HIST 362 Terms List

Branch Rickey

"Baseball New Dealer": created the minor league farm system, owner during the reign of the "Gas House Gang," and desegregated MLB with the signing of Jackie Robinson to his Brooklyn Dodgers. One of the 5 most significant figures in 20th Century baseball. He thinks of a baseball team like a farmer thinks of fields--> farm system. Rickey coached Robinson on how to react to prejudice that he was sure to face--> he told Robinson not to fight back; this baseball new dealer was the only one willing to take the chance and invest in black players to make his team better. Landis said each MLB team could only have one minor league team in each minor league. Supply side of baseball reform--> devout Christian man.

Fred Merkle

"Bonehead" Merkle of McGraw's NY Giants. In a pennant race between the Cubs and the Giants in 1908, they were neck in neck for first place, Merkel replaced regular first baseman for Giants. Teams had to play one more game when Merkel called out in last game because he did not run around bases to touch homeplate when the ball went into the stands but ball was retrieved. Thought game was won but people blame Merkle for the Giants losing that game--> He was forever remembered for that mistake and McGraw did not blame him however. The game cost NL president Pulliam his life; did not give the win to the Giants and McGraw hated him--> shot himself in his office in 1909.

Ty Cobb

"Old culture" rural player who played dirty and nasty and calculated to win--> baseball was as much about strategy as it was about skill for Cobb-era players.Cobb was an obvious racist. He hated Babe Ruth, the epitome of modern America and the "new culture" of consumption and personality and image. He represented character/substance, religion, an idealized past, and local culture. He emphasized hard work and saving (Ruth was for frivolous spending). Cobb is considered baseball's most warlike of players and he parallels the old, rural American culture. He was also baseball's "black mark" and was quick to anger and hated blacks. Cobb beat a fan for calling him a half-nig; Ban Johnson banned him indefinitely and his team (Tigers) hated him but they agreed he shouldn't have been called this and went on strike until he was reinstated--> first strike in baseball. His hatred, violence, temper, and racism make him as good as he is. He has more votes than anyone by a long shot to be voted into the first class of the hall of fame.

Joe Jackson

"Shoeless" Joe Jackson was one of the 8 "black sox" to be banned from baseball by Judge Landis after the black sox scandal regarding throwing the World Series. He is the emotional centerpiece of the black sox story. He never had any schooling and never learned to read, but he could hit. Played two innings with no shoes--> points to humble, rural roots. He was a tragic figure, a victim of a stupid decision. Jackson is considered an American folk hero and he would have been inducted into the hall of fame and barely remembered and now he is a part of American culture and remembered more like Ruth and Robinson.

Arnold Rothstein

"The Big Bank"--> F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby: "The guy who fixed the World Series in 1919." Rothstein was king of the NY underground--> heroin/morphine trafficker, fixed events to gamble and he was the money behind the whole operation. He paid $90,000 in bribes but made millions betting on the series.

Suburbanization

"White Flight" of white urban Americans moving from cities, like in NY, to the surrounding suburbs as more blacks were moving into the cities after the Great Migration and there were changing demographics in urban cities as a result of this white urbanization. Baseball attendance begins to decrease and televised baseball also causes attendance to drop. The NYC teams reflect these changing demographics; all-white suburbs. 1951 transition--> urban to suburban and the rise in the blackness of cities.

NAPBBP (or the NA)

(1871-1875) The National Association of PROFESSIONAL Baseball Players (NAPBBP) or NA was created in 1871 after the disbanding of the NABBP, still an association of players and not teams. 9 clubs in the first year--> the Boston (former Cincinnati) Red Stockings dominated. This association was unprofitable and chaotic and there were gambling issues--> crumbled soon after formation.

Round Ball/TownBall

1831--> references of early forms of baseball. town ball was played in Philadelphia and round ball was played in Massachusetts; these were close to our baseball BUT--> The New York version wins out because it is the cultural capital of the U.S. and baseball is spread with the cultural diffusion of New York culture to the rest of the country. Our baseball emerged slowly from a variety of english bat and ball games.

William Hulbert and the National League

1876: The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs (today's National League) was formed by William Hulbert. There is discipline developing in a chaotic marketplace; businessmen are taking control to make money and this is what's happening in baseball--> NL was a creation of business seeking to regulate the baseball system and make money. "The coup of 1876"--> Chicago White Stockings--> Hulbert sees opportunity for baseball boosterism in Chicago following a fire in 1871--> Hulbert sees this as an opportunity but he has to be in total control--> businessmen in control and not the players because players have too much power by moving teams. Raids rosters of other teams with money to bring them to the white stockings. Defined by clubs and teams and NOT the players anymore--> players are now employees of these businessmen. There is not a strict order to baseball--> "moral guardians of baseball": no baseball on Sundays.

Play-o-Graph

1912: mechanical board used to update score, balls, strikes, outs, etc. during a game. Essentially the internet in 1912.

