hist 150 exam 4

Motives of the New Imperialism (New Imperialism)

"Christianity, Commerce, and Civilization" -David Livingstone

collectivization of agriculture (The Russian Revolution and Stalin)

"The collective farm is barshchina, a second serfdom!" Peasants burned crops and destroyed farm equipment; between 1929 and 1933, the number of horses, cattle, sheep, and goats in the Soviet Union dropped by at least 50 percent. In 1945 Stalin confided to Winston Churchill at Yalta that 10 million people had died in the course of collectivization.

George Washington Williams (New Imperialism)

(1849-1891): pamphlet: An Open Letter to His Serene Majesty Leopold II, King of the Belgians, and Sovereign of the Independent State of Congo, July 1890

armaments race (world war one)

(1880-1914): Military expenditure by the Great Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France) increased from around 132 million pounds (British) to 397 million pounds.

von Schlieffen plan (world war one)

(1905): how germany could fight a 2 front war *On August 3, Germany declared war on France; on August 4, Britain declared war on Germany; on August 6, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia; on August 12, France and Britain declared war on Austria-Hungary.

H.M.S Dreadnought (world war one)

(1906): William II, Germany, new ship design British came up with, much faster than most battleship, much more heavily armed (heavy caliber guns)

November Revolution (The Russian Revolutions and Stalin)

(1917): An Armed Seizure of Power -On November 6-7 the Bolshevik seizure of power took place:— Leon Trotsky and the Red Guards and the final "assault" on the Winter Palace.

Treaty of Versailles and reparations (Hitler and the Road to War)

(1919), Germany (1) lost its colonies; (2) was required to surrender Alsace and Lorraine to France and parts of Prussia to the new state of Poland; (3) ceded the coal mines of the Saar Basin to France for 15 years; (4) agreed to Allied occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years or longer and to the demilitarization of the right bank of the Rhine; (5) was forbidden to possess an air force, and its army was limited to 100,000 men; (6) accepted the "war guilt" clause, Article 231, in which the entire responsibility for the war was attributed to the aggression of Germany and its allies.

Paris Peace Conference (Hitler and the Road to War)

(1919): Woodrow Wilson (the United States); David Lloyd George (Great Britain); Georges Clemenceau (France) -meeting of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers

Gulag (The Russian Revolutions and Stalin)

(Glavnoe upravlenie lagerei) "Main Administration of Camps" ??

kulaks (The Russian Revolutions and Stalin)

(Russian, "tight-fisted ones") originally referred to relatively prosperous peasant farmers; they represented perhaps 3 to 5 percent of all peasants.

"I believe, as it is written in the Bible, that it is my duty to increase [the German heritage] for which one day I shall be called upon to give an account to God. Whoever tries to interfere with my task I shall crush."

(William II, of Germany; ruled 1888-1918)

military defeat and food rationing (The Russian Revolutions and Stalin)

-Between April 1914 and April 1917, the prices for a pound of meat and a sack of potatoes increased by 700 percent. -By 1917 Russian military losses came to at least 1.6 million killed and 3.7 million wounded.

Imperialism in China

-forced favorable trade agreements at gunpoint, set up treaty ports where Europeans lived and worked under their own jurisdiction, and established outposts of European missionary activity -diplomatic conflict with Britian, intensified with opium trade -opium trade: crucial for East-West trade (East Indiana Company) sale used to buy chinese goods for european market *chinese gov banned opium imports, prohibited domestic production, criminalized smoking (Opium War) -britian eventually got rights and others too -boxer rebellion: attacked foreign engineers, tore up railway lines, marched to beijing (anti-imperalist movement) -conflict and expansion

The Origins of the Great Depression and the New Deal

-instability of national currencies and interdependence of national economics -sluggish growth rate -agriculture prices dropped, unable to make profit -drop in industrial productivity -restrictions on free trade -prices on the New York Stock Exchange collapsed -high number of trades -value of stocks dropped, banks closed -major unemployment NEW DEAL: program of reform and reconstruction to rescue country without destroying capitalist system (Franklin Roosevelt) *gov manage economy, sponsor relief programs, fund public-works projects to increase mass purchasing power *Keynas: high-risk high reward investment, monetary control to promote prosperity and full employment

