Histology Test Study

Trachea

- PSCC - Simple cuboidal - Hyaline cartilage - Smooth muscle - adipose

Dermis (dense irregular connective tissue)

- hair follicle- the hair is located within the follicle - hair root bulb- the expanded base of the hair follicle - sweat gland- these are found throughout the dermis - sebaceous gland- look like saddle bags on the side of the hair follicle - arrector pili - smooth muscle, involuntary

1. Epidermis (epithelium)

- layers of the skin: o stratum basale o stratum spinosum o stratum granulosum o stratum corneum

Epithelia layers

Classes of Epithelia, based on shape and layers of cells

1. collagen fibers 2. elastin fibers 3. fibroblasts- these are the cells. They will appear as tiny dark spots. matrix

Connective Tissue is made up of

stratified squamous

The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?

allows action potentials to quickly travel from one cell to another

What is a function of the highlighted structures?

cartilaginous epiphysis

What structure is highlighted?

Lymphocytes

Which cell is highlighted?

neuroglial cells

Which cell type is highlighted?

umbrella cells

Which cell type is highlighted?

pseudostratified columnar

Which epithelial type is highlighted?

Striations

Which structures are highlighted?

cardiac muscle fibers

Which structures are highlighted?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

found in the trachea. This tissue looks like it is stratified but it is not

epithelial tissue

named for the number of layers of cells and the shape of the cells.

1. cell membrane 2. nuclei 3. striations

skeletal muscle is made up of

The biggest difference between simple and stratified tissue is that simple tissue is one layer thick and stratified tissue is multi-layered.

what is the difference between simple squamous epithelium and stratified squamous epithelium

Nerve

1. neurons 2. cell body 3. dendrites 4. axon 5. neuromuscular junction (motor end plate) - axonal terminal - vessicles

Canaliculi

1. these are fine lines (canals) that radiate outward from the haversian canal to the outer rings (lamella) of the osteon. Blood vessels travel back and forth through these tiny canals to supply the osteocytes.

Model connective tissue

Cell types and Matrix components of connective tissue

Tissues

Groups of cells that are anatomically similar and share a function are called __________.

3

How many basic types of muscle tissue are there? __________

1. matrix 2. chondrocytes 3. lacuna - these are spaces within the cartilage where the chondrocytes reside. Since they are hollow (except for the chondrocytes) they appear white (without stain) in most slides.

Hyaline cartilage is made up of

Macrophage, fibroblast, lymphocyte, fat cell, mast cell, neutrophil Ground Subtance, Collagen Fiber, Elastic Fiber, Reticular Fiber, Capillary

Label the cell types and matrix components of areolar connective tissue, a model connective tissue.

SImple, Apical Surface, Basal Surface, Stratified, Squamous cell, Cuboidal cell, Columnar cell

Label the classes of epithelia, based on number of cell layers and cell shape.

skeletal muscle

Of the basic muscle types, this is the "meat" of the body, attached to the skeleton, which moves the limbs and other body parts.

Neurons

Of the two major cell types found in nervous tissue, __________ cells are highly specialized to generate and conduct electrical signals.

1. goblet cells 2. cilia 3. basement membrane

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar is made up of

pseudostratified

Select the tissue that is a simple epithelium.

1. nucleus 2. cell membrane- this is the border that helps you define the cell 3. cytoplasm- the nondescript interior of the cell

Simple Squamous is made up of

one type of epithelial cell, arranged in a single layer

Simple epithelia have ________.

1. nucleus 2. cell membrane

Smooth muscle is made up of

initiates an inflammatory response

The highlighted cell ________.

Fibroblasts

The highlighted fibers are produced by what cell type?

simple cuboidal

The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple squamous

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?

squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube shaped) and columnar (tall, column shaped)

There are three cell shapes of epithelial tissue

Red blood cells

These are the most numerous cells in a blood smear. Typically they appear to be round pink cells with a somewhat lighter center. They do not have a nucleus

Lamella

They are made up of calcified matrix.

Bone (osseous tissue)

This connective tissue is made of hard calcified matrix and stores calcium and other minerals.

simple cuboidal

This epithelial tissue forms the kidney tubules, and the ducts and secretory portions of small glands.

connective tissue

This is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type in the body.

Fibrocartilage

This is the toughest kind of cartilage. It is found in places that receive a lot of mechanical stress.

muscle

This primary tissue type generates electrical signals and can actively contract.

simple squamous

This tissue can look like the hexagonal tiles of a bathroom floor. It also forms the air sacs of the lungs.

epithelial tissue

This tissue type is a covering and lining tissue. It also includes glands.

transitional epithelium

This tissue type is capable of changing its shape and stretching. It lines the urinary bladder and ureters.

adipose

This type of connective tissue is primarily composed of cells.

mucin

What is secreted by the highlighted cell?

simple columnar

Which epithelial type is highlighted?

simple cuboidal

Which epithelial type is highlighted?

simple squamous

Which epithelial type is highlighted?

stratified squamous

Which epithelial type is highlighted?

transitional

Which epithelial type is highlighted?

Platelets

Which formed elements are highlighted?

cardiac

Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?

Schwann cells

Which neuroglial cell type forms the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?

Phagocytosis

Which of the following is a function of the highlighted cell?

skeletal

Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?

Soma

Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?