Federal Baseball Club v. National League

1992: the NL tries to bring the FL to court and the FL sues back on the grounds that MLB has been participating in exclusionary conduct--> FL was excluded from receiving any baseball talent and that the reserve clause was illegal. The FL argued that competition was good and that on the basis of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, MLB was an illegal monopoly that should be broken up. MLB claimed this only applied to interstate commerce and MLB was not this, it was a form of entertainment. Judge was a huge baseball fan--> Kenesaw Mountain Landis: he didn't want to mess with baseball so he stalled so he didn't have to make a decision--> it worked: the FL collapsed when MLB owners bought out owners of FL teams. AND: the supreme court --> Chief Justice William Howard Taft-- loved baseball and did not want to mess with it. Supreme Court considered baseball to be special and an anti-trust law EXEMPTION

American Association

American Association of Baseball Clubs (AA) Challenged the NL (1882-1891). This was a league created and promoted as an equal of the NL and they played by the same rules. Its main financial backers were saloon-keepers, beer brewers and whiskey distillers--> they attracted working class people to games because they were cheaper, played on Sunday, and sold alcohol (unlike NL)--> AA markets themselves to the white ethnic working class and the NL calls it the "beer and whiskey league" and there was a bidding war between leagues of the best players.

Babe Ruth

Babe Ruth was the first Modern American Player and made the game of baseball more offensive--> he choked down on the bat and ended up with a record 714 home runs--> He represents modern American culture that focuses on image, personality, and consumption. People idolized Ruth--> he rose from humble origins living in a boys home to being a baseball celebrity. Ruth transforms the game and people try to emulate what he does. Drinking, smoking, buying cars--> plays into 1920s consumption after the invention of the credit card. Ruth was truly the first celebrity of the 20th century.

Christy Walsh

Babe Ruth's agent--> also the first agent in baseball history. He sold Ruth to baseball fans--> Ruth becomes a product to consume himself in the 1920s. Walsh wrote articles under Ruth's name after hitting (he was his ghost writer) and he was the one who first capitalized on portraying Ruth as an "orphan" and he promised sick children that he would hit home runs. He got Ruth contracts to cell tobacco, cola, cars, candy bars, cereal, etc. and Ruth played a huge role in advertising.

"The Shot Heard Around the World"

Baseball at mid-century; Bobby Thomson's home run at the Polo Grounds on October 3, 1951. The Dodgers has fired manager, Leo Durocher and the Giants hired him. The Giants came back from a losing streak and they were playing the Dodgers in a play off tie breaker for the pennant. The Dodgers were winning 4-2 at the bottom of the 9th and Thompson drove in a 3-run homer and the Giants won the pennant--> one of the most dramatic moments in sports history. "Baseball's grand exclamation point."

Baseball Fraternity

Baseball fulfilled a physical need for these white collar economic status young players like Cartwright and the Knickerbockers. Lonely young men were moving into New York in pursuit of jobs and these baseball clubs were created to give these lonely men a chance to socialize. These were more of social organizations than baseball clubs. One had to be nominated to join and had to pay dues. They hosted balls and other social occasions.

Moses Fleetwood Walker

Black player who played for the Toledo Blue Stockings in the AA (beer and whiskey league) in 1884; there were looser rules in this league. Walker was educated at Oberlin College and went to Michigan for law. Pitchers hated that Moses was a catcher but they knew he was the best catcher. They never listened to his signs for pitches and he was released from the team in the end of the 1884 season. Not another black player for 63 years until 1947. 1887--> Moses was on a minor league team, Newark Giants and played an exhibition game against the White Stockings and Cap Anson would not have the team play if blacks played on the opposing team. Walker became and advocate for the "Back to Africa" Movement

Wendell Smith

Black sports writer for the "Pittsburgh Courier" who used his publication to argue that segregation is wrong a full decade before Robinson played. He highlighted the talents of Negro Leaguers and put pressure on owners to give them tryouts. Smith championed the efforts of Robinson as well.

Bloomer Girl Teams

Bloomers were pants for athletically inclined women so they did not have to wear skirts or dresses. There were also men on these bloomer girl teams; sometimes this was obvious and sometimes they were disguised. (Toppers were men disguised to play some of the important positions on these teams). IN the start of the 20th century, Bloomer teams were very popular--> Smoky Joe Wood and Roger Hornsby got their start playing as toppers on Bloomer Girl teams--> they were paid and touring around and cross dressing was accepted. There was fluidity of gender roles at this time.

Ted Williams

Boston Red Sox and a military veteran; he was an amazing batter but missed 3 seasons because of the war. He was the 1947 triple crown winner--> fans and Ted were at a standoff and the booed him. He hated sports writers. He was a war hero who had a crash landing during the Korean war. His last at bat, hit a home run; story book ending.

"Gas House Gang"

Branch Rickey's 1934 Cardinals were called "The Gas House Gang," a bunch of underpaid goofballs and they were a fun team that symbolized resiliency of America and the joy that Americans could find even among the hardships they were facing during the hard economic times of the Great Depression. Symbol of how to make do with less. Dizzy Dean--> master of publicity and a pitcher and one of the most famous of the gas house cardinals.

Brooklyn Excelsiors

By 1861 there were over 200 baseball clubs in the NY region. Baseball both united and divided different groups of Americans. The Excelsiors were native-born, protestant Americans--> clerks, merchants, etc. middle class. Tensions between native-born protestants Americans and immigrant catholics at this time. Idea of nativism--> wanted to exclude Irish-Catholic immigrants fleeing the potato famine in Ireland. Natives feared they were taking their jobs.

