the pope included the ceremony of unction (used earlier by the Visigoths), in which the newly crowned person was ______________. a. Declared the Holy Roman Emperor. b. Converted to Orthodox Christianity. c. Allowed to drink the sacramental wine. d. Anointed with holy oil.

d. Anointed with holy oil.

Relationships between lords and vassals were maintained by all of the following except: a. Grants of land to the vassals, known as fiefs. b. Concepts of loyalty and honor. c. An understanding of hierarchy, with the king at its apex. d. Arbiters drawn from the class of urban merchants, when disputes arose.

d. Arbiters drawn from the class of urban merchants, when disputes arose.

Heraclius (r. 610-641) was able to save the Roman Empire and beat back the Sasanids due to his: a. Forced conversions of many inhabitants of the Levant to Christianity. b. Maneuvering Khosrow II onto the Sasanid throne. c. Incorporation of the stirrup in his cavalry units. d. Borrowing huge sums of money to fund an army.

d. Borrowing huge sums of money to fund an army.

In Gothic architecture, pointed arches, _____________, allowed for higher vertical thrusts in weight distribution, resulting in soaring church naves. a. Despite being prone to collapse during the construction process. b. Originally sketched out in a treatise by Abbot Suger. c. Flattened out over a distance of 100 feet on average. d. Copied from Islamic architecture through contact with Sicily and Spain.

d. Copied from Islamic architecture through contact with Sicily and Spain.

As a result of _____________ in 732, Charles Martel, 'the Hammer', emerged as not only the most powerful man in Frankland but also the leader of the most powerful force in Latin Christendom. a. Leading an expedition to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims. b. Instituting new metallurgical and tool-making skills among the Franks. c. Deposing the last Merovingian king. d. Defeating advancing Muslim armies at the Battle of Tours.

d. Defeating advancing Muslim armies at the Battle of Tours.

The following statements are true of feudalism EXCEPT: a. While the term describes a practice or groups of similar practices, it has no underlying philosophy which would allow it to be considered a true "system." b. It is generally based on an expressed or implied agreement between those who govern and those who serve. c. Its hierarchal structure set Europe on the path toward well-organized kingdoms, headed by a monarch, supported by aristocrats who governed peasants. d. Feudal organization was more frequent and commonplace in southern Europe than in France or Germany.

d. Feudal organization was more frequent and commonplace in southern Europe than in France or Germany.

The need for reform of the Western Church during the period 1000 to 1300 seems to have arisen: a. From the nobility exercising too much control over the appointment of priests. b. Primarily in urban parishes at first. c. Largely from the commercialization of monasteries. d. From a long period of decentralization and decline of learning.

d. From a long period of decentralization and decline of learning.

Due to its borrowing of the Muslim lateen, a(n) ______________, Italian ships were able to sail into the westerly winds that had previously prevented their sailing through the Straits of Gibraltar into the Atlantic Ocean. a. Iron plate firmly mounted to the ship's stern. b. Magnetic compass. c. Narrower and more swift-moving vessel. d. Front-mounted triangular sail.

d. Front-mounted triangular sail.

________ were associations of merchants and artisans intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest. a. Manors. b. Wergilds. c. Fiefs. d. Guilds.

d. Guilds.

Shiites are the minority of today's Muslims, comprising about 10 percent of the total population, but they make up the majority in contemporary _____, Iraq, and Lebanon. a. Egypt. b. Afghanistan. c. Indonesia. d. Iran.

d. Iran.

All of the following rebellions resulted from the Black Death except the: a. Jacquerie. b. Peasants' Revolt. c. Ciompi. d. Magna Chartists.

d. Magna Chartists.

Education in the 'vernacular' language was especially popular in the city-states of _________, where the emphasis was on educating students for productive careers in the secular world. a. Southern France. b. Eastern Germany. c. Central England. d. Northern Italy.

d. Northern Italy.

The largest cities in medieval Europe could be found in _________. a. The ports-of-call for the Hanseatic League. b. Southern England. c. The Low Countries. d. Northern Italy.

d. Northern Italy.

When he was informed of the existence and the beliefs of the Cathars, Pope Innocent III _____________. a. Formed them into a new religious order of 'friars' ('brothers'). b. Sent them on a crusade against the Orthodox Christians in Constantinople. c. Incorporated them into Cluniac monasteries and encouraged them to devote themselves to "God's work." d. Ordered a crusade against them that was brutal, even by medieval standards.

d. Ordered a crusade against them that was brutal, even by medieval standards.

In 1295, King Edward I convened the so-called Model _________, comprised of an upper house of nobles and a lower house of 'knights of the shires and burgesses of the towns'. a. Estates-General. b. Convention. c. Concordat. d. Parliament.

d. Parliament.

Abd al-Malik may have built the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem because he saw himself as the true "________" (Caliph) vis-à-vis the Byzantine basileus. a. Angel of Allah. b. Warrior of Allah. c. Son of Allah. d. Representative of Allah.

d. Representative of Allah.

When the young, energetic emperor Alexius I Comnenus sent an embassy to ________ in 1095, he found a sympathetic ear. a. Constantinople. b. Paris. c. Antioch. d. Rome.

d. Rome.

_______ is the paradigmatic "path" of Muhammad's traditions which, if trodden by believers, will lead to salvation. a. Imam b. Umma c. Jihad d. Sunna

d. Sunna

The Fourth Crusade is notable because: a. The knights wanted to ride the land route and avoid all sea travel. b. The knights wanted to ride the land route and avoid all sea travel. c. Prince William IV, who led the crusade, became ill and died before they left Europe, and the leaderless army wandered into Russia. d. The crusaders attacked another Christian city, so angering the pope that he excommunicated the entire army.

d. The crusaders attacked another Christian city, so angering the pope that he excommunicated the entire army.

The real breakthrough in the Christian 'reconquest' of Spain occurred in 1085 when ______ was liberated from Muslim control, resulting in almost half of the country returning to Christians. a. Madrid. b. Majorca. c. Granada. d. Toledo.

d. Toledo.

The most popular collection of short stories was the Maqamat, about an impersonator telling tall stories to gullible listeners, collecting money for his tales, and ________. a. Living another night at the Sultan's pleasure. b. Performing a Sufi dance to illustrate the concepts raised in the tales. c. Taking down notes on those who did not laugh, in order to inform the Sultan. d. Traveling from city to city in ever-new disguises.

d. Traveling from city to city in ever-new disguises.

Under siege by the_______________, the old Eastern Roman Empire had retreated to Anatolia and parts of the Balkans. a. Berbers b. Nasrids and Almohads c. Almoravids d. Umayyads and Abbasids

d. Umayyads and Abbasids

In spite of an excommunication pronounced by Pope Innocent III, crusaders from _______ plundered Constantinople in 1204. a. Florence. b. Zara. c. Naples. d. Venice.

d. Venice.

In 988, Grand Prince __________ of Kiev (r. 980-1015) decreed the conversion of his subjects to Christianity. a. Ivan IV. b. Mikhail II. c. Nicholas I. d. Vladimir I.

d. Vladimir I.

A system for collecting taxes and rents from the population in which the state grants the right of collection to private individuals is referred to as____________. a. carucage b. taillage c. tithing d. tax farming

d. tax farming