Hist 142 Ch 10 & 11
Why did Kiev become one of Russia's greatest urban centers? -Kiev was located on the crossroads of overload trade and migration - Kiev escaped the ravages of the Crusaders on their way to Jerusalem -The city served as the ceremonial center of the tsar's Slavic traditions -Kiev became the major port on the Black Sea
Kiev was located on the crossroads of overload trade and migration
Which of the following changes would have made fifteenth-century Western Europe more like Ming China? -eradicating all traces of the Catholic Church to keep it from competing with the government -making Latin the language of government across the region, but letting local people speak French,Spanish, English, and other regional dialects -reviving and expanding the power of feudal lords -allowing humanist philosophers and painters to express their ideas freely, even if those ideas challenged the government and the church
making Latin the language of government across the region, but letting local people speak French,Spanish, English, and other regional dialects
What form of political organization grants supreme state power to a single individual? -monarchy -city-state -sultan -dynasty
monarchy
Qalander Dervishes in the Islamic World (1548), Menavino
-The author of this piece considered the religious group he described to be frauds, seeking money instead of true salvation. -The author of this passage was writing a long time after the Black Death, describing people he found strange and distasteful.
Toltecs
-Tula, their magnificent city with pyramids and ball courts -relied on a maize-based economy -filled the political vacuum left by the decline of Teotihuacan
Certain cities during this period served as transshipment centers. Entrepôts are -, where - could - while traders exchanged - and - supplies as the result of long-distance trade.
-cosmopolitan centers -ships -drop ancho -commodities -replenished
Mali
-empire that was home to Timbuktu and three famous early mosques that are still standing -reflected a connection between Cairo and West Africa, as a result of Islamic traditions -vital assembly point for caravans laden with salt and slaves
Under the leadership of Chinggis Khan, the Mongols' superior cavalry defeated the Jin army on the North China plain. The Kubilai Khan, - of Chinggis, seized southern - from the - while ironically utilizing - technology borrowed from - inventors.
-grandson -China -Song dynasty -gunpowder-based -Chinese
Mongol tribesmen streamed out of the steppes, bent on conquering the world. After Hulagu, a - of -, reached the Abbasid city of - in 1258 with an army of -, blood poured from the gutters into the streets and the caliph was - a carpet.
-grandson -Chinggis -Baghdad -200,000 -trampled to death in
Delhi Sultanate
-had a population of 80 million people -fragile mosaic of cultures, religions, and ethnicities -accepted the earlier social systems and did not force conversion -occupied a pivotal location between land and sea based trade routes
Melaka
-place where Indian, Javanese, and Chinese merchants traded and waited for the winds to change -key cosmopolitan entrepôt located to the east of the Bay of Bengal
Cahokia
-place where merchants traded their goods for mica from the Appalachians and shark's teeth from the Gulf of Mexico -rich soil, woodlands for game and fuel close to a major river for trade -famous for building enormous earthen mounds -largest trading city in North America with 15,000 inhabitants
dhow
-ship with triangular sails -maximized monsoon trade winds
Song China
-site of the world's first manufacturing revolution -responsible for breakthroughs in metallurgy that produced iron plows, which were harnessed to water buffalo -minted 2 million strings copper coins annually -had one unique commodity as the envy of all Afro-Eurasia
After reading the chapter, watch this brief video on the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was able to maintain its extensive empire because it -throughout its vast territory. The empire stretched from Algeria in the east to the Persian Gulf in the west, and from Vienna in the north to Yemen in the south, encompassing tremendous religious, ethnic, and - diversity. It granted distant provinces considerable - and balanced this with the power of the -.
-tolerated diversity -linguistic-political autonomy -janissaries
Kubilai Khan founded his Yuan dynasty with a capital at Dadu, which is the site of what present-day city? -Bejing -Kyoto -Moscow -Baghdad
Bejing
True Or False Between 1000 and 1300, sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas were fully integrated by transoceanic commercial links for the first time in world history.