Creation of the Baseball Hall of Fame

Cooperstown, NY: The Baseball Hall of Fame opened in 1939 and opened in Cooperstown because of the Doubleday myth and its lasting influence regarding the creation of baseball. Baseball leaders were desperate to increase attendance at games in the wake of the Great Depression and the impending time of the New Deal legislation that FDR was getting ready to pass. Wanted to get people involved again--> thinking and talking about baseball--> Ty Cobb gets most votes for inaugural class. Birthplace of their sport--> religious terms: pilgrimage to the origin of their religion.

Byron "Ban" Johnson

Creates the American League of Professional Baseball Clubs (today's American League) in 1900 and claims it to be a major league--> moves franchise into DC, the Baltimore, Boston, and Philadelphia and raids the NL rosters. Johnson was wealthy backers and pays $500 more in AL and players jump ship from the NL and go to the AL. Johnson is pretty much the new Spalding after the institution of the National agreement in 1903.

Larry McPhail

Demand side of baseball innovation. He was not a baseball guy (Rickey was) and he was a business man interested in making money. He practices law, sold cars, refereed college football. He buys a minor league team that is eventually bought by the cardinals. Many experiments to spark an increase in the demand to attend baseball games--> raffles, beauty pageants, etc. increased attendance and at the time his was the only profitable team in the league. He also pushed night baseball and hosted the first MLB night game (which was fashioned from the Negro Leagues and the Kansas City Monarchs) fans loved night baseball. McPhail was one of the loudest in opposition to black players. McPhail installs lights for the night games for the Dodgers.

Armed Forces Radio

During the Korean War--> the soldiers were able to hear Bobby Thompson's shot heard around the world through this radio. There was a global radio movement--> television and radio caused a problem for baseball attendance. Radio let soldiers in on the baseball action. Transitioning radio to television in the 1951 season.

Executive Order 9066

Executive Order 9066 was a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones, clearing the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans to internment camps.

Effa Manley

Effa Manly championed blacks' rights and and identified as black-- no one was exactly sure if she was white or black. Ran the black team, the Newark Eagles and gave money to the NAACP and illuminated the issue of black lynchings at this time. She wanted a federal anti-lynching law. She protested black players simply being taken from the NNL to play for MLB, she said they deserved to be bought as well and to share some of the money they were purchased for. Manly was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006--> symbol of the links between black baseball and black communities.

Chicago "Black Sox"

Eight players of the 1919 World Series took money from gamblers (most likely Arnold Rothstein or "The Big Bank") to throw the 1919 World Series so that the gamblers won their bets on the game. The players were found not guilty but later Landis--> first commissioner of MLB does not let them off the hook and bans them all from baseball permanently. Legacy of the Black Sox--> romantic story and made Shoeless Joe Jackson an American Folk Hero.

Abner Doubleday

Fabled inventor of baseball in Cooperstown, NY in 1839. The tale goes that Doubleday was an academy student who one day sat under a shady tree and wrote down the rules of "base ball". Problem" Doubleday was not in Cooperstown but was at West Point during the summer of 1839. Plays into the idea of baseball myth-- Baseball had to be American. Doubleday never claimed to invent baseball in his 2-volume auto-biography; no evidence he even ever saw a game.

Alta Weiss

Female baseball player; her father wanted a son but got a daughter so he turned her into a great pitcher. At 17 years old she signed a contract to pitch for the Vermillion Independents--> an outlaw minor league team. She was extremely good and 1200 came to see her pitch in a 1907 game--> side-show feel and people loved her as a side-show. Her father bought the team and she was an all-star for 15 years. She was the first woman to graduate from Ohio State's Medical School.

Votes for Women Baseball Committee

Female fans became women's voting rights activists--> this committee held a "Suffrage Day" at the Polo Grounds in 1915 where they turned the ballpark into a political space with yellow, the color of the Suffrage Movement, colors all over the Ballpark. They handed out flyers to every fan: "Fans, fair play" and there was a massive suffrage rally held after the game. This was brilliant, to use the ballpark for a political cause. They associated baseball with a democratic space. There was a positive association between baseball and the suffrage movement. Baseball was seen as a sport of the masses and the working people in the U.S--> positively associated with equal voting rights and democracy (opposite of Europe).

New York Knickerbockers

First baseball fraternity and the first organized group of ball players that we have record of in America. This fraternity was created by Alexander Cartwright n 1842. Baseball fraternities were created on the basis that these white collar young workers were looking for exercise after a sedentary work day; played in empty lots and parade grounds in NYC. Cartwright and the Knickerbockers were consolidators of baseball in that their rules and regulations were written down. They regulated the baseball field and made it equidistant. The also developed the concept of innings and runs, taking this concept from cricket. Idea behind the Knickerbockers: the game of baseball is being made into an urban American game; tinkered with to fit with the urban man's experience.