Hitler and the National Socialists

-support after economic crisis caused by Great Depression in 1929 -aggressive nationalism and violent targeting of internal and external enemies -German Workers party=National Socialist Workers party -communists and Jews weakened Germany -suspended civil rights -unlimited power -murdered Germans

Women in the War

-women recruited into fields that had previously excluded them -In Germany, one-third of the labor force in heavy industry was female by the end of the war -In France, 684,000 women worked in the munitions industry alone -England (munitionettes): millions -entered clerical and service sectors -became mayors, school principles, mail carriers, army nurses, ambulance drives -tried to stop after war, didnt work (woman suffrage: all by 1945)

Five-year plans (The Russian Revolutions and Stalin)

1928-33; 1933-37) developed heavy industries (railroads, power plants, steel mills) as a way of making the Soviet Union a major industrial power.

"I was carried away by the enthusiasm of the moment, and I sank down upon my knees and thanked Heaven out of the fullness of my heart for the favor of having been permitted to live in such a time."

Adolf Hitler

Hitler's foreign-policy goals (hitler and the road to war)

After his consolidation of political power, Hitler turned to foreign policy; he sought:— to create a greater Germany; to begin the search for Lebensraum, "living space"; and to overturn the Treaty of Versailles.

The Great Terror (The Russian Revolutions and Stalin)

Around 1,966 delegates attended the 17th Party Congress (1934); over the next few years 1,108 would be shot. At least 7 million were arrested as enemies of the people; at least 1 million were executed. "An Enemy of the People is not only one who does sabotage but one who doubts the rightness of the Party line. And there are a lot of them and we must liquidate them." (Joseph Stalin)

rinderpest (New Imperialism)

Between 1889 and early 1900s, rinderpest ("cattle plague") killed 95% of the cattle in tropical Africa.

central powers vs allied powers (world war one)

Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire) versus Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia; later Italy and United States)

appeasement (Hitler and the Road to War)

During the 1930s, Britain and France typically followed a policy of appeasement in the face of Hitler's aggressive foreign-policy moves; some of the motives behind appeasement:— war weariness, guilt, and anti-communism.

Russian Civil war (The Russian Revolutions and Stalin)

During the Russian Civil War, Britain, France, and the United States sent troops to key areas in the northern and southern parts of European Russia; Britain, the United States, and Japan also sent troops to Siberia. *Around 1.2 million combatants died during the civil war; the 1921-22 famine claimed another 5 million victims.

Cheka (The Russian Revolutions and Stalin)

Extraordinary Commission to Combat Counterrevolution and Sabotage -sword and shield of the party (round up and deal wtih counterrevolution, arrest/execute)

total war and the lost generation (world war one)

For World War One, total battlefield losses are estimated to be at least 10 million killed and 21 million wounded; estimates of war-related civilian deaths run to about 6.5 million.

"In some respects [rinderpest] has favored our enterprise. Powerful and warlike as the pastoral tribes are, their pride has been humbled and our progress facilitated by this awful visitation."

Frederick Lugard, a British official, on his journeys through Kenya and Uganda in the early 1890s

On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war on Germany. "Our general situation requires that we should strike at the earliest moment, if possible at the end of February or beginning of March, before the Americans can throw strong forces into the scale."

General Erich Ludendorff, November 1917 (end of great war)

Atrocities in the Congo

George Washington Williams "An Open Letter to His Serene Majesty Leopold II" -rising of the Star of Hope for the Dark Continent -arrived with complaints that their land had been taken from them by force, gov cruel and arbitrary, no love or respect gov and flag -suquestered land, burned towns, stolen property, enslaved women and children, crimes -promises not held by Belgian monarch for why european expansion into congo

"The old distinction maintained in civilized warfare between the civilian and combatant population disappeared. Everyone who grew food, or who sewed a garment every railway station and every warehouse was held to be fair game for destruction."