Fascicle

Which structure is highlighted?

basement membrane

Which structure is highlighted?

cell body

Which structure is highlighted?

pancreatic islets

Which structure is highlighted?

smooth muscle fiber, longitudinal section

Which structure is highlighted?

stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized

Which structure is highlighted?

ventral funiculus

Which structure is highlighted?

Schwann cell nuclei

Which structures are highlighted?

cell bodies of purkinje cells

Which structures are highlighted?

cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

Which structures are highlighted?

intercalated discs

Which structures are highlighted?

myelin sheaths

Which structures are highlighted?

nuclei

Which structures are highlighted?

renal corpuscles

Which structures are highlighted?

Endoneurium

Which tissue is highlighted?

Perichondrium

Which tissue is highlighted?

dense regular connective tissue

Which tissue is highlighted?

elastic cartilage

Which tissue is highlighted?

osteocytes in lacunae

Which tissue is highlighted?

white matter

Which tissue is highlighted?

Calcification

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is highlighted?

apical layer

always faces an opening

Osteocytes

bone cells

cardiac

cardiac cells, like skeletal cells, have visible striations but are not under voluntary control.

1. cell membrane 2. striations 3. nucleus 4. intercalated discs

cardiac muscle is made up of

hairy skin

easy to recognize but you should be able to recognize non-hairy skin as well. Notice the shape of the undulating interface between the epidermis and the dermis. This is a sure give-away, whether hairs are present or not.

Granulocytes

eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

simple squamous

found in frog skin, alveoli of the lungs, etc

stratified squamous

found in skin

simple cuboidal

found in the kidney, trachea, etc

simple columnar

found in the small intestine

Agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

Neutrophils

may have numerous lobes of their nucleus. Look for 2, 3, 4 or even 5 lobes.

White Blood cells (leukocytes)

most easily recognized by whether or not they have granules (these appear as dark staining tiny dots in the cytoplasm) and more easily (I think) by the shape of their nucleus

stratified squamous

multiple layers of flat cells

Smooth muscle

non-striated, involuntary These are pretty nondescript and difficult to differentiate from dense regular connective tissue. You will be best served if you remember some of their locations, such as in the trachea and in the small intestine.

simple squamous

one layer of flat cells.

Adipose

signet ring nucleus- fat cells are full of lipids and the nucleus is usually pushed up against the cell membrane which causes it to take on a signet, rather than round, shape. Fibers are typically not apparent in this tissue type so look for large cells that resemble small marshmallows.

1. nucleus 2. cell membrane 3. microvilli - these are small extensions of the cell membrane that are found on the apical side of the cells. 4. goblet cells- mucous producing cells that are often found among the columnar cells of this tissue type. The may appear white or sometimes you may see them stained purple

simple columnar is made up of

the simple cuboidal cells line the kidney tubules (nephrons) so that secretion and absorption can take place.

simple cuboidal

1. nucleus 2. cell membrane 3. cytoplasm 4. lumen- the lumen is the central channel that is surrounded by the cells. It is hollow therefore it does not stain and appears white in the slides.

simple cuboidal is made up of

this single layer of squamous cells is ideal for the diffusion of gases in the lungs.

simple squamous

Skeletal

skeletal muscle cells are elongated and many can be quite long; therefore, they have multiple nuclei.

muscle

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

1. basal layer (stratum basale) 2. stratum corneum - the apical layer 3. stratum granulosum - the second outermost layer 4. stratum spinosum - the next layer in 5. stratum basale - the innermost layer

stratified squamous is made up of

cardiac muscle

striated, involuntary These cells are not nearly as long as skeletal muscle cells. You will recognize where one cell ends and another begins by the dark staining, vertical intercalated discs that occur at the junction of two cells

skeletal muscle

striated, voluntary These cells are very long and tend to run the whole length of your field of vision when you are looking at them under the microscope. They may have more than one nucleus per cell, but these are very small and tend to be pushed near the cell membrane rather than in the center of the cell.

Osteon

structural unit of compact bone. This would be the tree trunk

Hypodermis

the adipose layer deep to the dermis

Haversian canal

the canal in the center of each osteon. It typically does not appear white because there are nerves and blood vessels that travel up and down through the haversian canal and they tend to stain dark

Connective Tissue

the cells are not the dominant feature (adipose is the exception), rather the fibers tend to be the main feature. The matrix is just the nondescript, usually amorphous, part of the tissue that contains the cells and the fibers

Eosinophils

the granules stain red (the other granulocytes have dark purple granules) but it is often hard to make this distinction depending on the quality of the photograph. An easier way to identify them is that they have a bi-lobed nucleus (it looks like they have two nuclei)

Basal Layer

the innermost layer of the epidermis

Monocytes

the nucleus of these cells reminds me of a clown mouth. It is very large and may be smiling, frowning,, or turned on its side.

Soma

the soma or cell body receives inputs (signals) from other cells and sends the information to the axon. But unlike a dendrite, it also is the main metabolic and nutritional center of the cell.

basophils

these are most easily identified by the preponderance of dark staining granules. Often times the nucleus is obscured by the presence of so many granules.

Lacuna

these are the small spaces between the lamella where the bone cells (osteocytes) reside

lymphocytes

these cells have a huge dark staining nucleus and very little of the lighter staining cytoplasm can be seen. They often remind me of a solar eclipse, where the moon is obscuring most of the sun.

stratified squamous

this epithelium protects underlying tissues from the wear and tear of constant swallowing in the esophagus.

Hyaline cartilage

trachea

connective tissue

underneath the basal layer for support