Mills Commission

Formed by Albert Spalding in 1905 and was tasked with finding the origins of baseball. The commission was run by Abraham Mill. Spalding was biased towards finding a story that supported baseball having American origins. Old men were asked about baseball's origins--> letters written to Spalding that were extremely biased; proved a preconceived hypothesis.One letter cam back from Abner Graves that said that Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown in 1839. Emancipated baseball from its English heritage. Commission published findings in 1908, end of story. Spalding went up against Henry Chadwick who claimed baseball came from the English game of rounders.

Bud Fowler

Fowler was the first black professional baseball player that we know of. He played in Binghampton, NY in 1887 for the international League; he faced tremendous physical and verbal abuse--> second base was not safe for blacks because whites would try to spike them. Whites were threatening not to re-sign and boycott baseball--> no black players starting in 1888.

Lester Rodney

Godfather of progressive white sports; he was a writer for the "Daily Worker" and called for equality in sports. He was part of the Communist Party of the U.S. (CPUSA). This organization was working tirelessly for racial equality but was not listened to by Americans.

Connie Mack

Great baseball businessman in the Progressive Era of 1900 to 1920. Born Cornelius McGilicuddy, he worked in a factory than worked his way up--> social mobility and living the American Dream. He was the manager of the Philadelphia Athletics from 1901-1950. He amassed great personal wealth because he treated baseball as a business and not a game. Mack used baseball to escape factories and coal mines.

Hank Greenberg

Greenberg was the first Jewish superstar in American team sports.[3] He attracted national attention in 1934 when he refused to play on Yom Kippur, the holiest holiday in Judaism, even though he was not particularly observant religiously and the Tigers were in the middle of a pennant race. In 1947, Greenberg signed a contract with a $30,000 raise to a record $85,000[2] before being sold to the Pittsburgh Pirates where he played his final MLB season that year. He was one of the few opposing players to publicly welcome Jackie Robinson that year to the major leagues.[4]

"New Ways of Knowing"

Involves people receiving information from television and maybe not having to necessarily travel to a baseball stadium and pay for a ticket to see a game--> what will become of baseball because of these new ways of knowing?

Alexander Cartwright

He organized and created the New York Knickerbockers in 1842. He was a shipping clerk and organized the white collar clerks and lawyers and such into a club (fraternity) to cope with urbanization. A specific type of economic class was playing these games. Considered the Johnny Appleseed of baseball and the consolidator. Went out west in 1849 to follow the CA gold rush--> sowed the seeds of baseball and introduced the NY game of baseball on his way out west. Went to Hawaii in the 1950s and founded the first baseball club in Hawaii along with a bank, a trading company, and a hospital.

Christy Mathewson

He was a pitcher for the Giants under McGraw and was the complete opposite of him. He was a fantastic pitcher with a fadeaway ball (screw ball). He represents the college man who played baseball and football at Becknell and was also class president and had a spotless record--> "Mr. Clean" and a "Christian Gentleman. He was what people promoted as the face of baseball.

Buck O'Neil

He was the manager of the Kansas City Monarchs and a scout for the Chicago Cubs during his time; he was also the first black MLB coach when he became coach for the Cubs in 1962 --> he is the voice of the Negro Leagues in Ken Burns' documentary. O'Neil is not in the Hall of Fame and he was a little too old to ever play in the majors but he played in the Negro Leagues; he was excluded from all walks of American life.

Mickey Mantle

He was the player that sparked the baseball Memorabilia industry formation around the 1970s. He was baseball's "white hero" in a baseball world where black players were dominating the game; NY Yankees. "The commerce comet" born during the dust bowl and came from hard times and country roots and white American embraced this. When people say Mickey Mantle they say baseball. Mickey Mantle Day in 1965.

"Soaking" or Plugging"

Hitting people with the ball that would count as an out; is illegal now.

Cooperstown, NY

Home of the Baseball Hall of Fame-- this location was chosen because this is where the myth of Abner Doubleday and the invention of baseball originated. Doubleday myth of Cooperstown gives baseball rural origins.

A. B. "Happy" Chandler

In 1944, Landis passes away and A. B. "Happy" Chandler takes his place as MLB commissioner. THe owners wanted a man who would not stand up to them every step of the way as the new commissioner. Chandler was open to blacks playing baseball because he was influenced by WWII and the effects of the Double V Campaign and the change in American thinking about racism. The commissioner's door is now open; sets the stage for Robinson to enter MLB. Chandler did not comment on Robinson in baseball.

Baseball Brotherhood

John Montgomery Ward created the Baseball Brotherhood in 1886 that created "The Brotherhood Manifesto" in 1889. The Brotherhood stated in this manifesto that the players felt that they were being treated like slaves and commodities when they were human beings with skills--> there was an unamerican capitalist free market dynamic taking place.

Kenesaw Mountain Landis

Landis was named the MLB Commissioner because the owners despise Ban Johnson and want to develop a position to have someone who is on the side of the owners and will advocate on their behalf. Landis brings discipline and authority to the game. He rules the 8 black sox guilty when he becomes commissioner in 1921. "8 Men Out"--> he bans them from baseball permanently. Also was racist and wanted to keep baseball segregated.

Ives-Quinn Law

Law passed in 1945 by NY mayor Fiorello La Guardia that promoted ethnic and racial desegregation in NY--> has to do with medical school and limiting Jewish doctors mostly. Out of this law came a committee to end Jim Crow in Baseball that said it was illegal to deny blacks baseball tryouts in NY now--> the mayor publicly condemned MLB and the NY teams: Dodgers, Giants, Yankees.

