HIST-102-008 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE

All of the following is true of the crisis from 1873 to 1878 EXCEPT: It was triggered when the government initiated a constitutional congress to better represent ethnic minorities. When the government raised taxes, ethnic-nationalist uprisings began in Herzegovina, Bosnia, and Bulgaria. The reigning sultan was overthrown and a new sultan ascended the throne. It began when the Ottoman government defaulted on foreign loans.

It was triggered when the government initiated a constitutional congress to better represent ethnic minorities.

In an address to the National Assembly on October 10, 1789, Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin argued that: It would be best to abolish capital punishment altogether. He hoped for the opportunity to test his machine, in the interests of the New Sciences. The machine he had designed would increase the pain and suffering of a condemned person. The execution of Danton by guillotine had led him to change his own name in protest.

It would be best to abolish capital punishment altogether.

In the mid-1700s, agents responsible for the collection of taxes, like the "notables" in the Balkans and the "valley lords" in western Anatolia: Withheld increasing amounts from the treasury in Istanbul. Re-established centralized Ottoman power in the sultan's domains. Cooperated with local religious minorities and encouraged foreign trade. Succeeded in preventing a war with Russia, since they realized their troop strength was inadequate.

Withheld increasing amounts from the treasury in Istanbul.

The sale of most American colonial offices by the Spanish crown ultimately led to all but one of the following: a reduction in the military cost of protecting Spain's New World possessions a decline in the competence level of office holders the emergence of a Creole elite able to bend the Spanish administration increasingly to its will the decentralization of the decision-making processes

a reduction in the military cost of protecting Spain's New World possessions

Under Mughal rule, an elaborate, graded system of official ranks was created in which the recipients, called _________, were awarded grants of land along with the revenues those working the land generated. mansabdars governors viceroys pashas

mansabdars

_________ was the term used by the Japanese to refer to the Western ships arriving on Japanese waters, such as Commodore Perry's fleets in 1853 and 1854. "Black Ships" "Dutch Learning" "White Ships" "Western Ships"

"Black Ships"

The largest Maya kingdoms grew to 50,000-60,000 inhabitants and reached astounding rural population densities of about ___________ persons per square mile. 1000 100 200 2000

1000

Adam Smith

13. His Inquiry in the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations was the Enlightenment's most important contribution to the field of economics. He believed economies should be left alone to function according to nature's laws. Often labeled a laissez-fair economist, he was not opposed to all government intervention in economic activity. He theorized that all societies pass through four stages of economic development, each associated with a level of civilization. The four-stage theory provided Europeans with a scale by which to rate the progress of all other peoples on earth. Because it maintained that the European form of commercial life was the highest manifestation of civilization, it encouraged Europeans to look down one everyone else and to assume it was their mission to "civilize" the world by imposing Europe's values and institutions everywhere.

The majority of the Jewish population in Granada was forced to emigrate by __________. 1492 1517 1481 1497

1492

As a result of its loss in the Crimean War of __________, Russia was forced to recognize the Ottoman Empire's right to full integrity. 1853-1856 1841-1844 1861-1865 1846-1848

1853-1856

Akbar (The Great)

39. Real founder to the Mughal Empire and the greatest Indian ruler since Ashoka. Indeed, he was, if not greater, at least as great a ruler as his famous contemporaries, Elizabeth I, Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent and Shah Abbas I. He began his reign with impressive military successes. "Known as the 'Great Mughal," _____ was skilled not only in military tactics but also in the art of alliance making. Even more significant were his governmental reforms, cultural patronage and religious toleration.

All of the following are true of the use of quipu by the Incas except: 700 of them have been deciphered and translated. They were used in the Andes long before the Incan empire appeared. They seem to have been used for keeping records. Officials passed them upward from level to level in the imperial administration.

700 of them have been deciphered and translated.

The "Newtonian synthesis" was: A fusion of the fields of mathematics, astronomy, physics, and theology. A reconciliation of Biblical references and scientific observation. An amalgamation of Descartes's system of coordinates and Leibniz's calculus. A unification of the fields of physics and astronomy.

A fusion of the fields of mathematics, astronomy, physics, and theology.

The word Tanzimat refers to: A series of reforms inspired by Western European constitutional nationalism. A distinctive hat worn by Ottoman bureaucrats A new system of banking. The reorganization of the Janissary military.

A series of reforms inspired by Western European constitutional nationalism.

The rulers of Benin did all of the following except: Actively resisted the encroachment of Portuguese cultural values. Limited the traffic in slaves to about 30% of the total trade volume. Permitted some Portuguese missionaries into their domains. Sought to sell slaves to the Portuguese in exchange for firearms.

Actively resisted the encroachment of Portuguese cultural values.

