HIST1302 - InQuizative - Ch 17: Business and Labor in the Industrial Era, 1860-1900

Identify the impacts of the innovations of the second half of the nineteenth century.

INVESTMENT BANKS - Allowed railroads to raise capital by selling shares of stock to investors SEWING MACHINE - Allowed clothing to be mass produced ELECTRIC MOTORS - Allowed factory owners to locate factories whenever they wished RAILROADS - As the first truly big business, served as the catalyst for the transition to an urban-industrial economy

Just as technological innovations were critical to the economic growth of the late nineteenth century, so too were innovations in finance and business organizations. Match the financial and business terms below with their definitions.

- Monopoly: business that grows so large that it effectively controls an entire industry - Trust: an arrangement that gives a person or corporation the legal power to manage another person's money or another company - Corporation: legal entity that separates the ownership of an enterprise from the management of its operations and affords shareholders the protection of limited liability - Holding Company: owns a majority of the stock in other companies, but produces nothing itself - Shares Of Stock: financial instrument representing partial owners of a company

Put in chronological order the following events that contributed to the organized labor movement in the late nineteenth century.

1. The Knights of Labor emerged 2. The Haymarket riot erupts 3. The American Federation of Labor forms 4. The Knights of Labor decline in popularity 5. The American Railway Union organizes the Pullman strike.

Put in chronologival order the following events that led to the dominance of John D. Rockefeller in the oil industry.

1. The standard oil company gains more than 90% of the oil refining market in the United States. 2. Rockefeller creates the standard oil trust to circumvent anti-monopoly legislation. 3. The supreme court of Ohio orders that the Standard Oil Trust be dissolved. 4. Rockefeller brings his entire industrial empire under the direction of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, a gigantic holding company.

Which of the following statements accurately describe the opportunities available to women becuase of the changes wrougt by the inustrial revolution that came after the Civil War?

1. more opportunities outside the home to pursue their own successes and interesgts 2. An increase of the number of women allowed to attend and graduate college. 3. Inventions of the time created tens of thousands of job opportunities for women (office-related)

TRUE OR FALSE: To the degree that a partnership existed between Big Business and the federal government following the end of the Civil War, all regions of the nation were universally supportive of such a partnership and the government policies that developed as a result of it.

FALSE

Why was the American Federation of Labor created, and how did it deviate from other labor organizations?

It was a federation of craft unions that focused on concrete economic gains - higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.

Identify the following entrepreneurs and their chief industries.

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER - Oil J.PIERPONT MORGAN - Corporate mergers, railroads, and steel ANDREW CARNEGIE - Steel

Complete the passage below describing how industrial growth in the second half of the nineteenth century affected the roles of women in American society.

New inventions enabled women to work in a wider variety of fields. Business offices changed in response to the invention of the TYPEWRITER. Women were thought to be better suited than men to perform this kind of clerical office work and were hired in large numbers and paid less than their male counterparts. In addition, inventions such as the SEWING MACHINE created new jobs for women, but unlike positions in business offices, these jobs forced large numbers of women to work long hours in sweatshops as a result of the technological innovation. Both these technologies helped the economy grow by increasing the productivity of labor.

Analyze the following quotation: "It is now pretty generally admitted that women possess the capacity to swallow intellectual food that was formerly considered the diet of men exclusively." What developments in the early twentieth century support the views expressed in the quotation?

TRUE - An increasing number of women gained access to higher education. TRUE - The number of women working for wages outside the home rose. FALSE - Women who chose to attend school were strongly encouraged to take math and science classes. FALS - Women were finally allowed to run for public office and make important political decisions alongside male politicians.

Commenting on women in public roles, E.L. Youmans, a prominent science writer, remarked, "If there is one thing that pervades and characterizes what is called the 'woman's movement,' it is the spirit of revolt against the home, and the determination to escape from it into the outer spheres of activity." Which of the following statements accuratly describes some of the backlash or limitations women faced when trying to escape the "cult of domesticity" in the Gilded Age?

TRUE - As editor of the magazine 'Ladies' Home Journal', Edward Bok tried to "keep women in the home" by filling the magazine's pages with information on sewing, cooking, religion, politics, and fiction. TRUE - Women's programs of study in college were often focused on "finishing" courses or "home economics," which typically emphasized domestic roles women could resume after college. TRUE - Some medical professionals came to believe that women were more suscepticle to neurasthenia because they thought it was associated with an overly active lifestyle. FALSE - Jane Addams became a leading advocate for domestic training or women, as opposed to technical training that would lead to jobs beyond the home.

Which of the following examples accurately reflect the relationship between the federal government and Big Business during the Gilded Age?