Adrian "Cap" Anson

Member of the Chicago White Stockings--> considered the greatest player of the 19th century: 334 career batting average with 3,435 hits. He was a manager and his players hated him; he was also a racist and hated blacks.

Mike "King" Kelly

Member of the Chicago White Stockings; was a big swinger and a catcher/outfielder. He was the basis for casey at the bat--> an epic american poem that tells the story of the Mudville Nine--> casey fails (much of baseball is about failure). Kelly was a popular player but he cheated and won at all costs. He was a big drinker and a partier and the Irish-Catholic people loved him. Spalding sells the wild Kelly to the Boston Beaneaters--> Spalding saw Kelly as a problem player so he sold him.

John Montgomery Ward

Most historically significant--> NY giants and he won 100 games as a batter and had 2,000 hits as a batter. He was a lawyer and spoke 5 languages. Baseball Brotherhood and created the Players' League in the wake of the establishment of the Reserve Clause.

Great Migration

Movement of blacks from south to northern cities to escape Jim Crow laws (1910-1940): 4 million move and they take a lot of auto factory jobs in Detroit. Northern, urban blacks make Negro League possible--> players and fans have moved to the north.

Satchel Paige

One of the best Negro League Players (along with Josh Gibson) and he was the most beloved and celebrated Negro League Player--> similar to Babe Ruth, learned baseball in reform school and he was the Negro League's biggest draw. He pitched for all the Negro League teams--> he would be brought in to pitch when a team was in trouble. He played with Jackie Robinson on the Kansas City Monarchs. Robinson follows int he footsteps of Paige and then Paige follows Robinson to the majors and plays for the Indians in 1948; drew more than 200,000 people for games.

Josh Gibson

One of the best Negro League Players (along with Satchel Paige)--> he was a catcher and he was the Negro Leagues' biggest power hitter and he was the biggest draw after Paige-- he was a product of the Great Migration and started with the Homestead Grays and when to the Crawfords; Gibson is the black Babe Ruth--> power hitter Gibson did not play in MLB but if records were kept in NNL his would rival Ruth's. he was denied the chance to play in MLB and was a bitter-drugged addicted man who dies in 1947 of a brain tumor (35 years old)

James Creighton

One of the first baseball stars once baseball begins to get serious and surpasses cricket--> faster paced and exciting. Creighton was the top pitcher of the era--> he used a "speed ball" and was on the Brooklyn Excelsiors; he was considered too fast for some; putting a spin on the ball (curve ball?). Creighton was paid, against the rules, the play--> he is considered the first professional player.

Charles Comiskey

Owner of the 1919 Chicago White Sox (Black Sox) and was known as the stingiest owner--> did he drive the 8 players to accept money to throw the 1919 World Series against the Reds? Comiskey took full advantage of the Reserve Clause and "nickel and dimed" his players--> he even charged his players to wash their uniforms so they just never did.

Walter O'Malley

Owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers; wants a new stadium--> why did the Dodgers leave Brooklyn to go to LA? Brooklyn fans feel a betrayal by O'Malley. Ebetts Field was aging--> but it was the site of the great baseball experiment. O'Malley wants to stay in Brooklyn but he also sees the success of the Braves in Milwaukee. wanted a domed stadium where the Long Island railroad ends--> suburbs of Long Island. He wants a stadium in the heart of Brooklyn but Robert Moses, NY urban planner turns him down. O'Malley declares the Dodgers can now go anywhere and get an offer from LA by a city councilwoman who wants to make a mark in LA and the deal happened quickly. Brooklyn Dodgers fans still feel the betrayal to this day. O'Malley wanted the Giants rivalry so he convinces them to move to San Francisco.

Fred Snodgrass in 1912

Player on the 1912 NY Giants when they played the Boston Red Sox in the 1912 World Series when the NY/Boston rivalry was born; this was a highly popular World Series (use of the play-o-graph). In game 8 at the top of the 10th inning with the Giants up 2-1, Snodgrass fails to catch a fly ball and the Red Sox score twice to win the World Series. Snodgrass has a good career with the Giants and became a successful banker; HOWEVER, when he died the headline read: "Snodgrass dies-Muffed Fly Ball in 1912." His failure made him memorable.

"Producerism"

Players disagreed with the concept of the reserve clause--> parallel with the American labor movement of the time. They believed they were skilled craftsmen with a talent and the concept of producerism stated that workers deserved the fruits of their labor because their labor created value. THey deserved the profits from their labor on the field and not the owners--> similar to sentiments of steelworks, coal minors, etc. of the time.

"Revolving"

Players would switch teams "jump ship" half way through the season if another team offered them more money; no regulation of the teams--> part of the reason the reserve clause was established.

Cincinnati Red Stockings

Shift of baseball to new cities in the west--> desire among growing western cities to boost their images to rival cities like NY and Philadelphia. The Red Stockings had to take playing very seriously; it was not a leisurely game anymore for them. Made up of the best players from the east coast, paid for by Harry Wright. They are the first team to announce they are a professional team. Rise of professionalism and the success of the Red Stockings, they were virtually unstoppable, led to the disbanding of the amateur-only NABBP.