False
How did the Catholic monarchs of Spain drive Muslims and Jews out of their kingdom? -Black Death -Renaissance -Red Turban Movement -Inquistion
Inquistion
In comparison to the Hellenistic connections brought about by Alexander in the late fourth century, how did the Mongols influence world history?
The mongols created unprecedented Afro-Eurasian interconnectedness
As the central bureaucracy expanded in the Song Empire, how were officials selected? -They had studied abroad and returned with scientific expertise -They were successful against nomadic warriors -They were leading aristocratic heirs who owned land that could be taxed -They passed competitive civil service examinations
They passed competitive civil service examinations
True or False Between 1000 and 1300, sub-Saharan Africa was internally integrated. This integration resulted in cultural exchanges, political connections, and economic links.
True
True or False During the Abbasid Empire, Muslim rulers and clerics were tolerant of non-Muslims so long as they accepted Islam's political domination and paid the special jizya tax.
True
Cairo and/or Alexandria
-the Mediterranean's main maritime commercial centers -gateway to Europe for Chinese textiles -place where numerous Muslim and Jewish trading firms conducted business and maintained a lookout post -place where hand-copied Bibles, Talmuds, and Qurans were traded
After your reading, watch the brief video "Good Laws and Good Arms." Ottoman sultans and Ming emperors faced challenges associated with governing vast empires. The Ming government tried to administer the empire with -- practices, relying upon the expertise of --who passed the --. The Ottoman Empire facilitated -- local practices, and balanced local autonomy through the use of --, a group of bureaucrats and soldiers who were exclusively loyal to the sultan.
-uniform -bureaucrats -civil service exam -diverse -janissaries
Between about 1320 and 1350 Afro-Eurasia was ravaged by a disease called the bubonic plague. What was this specific twenty-year catastrophe called? -Caffa -Black Death -Inquisition -The Triumph of Death
Black Death
True or False Between 1000 and 1300 CE, political authorities, such as those in China and Egypt, were openly hostile to Afro-Eurasian maritime trade.
False
True or False Despite the fact that Islam was a universalizing religion, Muslims were not especially interested in converting non-Muslims to the faith unless they spoke Arabic.
False
True or False Foreign merchants conducting business in Quanzhou were restricted from worshipping in their own faith and in building religious structures by Chinese government officials, who promoted Confucian traditions.
False
True or False Humanism was a style of painting that emphasized realistic depiction of the physical world and anatomical accuracy in human subjects.
False
True or False In Europe during this era, manorialism largely gave way to small independent farms worked by former peasants.
False
True or False The Mongols were able to create an empire throughout the Eurasian steppes solely through brutal conquest and pillage.
False
True or False The Spaniards and the Ottomans used similar methods to achieve territorial control within and beyond their own borders.
False
political crisis
People questioned the legitimacy, morality, and competence of their leaders.
True or False In Europe, unification under a single strong leader was impeded by both the Catholic Church and independent city-states.
True
True or False In its attempt to throw off Mongol control and respond to the Black Death, the Red Turban Movement combined China's diverse religious traditions.
True
True or False The Mongols supported and expanded trade routes across Afro-Eurasia, which was a major reason why the Black Death spread so quickly and thoroughly across the region.