The Mughals' expansion into Bengal foreshadowed a clash with a very different kind of enemy, the Shan people of Southeast Asia called the _________. Ahoms Mong Yang Hsenwi Mong Kawng

Ahoms

All of the following are true of Incan military organization EXCEPT: Armies ranged in size from about 10,000 men to about 25,000 men. All young, able-bodied men were expected to serve. Married men 25-30 years old were foot soldiers, often accompanied by their wives and children. Unmarried men age 18-25 years of age were used as porters or messengers.

Armies ranged in size from about 10,000 men to about 25,000 men.

Great mosque projects also represent highlights of Mughal artistic sophistication and monumental scope. Among them are the Friday Delhi Mosque in Shahjahanabad and Aurangzeb's huge _________. Badshahi Mosque in Lahore Taj Mahal Salim Chisti Bulleh Shah

Badshahi Mosque in Lahore

As a result of the Seven Years' War, Spain lost Florida to ___________ in 1763. Britain United States France Mexico

Britain

Throughout northern China, Boxer units hunted down and killed Western missionaries and ___________. Chinese Christians Military unit commanders Rival schools in the martial arts Collaborators with the Japanese occupiers

Chinese Christians

The most prominent of the ___________, which emerged in the 1860s, was Shenbao. Chinese-language newspapers Chinese-language novels Scientific journals Protestant missionary tracts

Chinese-language newspapers

Unlike his counterparts like Isabella and Ferdinand, the Ottoman sultan: Could prevent noble sons from inheriting lands from their fathers. Was forced to provide a detailed account of his expenditure to a parliament of nobles. Found a decentralized monarchy the most efficient—and safest—form of government. Found his finances were precarious, even though he squeezed colonial holdings for revenue.

Could prevent noble sons from inheriting lands from their fathers.

The movement's new regime moved to the Tokugawa capital of _________ and renamed it Tokyo. Edo Chiba Osaka Nagoya

Edo

Louis XVI held an assembly of the ________, which had not met since 1614, at Versailles beginning in May 1789. Estates-General Parlement du Paris Tennis Court Oath-Takers Covenanters

Estates-General

In the formulation of his "law of falling bodies", Galileo systematically combined imagination with empirical research and ___________. Experimentation Biblical authority Newspaper articles Royal Society funding

Experimentation

José Antonio Aponte, head of a Yoruba confraternity (cabilde) in __________, led an abortive revolt against Spanish control in 1812. Havana Bahia Mexico City Montevideo

Havana

Akbar married the Rajput princess Manmati, despite her adherence to: Hinduism Shiite Islam Sikhism Christianity

Hinduism

Since the Portuguese had pioneered a direct route from Europe to India via Africa, the _________ became another front of confrontation between Christians and Muslims in the race to gain dominance over the lucrative spice trade. Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean South China Sea English Channel

Indian Ocean

The only founder of an English colony in North America who lived to see it become part of the United States was: James Oglethorpe Martin Lewis Thomas Jefferson William Penn

James Oglethorpe

Continuing the repressive policies of his father, Nicholas launched a pogrom of Russian _________ in 1903-1906, triggering mass emigrations to the United States. Jews Anarchists Ukrainians Intellectuals

Jews

The Revolt of the Three Feudatories was crushed by: Kangxi Qianlong Koxinga Yongzheng

Kangxi

The end of the fourteenth century marked the stunning rise of Temur Gurgan, who was widely known from the Persian rendering of his name as Timur the _____. Lame Bloody Son of Genghis Rising Sun

Lame

Having laid waste to Cuzco, Pizarro founded a new Andean capital at __________ in 1535. Lima Santiago de Chile São Paulo Cartagena

Lima

Their conquest of the Balkans made the Ottomans the owners of the largest precious metal production centers prior to the Spanish Habsburg acquisition of the _________ mines in the mid-1500s. Mexican and Andean Andean and Filipino Andean and Caribbean Mexican and Caribbean

Mexican and Andean

Who launched the movement for independence in New Spain (modern Mexico)? Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Joseph Bonaparte King Fernando VII Antonio López de Santa Anna

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Between the years 1492 and 1888: More than 250 slave revolts took place in the Americas and Caribbean. Fewer than 200 slave revolts took place in the Americas and Caribbean More than 2000 slave revolts took place in the Americas and Caribbean. There were about 26 slave revolts in the Americas and Caribbean.

More than 250 slave revolts took place in the Americas and Caribbean.

