HISTOLOGY: THE BRAIN

The cerebral cortex includes the following layers: (1) internal granular (2) internal pyramidal (3) multiform (polymorphic) (4) molecular

all of them

The climbing afferent fibres enter the cerebellar cortex and synapse with the dendrites of: A - basket cells; B - Purkinje cells; C - stellate cells; D - granule cells; E - Golgi cells.

B

The cerebellar cortex is composed of the following layers: (1) molecular (2) of Purkinje cells (3) granular (4) pyramidal

1,2,3

The cerebellar cortex neurons inhibiting Purkinje cells are: (1) stellate cells (2) basket cells (3) Golgi cells (4) granule cells

1,2,3

The cerebral cortex includes the following layers: (1) molecular (2) external granular (3) external pyramidal (4) layer of Purkinje cells

1,2,3

The following statements regarding the agranular type of the cerebral cortex are true: (1) contains a well-developed external pyramidal layer (2) contains a well-developed internal pyramidal layer (3) is characteristic of motor areas of the cortex (4) contains a well-developed molecular layer

1,2,3

The following statements regarding the cerebellar islands are true: (1) are located in the granular layer of the cortex (2) contain synapses between mossy fibres and granule cell dendrites (3) contain synapses of Golgi cell axons with granule cell dendrites (4) contain Purkinje cell axons

1,2,3

The following statements regarding the granular type of the cerebral cortex are true: (1) contains a well-developed external granular layer (2) contains a well-developed internal granular layer (3) is characteristic of sensitive areas of the cortex (4) contains a well-developed internal pyramidal layer

1,2,3

The white matter of the spinal cord is formed by axons of neurons from: (1) spinal cord (2) spinal ganglia (3) brain (4) autonomic ganglia

1,2,3

The ventral root of the spinal cord is formed by: (1) the axons of motor neurons of the spinal cord (2) the axons of sensory neurons of spinal ganglia (3) the axons of autonomic interneurons of the spinal cord (4) the dendrites of sensory neurons of spinal ganglia

1,3

The cerebellar cortex neurons connecting Purkinje cells across a folium are: (1) granule cells (2) stellate cells (3) Golgi cells (4) basket cells

2,4

The cerebellar cortex neurons exciting Purkinje cells are: A - granule cells; B - basket cells; C - Golgi cells; D - stellate cells; E - pyramidal cells.

A

The gray matter of the spinal cord consists of the following structures, EXCEPT: A - connective tissue trabeculae; B - multipolar neurons; C - astrocytes; D - oligodendrocytes; E - microglia.

A

Each of the following statements concerning efferent fibres of the cerebral cortex is true, EXCEPT: A - are the axons of pyramidal cells from the 3rd and the 5th layers; B - convey impulses to the cortex; C - may end in the same hemisphere; D - may end in the other hemisphere; E - may leave the brain and enter the spinal cord.

B

Each of the following statements concerning the cerebellar cortex is true, EXCEPT: A - its molecular layer contains stellate and basket cells; B - lacks blood vessels; C - its granular layer contains granule cells and Golgi cells; D - its middle layer contains Purkinje cells; E - contains protoplasmic astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.

B

Each of the following statements concerning the spinal ganglion is true, EXCEPT: A - contains pseudounipolar neurons; B - is associated with the spinal cord ventral root; C - its neuron dendrites form part of the spinal nerve; D - its neuron dendrites possess receptors; E - its neurons are surrounded by satellite cells.

B

Each of the following statements concerning afferent fibres of the cerebral cortex is true, EXCEPT: A - convey impulses to the cortex; B - end and branch in the 1st, 2nd, and the 4th layers; C - carry impulses away from the cortex; D - form transversal plexuses; E - synapse with cortex interneurons.

C

Each of the following statements concerning the autonomic ganglia is true, EXCEPT: A - contain multipolar neurons; B - the axons of their neurons are unmyelinated; C - the axons of their neurons end on skeletal muscles; D - contain oligodendrocytes; E - preganglionic fibres form synapses on their neurons.

C

Each of the following statements concerning Purkinje cells from the cerebellar cortex is true, EXCEPT: A - are located in single layer; B - their dendrites arborize in the molecular layer; C - their axons enter the white matter; D - are pyramidal in shape; E - conduct impulses away from the cortex.

D

The dorsal root of the spinal cord is formed by: A - the axons of motor neurons of the spinal cord; B - the dendrites of neurons of spinal ganglia; C - the dendrites of motor neurons of the spinal cord; D - the axons of neurons of spinal ganglia; E - the axons of interneurons of the spinal cord.