True
Who were the Beghards? -Muslims who overthrew the Mongols because of the Black Death -Europeans who decided to enjoy themselves before they died -a group of Europeans who questioned the value of the clergy and church teachings -foreigners who rebuilt China after the Black Death
a group of Europeans who questioned the value of the clergy and church teachings
Despite the restrictions placed upon the practice of slavery by the Quran, which of the following is true about African slavery in this era? -flourished under Islam -included Hindus sold to Muslims -was accepted without concern -was prohibited in Europe
flourished under Islam
This modern ship is closely related to an ancient ship that would likely have been associated with which of the following? -crossed the Caspian Sea to connect to the Silk Roads -made good use of the seasonal winds in the Sea of Japan -made good use of the monsoonal wind patterns in the Arabian Sea -sailed from France to England bringing goods to trade with the English
made good use of the monsoonal wind patterns in the Arabian Sea
What was described in The Epic of Sundiata? -the triumphal narrative of a legendary thirteenth-century African hero an his cavalry who defeated traditional foot soldiers - an oral account of Mansa Musa's famous pilgrimage to Mecca -an oral folktale of how the Toltecs were able to construct their great pyramids -the memoir of a Mongol warrior who participated in the conquest of Baghdad
the triumphal narrative of a legendary thirteenth-century African hero an his cavalry who defeated traditional foot soldiers
Complete the following sentence When the text says that one of Zheng He's goals was to "establish tributary relations" with other kingdoms, it means that Zheng He's goal was to persuade other kings to _________ -sign trade treaties with China's emperor -send China's emperor important women as wives -recognize China's emperor as a friend -recognize the Ming emperor as superior to themselves
recognize the Ming emperor as superior to themselves
How did Ming emperors indicate to their subjects that their dynasty had the mandate of heaven? -The Hongwu Emperor emphasized his military prowess and his ability to conquer territory. -Ming emperors performed elaborate sacrificial rites on behalf of Chinese subjects and elevated Confucian scholars to positions of power. -The Yongle Emperor financed and directed the building of the Forbidden City, demonstrating his wealth and authority. -All Ming emperors took and passed the civil service exam, showing that they were virtuous and educated Confucian scholars.
Ming emperors performed elaborate sacrificial rites on behalf of Chinese subjects and elevated Confucian scholars to positions of power.
Shah Namah was an epic poem that celebrated the origins of which culture? - Mande-speaking peoples of West Africa -the Yuan dynasty -Persian -Toltecs in Mesoamerica
Persian
demographic crisis
Regions lost so many people that basic functions like growing food, trading, and maintaining towns could not be carried out due to a lack of labor.
Quilon
-supported by the Chola dynasty -trade in Arabian horses, elephants, and spices -tenth-century nerve center between China, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean
True or False Women played no significant role in Mongol society or conquests, since they were not formally trained soldiers and were therefore often ignored.
False
economic crisis
People had difficulty meeting their basic material needs because of food shortages, rising prices, and work stoppages.
During the period from 1000 to 1300, sub-Saharan Africa's relationship to the rest of the world changed dramatically. After - crossed the -, the flow of commodities and ideas linked sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa and -. - speakers exploited their commercial and political organization, becoming the primary agents for integration within and beyond -.
-merchants -Sahara -Southwest Asia -Mande -West Africa
By the thirteenth century, the Islamic heartland was fragmented, yet Islam remained a vibrant faith. In the -, which comprised central Asia, Iran, and eastern Iraq, - representing the remnants of the - state had to - to - military power. In the - of the Islamic world, which included -, Syria, and the Arabian Peninsula, the common cultural tradition was the - of -. To the -, in -, there was - rule but considerable influence from the -.
- east -caliphs -Abbasid -defer -Turkish -core -Egypt -language -Arabic -west -North Africa -Arab Berbers
Chan Chan
- fell to the Incan armies in the 1460s -famous for ten huge palaces at its center, with thick walls thirty feet high -trading center of 30,000 inhabitants overlooking the Pacific ocean -built burial complexes to store riches of gold, silver, Spondylus shells, and fine cloths
Which of the following highlight the impact that Islam had upon world history by 1300 CE?
-Arabic became a widespread spoken language. -It was integral in the growth and success of transregional trade. -It was the majority religion of most of the inhabitants of Southwest Asia. -It had become one of the four major cultural spheres in the world of that era.
Fill in the blanks related to the Islamic cultural blossoming of this era. Ibn Rushd, also known as -, was a legendary scholar well acquainted with the works of -. He believed that faith and - were compatible. His work influenced a leading - philosopher and theologian named -, who wrote Summa contra Gentiles.
-Averroes -Aristotle -reason -Christian -Thomas Aquinas
Fill in the blanks regarding South America's first empire. The - Empire developed in the early second millennium in the fertile - Valley. Their successful economy was highly -, as evidenced by exports of - and the construction of -.