Red Barber

Red Barber was hired by Powel Crosley, who bought the Reds to talk about on Radio show--> When McPhail moves to the Dodgers and takes Barber with him; Barber end sup narrating Jackie Robinson's career on the radio.

Joe DeMaggio

Representative of a more honest era in baseball and American history when people reflected on the good old days; baseball nostalgia and the idea of a better past in the turmoil of the 1960s and 1970s. A more dignified America--> he had a hard work ethic that was preserved through pain.

Jackie Mitchell

She was a great female pitcher who threw a drop ball--> she pitched for the Chattanooga Lookouts against the Yankees when they came to town after Spring Training and she struck out Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig. Rethinking assumptions about female players--> reaction: people do not want to believe this is real. Ruth was furious and did not think women could be ballplayers.

"Cranks"

Social tensions between the native-borns and the Irish-Catholic immigrants seeped onto the baseball field. Fans became restless in a game between the excelsiors and the Brooklyn Atlantics (the team of Irish-Catholic immigrants) and a riot broke out; these teams NEVER played each other again after the 1860 championship best of 3. The fans were called cranks because they were easily agitated and cranky.

Albert Spalding

Spalding a pitcher who was recruited by Wright and the Boston Red Stockings when Wright moved the team to Boston. He was a player, turned player-manager, turned owner, turned leader of the NL. He is considered baseball's Renaissance Man. He leads the White Stockings to first NL pennant in 1876 and bought the team from Hulbert. He cornered the market on baseball supplies--> Spalding Sporting Goods. Spalding takes over the NL in 1882--> created the Doubleday myth and is considered a 19th century captain of industry like Carnegie and Rockefeller. He was also instrumental in establishing the Reserve Clause.

National Agreement (1903)

Spalding admits that the AL is better than the NL and Johnson and Spalding come to this agreeement in 1903. There are now two acknowledged major leagues that a separate but equal and the reserve clause is honored in both leagues. There is also a 3-man committee created called the National Commission with reps from both leagues. The territory of minor league teams will now be respected as well.

Hugh Fullerton

Sports Writer who accuses the 1919 World Series of being fixed and claims that baseball is controlled by gamblers. The throwing of the series was poorly planned and Comiskey was suspicious--> however, Red Sox trade Babe Ruth to Yankees around the same time so Fullerton's story is lost in the hype. Invented the "Say it Ain't So, Joe" story about the little boy asking Joe Jackson about the scandal as he left the courthouse.

Andrew "Rube" Foster

Star pitcher and manager for the all-black independent team called the Leland Giants (Chicago). John McGraw secretly hired him to teach Giants' pitchers but Foster could not play in the MLB because he is black. he establishes the first Negro National League (NNL) in 1920--> moderately successful financially; better than minor league attendance. Only possible because of effects of the Great Migration.

Henry Chadwick

Statistics inventor--> revolutionized baseball in that he brought statistics to the game; he emigrated from England to NY and he loved cricket then fell in love with baseball--> referred to by some as the father of baseball. He served on the rules committee for the NABB. He is significant because he came up with the idea of using numbers and statistics to evaluate players; we still use his stats today. The 19th century was an era of statistical explosion in America--> market-driven capitalist economy driven by numbers. Chadwick wanted to made the game more standardized to make the game a national game. He established the baseball box score that would show up in the newspaper the next day with the whole game laid out in front of you; still used today. Strikeout called a K; keeping score at a game.

Pittsburgh Crawfords

Team that Gibson played for when he hit a ball out of Forbes Field and it disappeared and was not found until the next day

Lou Gehrig

Teammate of Babe Ruth--> ended up with ALS but not before he attempted to chase after Ruth's HR record and fashioned his swing after Ruth's--> closest to the real thing in a long string of "wannabe" Ruth's who began to fashion their swing to favor the offensive.

John McGraw

The 1908 NY Giants were led by aggressive, hot-tempered manager McGraw and played in the Polo grounds when he was signed to manage the team in this year. He is considered the "truest American" and was a self-made man living the American Dream; he was the oldest of 8 Irish immigrants and was an old professional who played "small ball"--> scratched and clawed for everything and this was how he played and coached the game. He was a dirty player and managed dirty was well. He was a fiery manager but loyal to his players and always stood up for them and his players loved him for that. There was no Worlds Series in 1904 because he hated the AL and refused to play.

"The Greatest Generation"

The 1940s and the 1950s is pointed to as "The Greatest Generation" in baseball history (Tom Brokaw-- 30s, 40s, and 50s,) because we defeated Nazi Germany, went through the Great Depression, and defeated communism--> nostalgia and longing for the past in an idealized form when the 1960s and 1970s were a era of upheaval and turmoil with race uprisings, the feminist movement, war protests, etc.

Cincinnati Redlegs

The 1950s was seen as uncomplicated but--> there was a communism scare with the Cincinnati Redlegs; they deflected accusations of communist sympathies.

Negro National League

The idea the Foster had in creating this league was that he was preparing black players for integration into MLB; their time would come soon. Supported the black money for black business idea. The golden era of the NNL was 1993- 1947--> NNL was more important at this time to blacks than MLB was to whites.