___________ is the right to name bishops. Patronato Quilombos mit'a kuli

Patronato

Count Camillo di Cavour, the prime minister of _________, was the politician who did the most to realize Italy's unification. Piedmont-Sardinia The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies The Grand Duchy of Tuscany Austria

Piedmont-Sardinia

______ was the only North American colony, and later state, in which African Americans outnumbered those of European descent. South Carolina Georgia Florida Rhode Island

South Carolina

Muhammad Ghauth Gwaliori's ___________ tapped sources from Hindu and Muslim astrology, Jewish Kabbala traditions, and Sufi mysticism. The Five Jewels The Baburnama The Hamzanama The Fatehpur Sikri

The Five Jewels

All of the following were the result of the Peace of Westphalia EXCEPT: The Protestants gained considerable territory in northern Germany. The southern side of the Baltic Sea was ceded to Sweden. Territory in Alsace was ceded to France. It failed to end the war between France and Spain.

The Protestants gained considerable territory in northern Germany.

The framing device of Cervantes' Don Quixote, the figure of Cide Hamete Benengeli who chronicles the novel's 74 episodes, suggests that: The narrator may be lying, since he is a perfidious Muslim. As Don Quixote's wife, she has a reason to exaggerate his chivalrous behavior. The giants Don Quixote claimed to see while tilting at windmills were, like Cide, real. Sancho Panza may have been a double for this figure and the real narrator.

The narrator may be lying, since he is a perfidious Muslim.

Descartes concluded that a person, including himself, was composed of two radically different substances, a material substance that can be understood with the senses and another that consisted of: The thinking mind The eternal soul The social contract between mind and body The biological instincts of animal nature

The thinking mind

The _________ Sarayi or "Palace of the Gun Gate," begun in 1459, incorporated a royal residence, an imperial administrative school for the training of bureaucrats, barracks for the troops of Janissaries, an armory and a hospital, and it became an object of both fear and fascination for the Sultan's subjects. Topkapï Aynalikavak Dolmabahçe Maslak

Topkapï

During the second half of the fifteenth century, the Incas: Turned from conquest to consolidation. Increased the scope of their military draft, using people who would otherwise have been left in their own villages. Pulled back toward the administrative center to avoid the costs of constant warfare on the borderlands. Faced foreign armies, often as well armed as the Incas, which led to a greater cohesion among the Incan elite aristocracy.

Turned from conquest to consolidation.

In 1498, _________ reached India by way of Africa, becoming the first European to sail directly from Europe to India. Vasco Da Gama Ferdinand Magellan Christopher Columbus Bartolomeu Dias

Vasco Da Gama

After meeting Pizarro at the town square of Cajamarca in 1532, Atahualpa: Was murdered, together with his unarmed retainers. Secured Spanish assistance against his half-brother Huáscar. Disappeared into the rainforest and was never seen again. Converted to Catholicism in order to protect his people against Spanish encroachment.

Was murdered, together with his unarmed retainers.

In urban areas, ________ frequently ran shops, managed markets, were proprietors of cantinas, and performed a host of skilled and unskilled jobs, particularly in the textile and food trades. Women Italian immigrants Mestizos Coolies

Women

The English and French colonies of North America, lacking a sustainable native industry at first, moved further south in order to develop an agricultural base following the plantation system for growing _________, thus joining the Spanish and Portuguese exploitation of America's sub-tropical agricultural resources. indigo and rice potatoes oranges wheat

indigo and rice

The Monroe Doctrine stated that... the United States government would not tolerate European attempts to re-colonize the new republics of the western hemisphere. it was an article of faith that the U.S. should be the dominant power on the continent and should accordingly control it from the Atlantic to the Pacific. the slave trade should be abolished in newly gained territories none of these

the United States government would not tolerate European attempts to re-colonize the new republics of the western hemisphere.

Benito Juarez

30. One of the most remarkable figures to lead Mexico or any other Latin American nation during the 19th century. In 1861 he became the first and only Amerindian to hold the office of president in Mexico. Dedicated to bringing liberal reforms and economic advancement to Mexico, his political movement was known as La Reforma to indicate that it stood in favor of constitutional government in opposition to the autocracy of Santa Anna and conservative political groups in Mexico.

The addition of important new food crops was an important factor in Chinese population growth, resulting in populations of: About 60 million in 1368 to 150 million in 1600, and about 300 million by 1800. About 60 million in 1368 to 100 million in 1500, to about 200 million by 1800. About 60 million in 1368 to 200 million in 1500, to about 250 million by 1800. About 60 million in 1368 to 75 million in 1500, to about 400 million by 1800.

About 60 million in 1368 to 150 million in 1600, and about 300 million by 1800.

All of the following statements are true of the Portuguese interaction or contacts in West Africa EXCEPT: African agriculturalists became much more productive after adopting Portuguese iron plow shears. By the 1440s, Portuguese mariners raided the West African coast for slaves. In early skirmishes with Africans, the precisely aimed poisoned arrows of the Africans were more effective than the Portuguese muskets. The Portuguese gained rights to trade and build posts through treaties with local African leaders.