-Chimu -Moche -commercialized -cotton -canals
Mongol expansion began in 1206 when the Supreme Ruler or - launched a series of conquests southward to the - and westward toward -, eventually invading eastward into - by -
-Chinggis Khan -Great Wall of China -Afghanistan -Korea -1231
Two forces contributed to greater integration in sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas from 1000 to 1300. - and urbanizationwere forces that changed Afro-Eurasia and the Americas during this period. Sub-Saharan trade goods included -, gold, ivory, and slaves, while -, pottery, textiles, and metals were exchanged in the Americas.
-Commercial exchange -salt -shells
How did Ottoman sultans indicate to their subjects that they supported Islamic religious leaders and were in turn supported by these religious leaders?
-Ottoman sultans funded Islamic schools and the construction of lavish mosques. -Ottoman sultans protected the holy cities on the Arabian Peninsula and Jerusalem.
All foreign traders in Song China were considered guests of the governor, who also held the title of chief of seafaring affairs. The Song government set up offices of seafaring affairs in -, -, and a third near present-day Shanghai. Each year there was a - ritual with many foreign traders who then would be - to -.
-Quanzhou -Guangzhou -wind-calling -invited -dine at a sumptuous banquet
All foreign traders in Song China were considered guests of the governor, who also held the title of chief of seafaring affairs. The Song government set up offices of seafaring affairs in -, -, and a third near present-day Shanghai. Each year there was a - ritual with many foreign traders who then would be - to -.
-Quanzhou -Guangzhou -wind-calling -invited -dine at a sumptuous banquet
The Catholic Church used a variety of methods to regain power and influence after the Black Death. Which statements about these methods are true?
-The church took on state-like, bureaucratic functions such as providing for the poor, registering births, and registering economic transactions. -Church leaders harshly attacked people who challenged church doctrine and those whom they considered unacceptable, such as Jews, Muslims, homosexuals, "witches," and prostitutes. -The church openly supported secular leaders, like the Habsburgs; the Habsburgs' political legitimacy rested on church approval while the Holy Roman Empire lent strength to the church.
junk
-ship that sailed the South China Sea -could carry as many as 500 men and 500 tons of cargo
cog
-ship with a single mast and square sail -sailed in the Atlantic Ocean
The Ming emperor claimed to have the "mandate of heaven." The Ottoman sultan claimed to be the "shadow of God." European monarchs claimed to have a "divine right" to their thrones. What do these facts suggest? -After the Black Death, the leader of each society began his career as a religious leader, then eventually took on political leadership -European leaders,Chinese leaders, and Ottoman leaders were bound to come into conflict over their different ideas of heaven -After the Black Death, leaders in each region used their connections to religious ideas and institutions to convince their subjects of their right to hold power -Leaders who rebuilt their societies after the black Death convinced their subjects that they were gods
After the Black Death, leaders in each region used their connections to religious ideas and institutions to convince their subjects of their right to hold power
The text says that after the Black Death, the dynastic monarchy was the political institution at the center of each of the large unified societies in Afro-Eurasia. Which of the following statements about dynastic monarchies is accurate? -European city-states like Venice and Florence were not dynastic monarchies because in place of a single ruling family, they were each controlled by a small group of wealthy men who voted for their leaders. -Portugal's government could not be considered a dynastic monarchy because kings of Portugal had to buy the support of nobles with land grants. -The Ottoman government was not a dynastic monarchy because the sultan took multiple wives. A dynasty is a hereditary ruling family, and technically the sultan had many families. -The Ming dynasty was not really a dynastic monarchy because the emperor married outside of his own ethnicity, having children with women of Mongol and Korean descent.
European city-states like Venice and Florence were not dynastic monarchies because in place of a single ruling family, they were each controlled by a small group of wealthy men who voted for their leaders.