Casey Stengel

The Dodgers promoted Stengel to the major leagues after the Southern Association season concluded, and he made his MLB debut on September 17, 1912, as their starting center fielder.[1] Stengel played for the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1912 through 1917. Stengel routinely held out from the team before each season in contract disputes. Tired of these disputes, Dodgers' owner Charles Ebbets traded Stengel and George Cutshaw to the Pittsburgh Pirates for Burleigh Grimes, Al Mamaux, and Chuck Ward before the 1918 season.[1]n 1919, Stengel of the Pittsburgh Pirates was being taunted mercilessly by fans of the Brooklyn Dodgers, his old team. Somehow Casey got hold of a sparrow and used it to turn the crowd in his favor. With the bird tucked gently beneath his cap, Casey strutted to the plate amidst a chorus of boos and catcalls. He turned to the crowd, tipped his hat and out flew the sparrow. The jeers turned to cheers, and Stengel became an instant favorite. former player, former manager. Known for colorful language called "Stengelese." once he had talent he began dominating the game and came up with the idea of platooning, putting lefty pitchers vs. lefty hitters, and removing pitchers at their first sign of trouble.

Harry Wright

The Father of professional baseball--> he built the Cincinnati baseball club in 1866 to give the city recognition. He was a member of the Knickerbockers who moved west to Cincinnati. Wright transformed the way a team was run: wore clothes to enhance athleticism and wore baseball caps--> shorter pants with tight socks (red stockings). He was the first manager in baseball. He pays for talent--> steals the best players from the east coast

Federal League

The creation of the Federal League was the last serious challenge to the AL and the NL. The league was formed after Ban Johnson banned players from attending the funeral of beloved player, Addie Joss when he was killed by meningitis in 1991, and the players made Johnson back down, There was an Addie Joss Benefit game in July of 1911 and Johnson disapproved--> players ignored him and the money went to Joss's widow. Players were worried about their futures and created a union, The Players Fraternity, in 1912 because they felt powerless. Businessmen see opportunity and create the Federal League in 1914 to draw players like Walter Johnson who were passionate about labor issues. Said that the FL would be a major league and would have no reserve clause. Johnson threatened to blacklist anyone who joined the FL. Existing owners raise salaries for players to keep them out of the FL.

National Association of Baseball Players (NAABP)

The creation of the NABBP marked the institutionalizing of baseball when 14 clubs all from Brooklyn and Manhattan came together at formation--> use of the word players signified that the player and not the team was the defining unit. 1858-1874--> no player is paid; all amateurs. NABBP changed the structure and the field--> 9 innings, set bases 90ft. apart and insisted on an umpire with more power. No black players--> becoming organized and exclusive and there is stability in joining this league with rules and umpires "part of something"

"Enclosure Movement"

The enclosure movement occurred following the Civil War. This movement involved fencing the fields so that people could not watch games without paying--> they had to pay fees to be allowed in the fences to watch games. Chadwick said: "baseball changed forever," because it began to rely on spectator fees. Winning becomes the only goal because if you are good more people will come to watch the team and pay and you will make more money.

"Convenience of Ignorance"

The reality of racism was not thought about by white Americans and many of them were not violent racists, but they were ignorant about the abilities of black Americans. They liked things "just the way it was" and had a natural ignorant bliss about racism so they did not see a problem with it; all they knew was racism so they didn't know any better. Robinson and the genocide of WWII smashed the convenience of ignorance.

"Baseball Boosterism"

The use of baseball to boost the recognition and namesake of a city in the 1860s when cities in the west were growing and wanted to gain the recognition to compete with eastern cities like NY and Philadelphia. This starts in Cincinnati--"Queen City of the West" "Porkapolis"

"Double V" Campaign

This campaign had a transformative effect on the civil rights movement--> the black civil rights leaders called for victory over Fascists abroad and racism at home and said that whites should reconsider ideas about racial superiority at home because it resembled what was happening abroad with the oppression and Jewish Genocide. Americans could not see what racial ideologies could ned up doing--> how could you not now question racism in the U.S.? SHIFT IN AMERICAN THINKING.

Baseball "Magnate"

This concept was used by Connie Mack (Philadelphia Athletics for near 50 years) as a baseball businessman and it involved selling great teams that he built for large sums of money--> he would sell a promising 4th or 3rd place for a lot of money before he could see them win under him.

Players' National League

This players' league was created by players that left the NL in protest of the Reserve Clause. Players could sign for one year then were free to switch teams; 56 players left and NL fans for with them. in 1890, the league is better than the NL. Spalding loses to the league in court trying to kill it. Problem: there are now 3 leagues and there is too much baseball. Players' league folds and the AA soon folds when Spalding bribes backers. NL WINS--> system cannot work without the owners and baseball is product of the owners and the players are employees.

Vassar Resolutes

This was a Vassar College Movement in 1866 that involved the rise of female players that was tied to the rise of elite women's colleges in the Northeast. The Vassar Resolutes believed that women should be treated equally to men and should be allowed to engage in physical exercise. AKA team sports--> began to engage in team sports and this marked the beginnings of women's baseball teams.