D

The mossy afferent fibres enter the cerebellar cortex and synapse with the dendrites of: A - basket cells; B - Purkinje cells; C - stellate cells; D - granule cells; E - Golgi cells.

D

The white matter of the spinal cord consists of the following structures, EXCEPT: A - astrocytes; B - microglia; C - myelinated fibres; D - multipolar neurons; E - oligodendrocytes.

D

The cerebellar cortex neurons connecting Purkinje cells along a folium are: A - basket cells; B - pyramidal cells; C - stellate cells; D - Golgi cells; E - granule cells.

E

The cerebellum white matter contains the following structures, EXCEPT: A - mossy afferent fibres; B - climbing afferent fibres; C - efferent fibres; D - glial cells; E - ependymal cells.

E

There is a histological slide of the cerebral cortex in which the 2nd and the 4th layers are well-developed. Name the cerebral cortex layers. What type of the cerebral cortex does this region belong to? What function does this type of the cerebral cortex perform?

The 2nd and the 4th layers of the cerebral cortex are called the external granular layer and the internal granular layer, respectively. These layers are well-developed in the granular type of the cerebral cortex. This cortex is sensory and responsible for the analysis of impulses coming from the sense organs.

There is a histological slide of the cerebral cortex in which the 3rd and the 5th layers are well-developed. Name the cerebral cortex layers. What type of the cerebral cortex does this region belong to? What function does this type of the cerebral cortex perform? What tracts arise from this type of the cerebral cortex?

The 3rd and the 5th layers of the cerebral cortex are called the external pyramidal layer and the internal pyramidal layer, respectively. These layers are well-developed in the agranular type of the cerebral cortex. This cortex is motor and sends impulses to the motor neurons of the spinal cord.

There are axodendritic synapses in the cerebellar cortex, in which the afferent climbing fibers form the presynaptic component. What structures form the postsynaptic component of the synapses? Which of the cerebellar cortex layers do the climbing fibers terminate in?

The climbing fibers terminate in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex and synapse with the dendrites of the Purkinje cells (the postsynaptic component).

There are axodendritic synapses in the cerebellar cortex, in which the afferent mossy fibers form the presynaptic component. What structures form the postsynaptic component of the synapses? Which of the cerebellar cortex layers do the mossy fibers terminate in?

The mossy fibers terminate in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex and synapse with the dendrites of the granular neurons (the postsynaptic component).

The microphotograph shows a large pear-shaped neuron of the brain. The neuron soma is surrounded by the nerve fibers that form the basket-like synapses. What part of the brain does the neuron belong to? What neurons form the basket-like synapses on the neuron soma? How do the basket-like synapses influence the neuron?

The neuron belongs to the cerebellar cortex and is called Purkinje cell. The axons of the basket cells form the basket-like synapses on the Purkinje cell soma. These synapses inhibit the activity of Purkinje cells.

The animal developed paralysis of the hind legs (movements became impossible) due to damage to neuron axons at the medulla oblongata level. What part of the brain are the neurons with damaged axons located in? What tracts fail to conduct impulses as a result of the traumatic injury?

The neurons with damaged axons are the pyramidal cells located in the 3rd and the 5th layers of the cerebral cortex. The pyramidal cell axons make up the pyramidal tracts conducting impulses to the motor neurons of the spinal cord. These tracts fail to conduct impulses as a result of the traumatic injury.

The microphotograph demonstrates a 120-μm pyramidal neuron of the brain. The neuron axon arising from the soma extends into the brain white matter. What part of the brain does the pyramidal neuron belong to? What tracts do the pyramidal neuron axons make up? What part of the spinal cord may the pyramidal tracts terminate in?

The pyramidal neurons belong to the cerebral cortex. The axons of the pyramidal neurons extend away from the cortex to form descending pyramidal tracts. The latter terminate in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and synapse on the motor somatic neurons.

The following statements regarding the gray matter of the spinal cord are true: (1) its anterior horns contain motor somatic neurons (2) its posterior horns contain interneurons for sensory impulses (3) its lateral horns contain autonomic interneurons (4) its commussure contains the central canal

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The following statements regarding the spinal cord neurons are true: (1) are multipolar (2) are motor and associative (3) their axons may leave the spinal cord through the ventral root (4) their axons may extend from the gray matter into the white matter

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The following statements regarding the white matter of the spinal cord are true: (1) its posterior columns contain ascending sensory tracts (2) its anterior columns contain mainly descending motor tract (3) its lateral columns contain both ascending and descending tracts (4) its blood vessels extend from the spinal cord pia mater

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The peripheral nerves are composed of: 1) nerve fibres (2) epineurium (3) perineurium (4) endoneurium

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