H.G. Wells, A Short History of the World, 1922

Battle of Omdurman (New Imperialism)

In 1898, a British army, supported by six steamships, engaged a much larger African army at the Battle of Omdurman; estimated casualties (killed in action) were eleven thousand African and forty British soldiers.

V.I Lenin and the Bolsheviks (The Russian Revolutions and Stalin)

In 1903 the leadership of the Russian Social Democratic Party split over the question of revolutionary strategy. One group, led by Lenin, adopted the name Bolsheviks ("majority men"); their opponents became the Mensheviks ("minority men"). ??

Lenin's "Last Testament" (The Russian Revolutions and Stalin)

In 1927 the Central Committee of the party voted to expel Trotsky and Zinoviev and refused to publish Lenin's "Last Testament."

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (Hitler and the Road to War)

In August 1939 the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact was signed. On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland; Britain and France declared war.

"Colonial policy is the child of the Industrial Revolution. For wealthy countries where capital abounds and accumulates fast, where industry is expanding steadily, where even agriculture must become mechanized in order to survive, exports are essential for public prosperity. The European consumer-goods market is saturated. New consumer markets will have to be created in other parts of the world."

Jules Ferry, Appeal to the French to Build the Second Colonial Empire, 1890

"The oppressed masses themselves will form a government. The old state apparatus will be destroyed root and branch. NOW BEGINS A NEW ERA IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA."

Lenin, on 7 November, to the Petrograd Soviet

Anschluss (Hitler and the Road to War)

March 1938: Anschluss, or union, with Austria, which became a province in Germany.

trench warfare (world war one)

New weapons: heavy artillery ("Big Bertha"), machine guns, gas, airplanes, and tanks

Nicholas II and autocracy (The Russian Revolutions and Stalin)

Nicholas II (1894-1917): person who has power Autocracy: political power in single ruler (absolute monarchy) Duma: parliamentary body

Archduke Francis Ferdinand (World War One)

On 28 June, Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip at Sarajevo.

Provisional Government (The Russian Revolutions and Stalin)

Rival sources of political authority quickly emerged: the Provisional Government (Cadets, or Constitutional Democratic party, from the Duma) versus the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries).

"The Western Front was known by its bitter inhabitants as the Sausage Machine because it was fed with live men, churned out corpses, and remained firmly screwed in place."

Robert Graves, British soldier and war poet

Munich Conference (Hitler and the Road to War)

September 1938: Munich Conference (Sudeten Germans); Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia, was approved by Britain and France.

drought and famine (New Imperialism)

Sub-Saharan Africa (1896-1900): drought, crop failure, famine, and disease (cholera and smallpox)

battle of the somme (world war one)

The Battle of the Somme lasted for around five months (July-November 1916): 400,000 British dead and 200,000 French dead and 500,000 Germans.

Stalin's Industrialization of the Soviet Union

The Conference of Managers of Socialist Industry in 1931 -invoked fears of Soviet backwardness and Russian nationalism while summoning all to take up the task of industrial production -no stop to movement, increase it, interfere in everything

Triple Alliance vs Triple Entente (world war one)

Triple Alliance (1882): Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy: understanding among them Triple Entente (1907): France, Russia, and Britain: agree to work together on international issues, contain ambition

Lenin's View of a Revolutionary Party

What Is to Be Done? -argued that Russian socialists needed to revise the traditional Marxist view, according to which a large and politically conscious working class would make revolution -argued, in Russia, revolution required a small but dedicated group of revolutionaries to lead the working class -shaped tactics and strategies of Bolsheviks in 1917 and beyond

military conscription (world war one)

With the exception of Great Britain, most of the major European countries had adopted conscription. In 1914 the number of naval and army personnel in France and Germany came to about 900,000; the Russian armed forces, with 1.3 million men, was the largest military establishment.

quinine and malaria (New Imperialism)

drug, bark from the cinchona tree (native to bolvia and peru), affective to deal with malaria

March Revolution (The Russian Revolutions and Stalin)

peaceful and spontaneous ??