Cuban Giants

This was a great independent black team that was established in 1885. Most black baseball was played not in leagues but in disorganized teams. This team was made up of waiters at a hotel in Long Island, NY and the managers claimed the team was a team of black cubans so they could play. There were interracial games in the North but in the South, by 1900 interracial baseball was illegal. Had to be a good players an entertainer to play black baseball and make a living doing it during this time.

Reserve Clause

This was an attempt to bring fiscal stability to the game. Wanted to solve the issue of players jumping ship when the NL and AA raided rosters of each others teams with bidding wars to get the best players. This is a big labor story--> controls salaries because owners felt players were paid too much. 1879: Owners of NL come up with plan to secretly reserve 5 players and the end of every season. This concept expanded to to the entire roster a few years later and becomes public. The was in every player's contract and when a player signed with a team, that was the only team they could play for that season and then they would either re-offer you a contract for the next season or trade you to another team that you then belonged to or you were released--> labor issues. There was limited bargaining power for salaries and the player belonged to their tea for life unless the team traded them or released them. Believed that owners were saving baseball because the players were too unruly.

Octavius Catto and the Philadelphia Pythians

This was the first black baseball team; it was established in 1867--> they were a middle-class, white collar team that can be compared to the Knickerbockers. Baseball was a way for them to demonstrate their capabilities to others--> this was a black statement of equality: showing that you were deserving of American rights. They applied to join the NABBP in 1867 but the leaders were not receptive to this. Catto was a civil rights activist who defended the 15th amendment that all men have the right to vote;l baseball was his expression of civil rights.

Marcus Garvey and the UNIA

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)--> Garvey was part of the Black nationalism movement--> the formation of a black nation within the nation of the United States. Garvey and UNIA supported the concept of blacks going to stores owned by black people to support black business; a racial "self-help organization. Funding black entrepreneurship and black business to forward the goal of black economic independence. Garvey believed that integration would never happen and that eventually they would go back to Africa.

"Gentlemen's Agreement"

Unspoken agreement, act of collusion among baseball owners that they would not sign black players in major or minor league professional baseball created in 1899. There was no written rule but it was an understanding; whites feared blacks would be better than them in baseball, business, and politics.

Milwaukee Braves

Veeck needed Lou Perini--> owner of the MLB Boston Braves and the minor leagues Milwaukee Brewers to bring MLB team to Milwaukee; Perini did not want this but Milwaukee fans wanted an MLB team and the Boston Braves for struggling so--> a month before the season started, the Braves move from Boston to Milwaukee. Lesson: the success of the Braves i n Milwaukee demonstrates the power and the blueprint to success in moving teams into a growing city because the fans will be obsessed--> reinvent the team and the taxpayers will be willing to contribute to building a new stadium.

Bill Veeck

Wanted to buy the last place Philadelphia Phillies in 1943 and had the secret plan to dump all the white players and stack the team with black players from the Negro Leagues. Landis was outraged and did not like the idea of blacks on an MLB team and contacted the owner of the phillies and instructed him to not sell the team to Veeck. Landis wanted to uphold the Gentlemen's Agreement. MLB bought the team and sold it to a white owner--> segregation is enforced. Concerns about interracial baseball--> players might be uncomfortable and white fans might not come anymore. Interesting character--> he purchased the struggling St. Louis Browns in 1951 and hosted "you make the call night" where fans called the game and not the umpires to increase attendance. Owners hate Veeck and never want him to have an MLB team.

All-American Girls Baseball League

With America's entry into World War II, several major league baseball executives started a new professional league with women players in order to maintain baseball in the public eye while the majority of able men were away. The founders included Wrigley, Branch Rickey and Paul V. Harper. They feared that Major League Baseball would cease, due to the war.[2] Initial tryouts were held at Wrigley Field in Chicago. The name of the league is something of a misnomer, as the AAGPBL never played regulation baseball. In the first season, the league played a game that was a hybrid of baseball and softball.

"Ladies Days"

Women escorted by a male companion were able to attend games for free.

"Take Me Out to the Ballgame"

Women in the 20th Century actually showed an interest in baseball and therefore, ladies days were discontinued in 1909 because women would now willingly pay to come to games and cheer on their team. The 1908 Jack North song "Take me Out to the Ball Game" that is now sung at the 7th inning stretch refers to one of these baseball mad women in Katie Casey--> an educated fan who yells when the umpire is wrong. The song contradicts ideas of the era about women and baseball.

"Ladies Day Riot of 1897"

Women went to the parks on ladies days in 1897 mainly to see the "heartthrob" George "Win" Mercer--> any day he pitched, women could get in free--> they were capitalizing on his good looks to raise attendance. When he was ejected from the game on this ladies day, the women rioted. They started getting a little unruly (hissing and booing) and they insult the umpire for the rest of the game. ACTUALLY: they turned violent because the umpire made a bad call and NOT because of Mercer. Important: women were more baseball fans than just fans of Mercer.

"Green Light Letter"

Written during WWII regarding the fate of baseball during the hard economic times and when so many men were being drafted--> from FDR to Landis in response to Landis's own letter--> FDR felt that it would be in the best interest of the country to keep baseball going.