African agriculturalists became much more productive after adopting Portuguese iron plow shears.

Like the Chinese "self-strengtheners", Japanese senior advisors to the emperor sought to use new foreign technologies and institutions to strengthen the state ___________. Against further foreign intrusion Against a planned and coordinated Western invasion Against the corrupting effects of an abandonment of religion in favor of science Against the tendency to become dependent on drugs like opium

Against further foreign intrusion

Sultan Abdülhamit used the Russian-Ottoman War of 1877-1878 as an excuse to: Dismiss the Ottoman Parliament and rule by decree. Abandon the policy of conscripting an army, since it had proven ineffective. Impose a new jizya tax on religious minorities. Hold elections for a Parliament, in order to share the blame for his defeat.

Dismiss the Ottoman Parliament and rule by decree.

Which of the following is the correct chronological order? Founding of the Ming Dynasty; founding of the Qing Dynasty; establishment of Tokugawa Shogunate; Shimabara Rebellion. Founding of the Qing Dynasty; establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate; founding of the Ming Dynasty; the Shimabara Rebellion. The Shimabara Rebellion, the founding of the Tokugawa Shogunate; the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the founding of the Qing Dynasty. Founding of the Ming Dynasty; founding the Tokugawa Shogunate; Shimabara Rebellion; founding of the Qing Dynasty.

Founding of the Ming Dynasty; founding of the Qing Dynasty; establishment of Tokugawa Shogunate; Shimabara Rebellion.

In 1549 the Franciscan missionary ___________ landed in Japan. Francis Xavier Ignatius Loyola Matteo Ricci Peter Canisius

Francis Xavier

All of the following were true of Tenochtitlán EXCEPT: Iron workers and blacksmiths were segregated because of the heat their labor generated. The primary market day could attract as many as 40,000 people. A number of causeways crossed it and linked it with the lakeshore. Professional water carriers took fresh water to commoners in various quarters of the city.

Iron workers and blacksmiths were segregated because of the heat their labor generated.

All of the following are true of the state of Wari EXCEPT: It seems to have had less control over elites than most other empires in the Americas. It was centered on the Ayacucho Valley in the highlands of northern Peru. The valley's relatively low elevation (about 8000 feet as opposed to an Andean average of about 13,000 feet) allowed for the cultivation of potatoes, cotton, and corn. The state employed architects for the construction of new towns.

It seems to have had less control over elites than most other empires in the Americas.

The large trade network in which the Toltecs participated can be characterized by the following: It was based on the exchange of goods, such as gemstones, obsidian, cacao, vanilla, and bird feathers. It led to the diffusion of silk weaving techniques. It facilitated the transmission of agricultural techniques, for instance, the cultivation of rice producing two or more crops per year. It was based on the use of military might to protect merchants and to force other societies to enter into formal trading agreements with the Toltec.

It was based on the exchange of goods, such as gemstones, obsidian, cacao, vanilla, and bird feathers.

When Latin American republics declared their independence, the Popes in Rome: Refused to recognize their independence, concerned with the power of naming bishops. Eagerly recognized their independence and attempted to solidify gains among mestizo groups. Were reluctant to endorse these movements, since they were mostly of Spanish extraction. Connected the movement with the development of a capitalist industrial order, which they also supported.

Refused to recognize their independence, concerned with the power of naming bishops.

Portuguese colonial cities and Jesuits repeatedly clashed over the ____________ of the "pioneers" (bandeirantes) into the Brazilian interior. Slave raids Tax evasion Scientific discoveries Silver mining

Slave raids

All of the following was true of the banner system EXCEPT: The Chinese, as a conquered people, were not allowed to participate. Developed for military and tax purposes. Originally organized for mobile warriors. The chief administrative tool of the Manchu leadership.

The Chinese, as a conquered people, were not allowed to participate.

All of the following is true of communications in the Inca empire EXCEPT: The rugged, mountainous terrain prevented the construction of roads of the same quality as those in the Aztec empire. The Incas systematically improved road networks that had been built by their predecessors, particularly the Tiwanaku and Wari. The transportation system sometimes relied on suspension bridges and rafts. The roads measured from three to twelve feet in width, often requiring extensive grounding, paving, and tunneling.

The rugged, mountainous terrain prevented the construction of roads of the same quality as those in the Aztec empire.

The indigo plant, which _____________, contributed to a booming economy in South Carolina starting in the 1740s. Was processed into a dye Became a food source comparable to rice Could be dried and smoked as an alternative to tobacco Was unknown until it was discovered in the Americas

Was processed into a dye