TRUE - By adopting a laissez-faire approach, the government tended to avoid interfering in the cutthroat and destructive practices of Big Business. TRUE - The federal government used tariff policies to strengthen its alliance with Big Business, helping to increase the income of those businesses that supported the Republican party. TRUE - The federal government passed the Homestead Act of 1862 to create new markets for goods and services supported by Big Business. FALSE - Congress rejected the Pacific Railway Act because it wanted the government to maintain control over transportation projects and reap the economic benefits through tax dollars.

Identify the policies of the Republican-led Congress that spurred economic growth following the Civil War.

TRUE - Congress advanced policies that supporte westward expansion. TRUE - Congress implemented the reconstruction policies in the former Confederacy. TRUE - Congress enacted commercial and industrial development programs. FALSE - Congress enacted legislation that incorporated Native Americans into the union as U.S. citizens.

Which of the following statements accurately describe the events surrounding the Pullman strike 1894?

TRUE - Pullman employees joined the American Railway Union, led by ugene V. Debs, due to the onitions and high prices found in their "company town". TRUE - President Cleveland sent in federal troops effectively to end the strike and resume rail commerce, thereby using federal power to support the interests of Big Business. FALSE - The primary reason employees went on strike was to prevent the mail from being delivered, as Pullman cars were primarily used to haul the nation's mail. FALSE - President Cleveland was prohibited by an injunction, or court-ordered decree, from interfering with the strike.

Identify ways that the government helped to stimulate the economy during the Civil War and the years that followed.

TRUE - Republican economic policies passed during the Civil War helped create a unified naional market. TRUE - Republican economic policies passed during the Civil War helped protect American industries from foreign competition. TRUE - Large-Scale production in preparation for the Civil War created a foundation for rapid economic expansion.

Following the Civil War, the American economy prospered. Identify the factors that contributed to this advantageous economic circumstance in the United States.

TRUE - The United States benefited from vast untapped reserves of natural resources: land, forests, oil, coal, water, and iron ore. TRUE - The huge influx of immigrants following the Civil War provided American indutries with an abundance of cheap labor. TRUE - The advancements in technology increased the efficiency and productivity of many sectors of the economy. This in turn lowered the cosgt to produce goods and grante more consumers greater purchasing power. FALSE - The development of large-scale national corporations fostered competition, which kept prices low.

Which of the following statements accurately reflect the development of labor unions after the Civil War through the early twentieth century?

TRUE - The growth of new businesses required a massive labor force, creating the opportunity for workers to form unions that would represent their interests collectively. TRUE - Workers from all types of industries and skill levels typically benefited from the formation of industrial unions. FALSE - Trade unions usually exerted more influence than industrial unions because their workers were more highly skilled, better paid, and more valuable to businesses. FALSE - Although some trade unions and industrial unions emerged after the Civil War, most workers experienced very positive working conditions, received high wages, and held negotiating power on their own terms.

What were the consequences of the Haymarket Riot for the labor movement?

TRUE - The legal and public backlash against organized labor caused the Knights of Labor to lose members. TRUE - The violence of and sensational news stories about the Haymarket Riot caused many Americans to fear the growth of radical anarchist elements within the labor movement. FALSE - Since the aailable evidence did not actually connect the Knights of Labor to the bombing at Haymarket Square, the organization recovered from the incident and attracted more members. FALSE - Lucy Parsons and other labor leaders would forever give up on efforts to unite workers across industries into a massive labor movement.

Identify the examples of laissez-faire economic doctrine and its effects during the late nineteenth century.

TRUE - the federal government's lack of oversight for the working conditions for wage earners. TRUE - some politicians' willingness to stay out of businesses in exchange for campaign contributions. FALSE - Morrill Tariff FALSE - federal subsidies, loans, and land grants for the building of the first transcontinental railroad.

In the aftermath of the Civil War, what was the nature of the relationship between the Republican-led federal government and Big Business?

The U.S. government and large corpoations became increasingly close allies following the end of the Civil War.

What late-nineteenth-century development led to a growing class-consciousness in the United States?

The growing gap between the rich and the poor.

Complete the passage below describing the formation of uniomns in the nineteenth century.

The increase in the size and power of corporations galvanized efforts to build an unprecedented NATIONAL labor union movement. The Civil War created opportunities for workers with a particular skill to form "CRAFT UNIONS", which grew in size and popularity. The connection of such groups did not occur until the NATIONAL LABOR UNION convened in 1866. The organization was primarily concerned with improving working conditions, and spent less time on bargaining for better wages and working hours. However, it did not allow women or African Americans to join as members.