The Mongols depended on settled peoples in rich cities for what needed goods? -canvas for sails -grains and iron -corn and potatoes -camels for trade
Grains and iron
How did the Black Death ultimately affect the strength and legitimacy of the Catholic Church in the eyes of Europeans? -Negatively: Europeans observed that priests and monks made foolish choices as the disease spread, such as staying in cities and giving up their own food to save starving peasants; this resulted in unusually large numbers of clergy dying. -Positively: European support for the church increased because monks and priests had provided the only available help and solace to victims. -Positively: The Black Death was considered a punishment from God for not observing the teachings of the church, so most Europeans joined the Flagellants to atone for their sins. -Negatively: Europeans were disappointed that the clergy had been unable to stop the plague and (in some cases) unwilling to help its victims; this led to challenges to church doctrine.
Negatively: Europeans were disappointed that the clergy had been unable to stop the plague and (in some cases) unwilling to help its victims; this led to challenges to church doctrine.
Did Ming China and the kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula share similar views about private merchants and maritime trade? -Yes. The inhabitants of both regions energetically pursued maritime trade with the full support of their leaders -No. Portuguese and Spanish leaders supported and encouraged their peoples' involvement in maritime trade, while Ming leaders generally distrusted it -No. China had far superior naval technology, and the Ming dynasty supported one of history's greatest navigators: Zheng He -Yes. Both regions' leaders generally views maritime
No. Portuguese and Spanish leaders supported and encouraged their peoples' involvement in maritime trade, while Ming leaders generally distrusted it
What was the focus of Renaissance thought and study? -Renaissance scholars and artists studied and built on early Greek and Roman sources concerning everything from geography to architecture to political theory. -Renaissance scholars and artists searched for ways to undermine the Catholic Church and place human beings above God. -Renaissance scholars and artists were mostly interested in human anatomy and the best way to draw or sculpt the human figure. -Renaissance scholars and artists primarily focused on the next world; the humanist scholars of this movement were interested in what happened after people died.
Renaissance scholars and artists studied and built on early Greek and Roman sources concerning everything from geography to architecture to political theory.
Which of the following effects of the Black Death occurred in multiple regions across Afro-Eurasia? -Both the Mongol rulers and the pope lost the mandate of heaven, resulting in the collapse of their empires. -Societies experienced famine, rising prices, and declining urban populations. -People fled into port cities in an effort to escape the Black Death in the countryside. -Governments successfully maintained their power by suppressing widespread unrest.
Societies experienced famine, rising prices, and declining urban populations
Although leaders in the Iberian Peninsula and the Yongle Emperor both supported exploration, their goals were not the same. Which statement best describes these differences? -Explorers from the Iberian Peninsula were better equipped than Zheng He, which is why Columbus made it to the Americas. -Explorers from the Iberian Peninsula sailed toward Jerusalem to liberate it from Muslim control, whereas Zheng He focused his efforts on the Indian Ocean. -Spanish and Portuguese leaders supported maritime exploration to develop their trade networks and acquire territory, whereas the Yongle Emperor wanted to control regional trade and establish Ming superiority over other lands. -Spanish leaders saw exploration as a way to extend the power of the church and convert others to Christianity, whereas the Yongle Emperor treated exploration as a purely economic venture with no greater goals.
Spanish and Portuguese leaders supported maritime exploration to develop their trade networks and acquire territory, whereas the Yongle Emperor wanted to control regional trade and establish Ming superiority over other lands.
Which statement is supported by the chapter text? -The Black Death pandemic of the 1300s was the result of multiple factors: strong trade connections, high exposure to infected rodents, and weakened human populations. -The Black Death pandemic of the 1300s was especially deadly because most societies lacked the medical knowledge to stop the spread of disease. -The Black Death pandemic of the 1300s can be fully explained by the Mongol conquests of the 1200s. -The Black Death pandemic of the 1300s would have been equally deadly no matter when it developed or where it spread.
The Black Death pandemic of the 1300s was the result of multiple factors: strong trade connections, high exposure to infected rodents, and weakened human populations
Why did the Ming dynasty cease funding maritime exploration after 1433?
The Yongle Emperor died, and later emperors decided that defense against northern threats was a better use of state money than exploration.
The Red Turban Movement in China (1359)
The author of this passage claims that the people of his country championed his cause because he was fighting against foreign oppression.
How were the Ottoman devshirme system and the Ming establishment of village-level hierarchies similar to and different from one another? -They both demonstrated the difficulty of managing a multiethnic empire, but only the devshirme system showed a real respect for diversity and religious difference. -They both unified their empires by reinforcing the dominant religious ideas, but the Ming system also divided the people because it explicitly discriminated against Buddhists and women. -They both amplified the power of their governments by extending imperial influence, but the devshirme system created an isolated, powerful sub-community within the empire. -They both drew uneducated subjects into the government, but the Ming system required participants to study the Confucian classics on their own, while the devshirme system included free training.
They both amplified the power of their governments by extending imperial influence, but the devshirme system created an isolated, powerful sub-community within the empire.
This image depicts the moment in the devshirme system when Ottoman officials collected young Christian boys from their parents. The majority of the boys never saw their parents again. Which statement describes the image? -This image provides a detailed representation of the process, but does not clearly suggest that boys and their families are upset about the coming separation. -This image is criticizing the devshirme system, suggesting that it is inhumane and tearing the Ottoman Empire apart. -The overall composition and the depiction of human figures suggest that this image was created by a European humanist painter. -This image shows deep sympathy for the Christian boys and their families, depicting the boys (in red) as terrified and their parents in emotional turmoil.
This image provides a detailed representation of the process, but does not clearly suggest that boys and their families are upset about the coming separation.
Flagellants in England (1350s), Robert of Avesbury
This passage describes a group of men who whipped themselves and each other, though the passage does not explain exactly why they did this.
Ibn Khaldun wrote, "Cities and buildings were laid waste, roads and way signs were obliterated, settlements and mansions became empty, dynasties and tribes grew weak." He continued, "The entire world changed." Which fact is most fully expressed in his description of the plague? -Flagellants whipped themselves in response to their belief that the black Death was God's punishment for human sins -Rebel leaders from the Red Turban Movement in China told followers that the world was ending -Total populations across Afro-Eurasia were cut by 25 to 65 percent, with cities bearing the worst losses -The plague killed animals as well as people
Total populations across Afro-Eurasia were cut by 25 to 65 percent, with cities bearing the worst losses
True or False Humanism offered an alternative to the church as a basis for political legitimacy in Europe.
True
Did the Hongwu Emperor and the Spanish rulers, Ferdinand and Isabella, use similar tactics in unifying their regions? -Yes, the leaders of both regions first unified their regions through encouraging trade, then solidified their control through military force and territorial expansion. -No, because Ferdinand and Isabella united the Iberian Peninsula under the banner of Christendom, while the Hongwu Emperor used military might in place of a unifying philosophy or religion. -No, because the Hongwu Emperor used violent purges against possible threats, while Ferdinand and Isabella maintained their power exclusively through diplomacy and patronage. -Yes, the leaders of both regions used strategic marriages to solidify control over their territories and to turn potential threats into alliances.
Yes, the leaders of both regions used strategic marriages to solidify control over their territories and to turn potential threats into alliances.
Did Ottoman sultans and Portuguese kings use any similar techniques in extending their political power over distant territories? -No. Portuguese kings extended their power through warfare, while Ottoman sultans primarily extended their influence through strategic marriages. -Yes. Both Ottoman sultans and Portuguese kings gave land grants to nobles inhabiting distant territory, thus securing their loyalty. -No. Ottoman sultans were supported by Islamic institutions, while Portuguese kings were supported by Christian institutions. -Yes. Both the Ottomans and the Portuguese had centralized military forces—the janissaries in the Ottoman Empire and naval forces in Portugal.
Yes. Both Ottoman sultans and Portuguese kings gave land grants to nobles inhabiting distant territory, thus securing their loyalty.
The Kubilai Khan was successful in conquering China, but in what other effort was he clearly unsuccessful? -stemming the flow of Chinese goods into the global market -sending conquered Chinese fleets to conquer Japan -encouraging foreign travelers and merchants to visit his realm -his dealings with the Dowager Empress who dies during the invasion
sending conquered Chinese fleets to conquer Japan
