history 101 final
they were too well organized with massive military forces to intimidate. they came back with coin. 80000 coins from the caliphate have been found in sweden alone
How do we know that vikings traded extensively with the byzantines?
military, fief, peasants, fighting, knights
In exchange for their _ service vassals would be given a "_" of land and _ to work that land- so they could concentrate on developing their _ skills (they were the forerunners of the social class of _)
france, danegeld
In northern __, Viking raids brought about the __
middle, 10, crops
In the early _ ages only _% of the land was cultivated for _
paternalism and deference
Know the name of the social contract that bound lords and all others
20 year military campaign initiated by pope innocent III to eliminate catharism in the languedoc in the south of france. cathars were wiped out in beziers and carcassone. montsegur castle besieged 1244. the cathars finally surrendered and 244 were burned en mass in a bonfire at the foot of the hill when they refused to renounce their faith. -10,000s killed overall.
Know what Albigensian crusade was and why they were a target
after a bloody battle, he was captured and given the "blood eagle" (ribs ripped out of back?)
Know what happened to King Aella of Northumbria who had killed Ivar's father
alfred the great in wessex. at eddington in 878. fortifications beat them. in the treaty of wedmore- alfred grants the vikings all territories north of the thames ( half of england)
Know who was the only anglo-saxon king to stop the viking raids. Know why he was successful against them.
without good tools clearing forests and prepping the ground was tough heavy soils in northern europe were hard to ploughing german attitudes toward forests- trees were sacred, the limitations of agricultural methods-had rotation but still- crop yields were very low
Know why it was so hard to clear land for farming in western europe in the middle ages
per day: bread, quarts of wine/ale, cheese, vegetables
Know why the monks and nuns of the time were generally on the chubby side
muslims, spain
The Umayyad _ of _ were some of the only people to defeat the viking in battle.
catholic, early, powerful
The _ church of the _ middle ages was _ and exerted an increasingly important influence on peoples lives
crusader
The _ states would not last and fell one by one to attacks from outside
England, Lindisfarne, plunder
The first viking raid occurred off the coast of northern ___, at ___ where a monastery had been founded. It was brutal with easy __
feudal, agricultural, lord, peasants
The manor in _ Europe was an _ estate owned by a _ and worked by _
small, agriculture hunting, fishing, foraging
The population of this time (early middle ages)was _ and subsisted on limited _ and farming, offset by _ ,_, and _
king, local lords, peasants
The raids by vikings in northern europe helped weaken the power of the _, and increase the power of _ _ whom _ turned to for protectuon
success, enforcing
They had only limited _ in_ these demands
she decided she wanted more than her share and demanded that her husband kill all their partners. he did but refused to murder their wives and children so she got an axe and did it herself. she was shunnedbut since she was Leifs sister she got away with it
What did Freydis Eriksdottir do that was so awful?
militarized, Byzantine, Abbasid, trade
When the vikings approached stronger, more _ societies like the _ and _ empires they preferred to _ rather than raid
Rollo the Giant, land, Normandy
_ _ _ returned and attacked until the Carolinigian king was forced to offer him _. These for the "north men" or "normans" became ___
Canterbury Tales, Chaucer,14th, 24, Thomas Beckets
_ _ by Geoffrey _ was written in the late _ century and told the stories of _ pilgrims on their way to _ _'s tomb.
William Duke of Normandy, Conqueror,England, 1066
_ _ of _ ( later known as William the _) invaded _ in _
Yersinia pestis, black rats, fleas
_ _ was the bacteria that caused bubonic plague. it was carried in the bloodstream of _ _ and spread by _
Harold Godwinson, nobleman, buried
_ _ was the english _ who claimed the crown first after edwards death- he had himself crowned king the same day that edward was _
florentines, commerce
_ grew hugely wealthy with trade and _ during the renaissance
hospitality, modern, sacred, monks, travelers
_ in the early _ world was considered a _ duty- especially for _ who vowed hospitality to all _ rich and poor
Henry V, french, Catherine
_ of england won the battle against all odds and used victory to make a treaty with the _- sealed by his marriage to the french princess,_
william, england
_ was brutal to the Anglo-Saxon population throughout _
Manorialism, estates
_ was the economic system that was based on landed _
purgatory, punishment, sins
_ was the place where the soul went after death to be purified through _ before you could be admitted to heaven - a place to pay of your _
Vassals, lord,vassal,military, loyalty
_ were servants of another (usually a _ or possible another _) who pledged their _ service and _ freely
serfs, slaves, free
_ were the peasants who were bound to the land, not _ but not _
Ivar the Boneless, pants
__ __ __ was one of the sons of Ragnar Lodbork (Hair_) who suffered from a childhood deformity and had to be carried around on a shield.
Louis the Pious, Charles the Bald, vikings
after the death of ____ (charlemagnes son) struggles between heirs including __________ and invasions from the _ weakened the carolingian world
manorialism, lords,serfs
as a result of the black death _ declined, feudal systems were weakened as _, desperate for cash, freed _ so that they now had to pay rent to farm the land
william, property,Anglo-Saxon, Norman
as king of england, _ seized all _ belonging to _-_ nobleman and gave it to _ lords
crècy, knights, horseback, cannons
at the battle of _, english archers devastated the french _ on _ and used _ and artillery for the first time
papal, temporal, Unam sanctum
boniface made the strongest statement of _ superiority over _ rule in the bull, __ __
asia, mongol traders
bubonic plague originated in _ and was spread by _
repartimento, muslim, knights
christian rulers followed a policy of _ which was taking conquered _ lands and property and distributing them to christian _
divine comedy, inferno, purgatorio, paradisio,map
dante alighieri's _ _ made up of three parts - _,_,_- is still considered the supreme summary of midieval thought and has come to be the most widely accepted "_" of the christian hell, purgatory, and heaven
satan, 9th, mouths, cassius, brutus, judas iscariot
dante portrayed _ in the deepest, _ circle of hell, as a beast with three _ chewing on the worst betrayers, _ ,_,and _
florentine, Boniface VIII, vernacular, latin
dante, a _ who was exiled from his home city by pope _ wrote in the italian _- not in academic _
14th, wages, peasants
economically the plague and famines of the _ century raised _ and standard living among _ because of the scarcity of labor
Richard the Lionheart, crusade
henry's son _ the _ became king after his older brothers death. but he left to go on _
Leif Erikson, Iceland, North America, European
his son ___ ___ went on to found __ and explore the northern coastline of ______. He was likely the first _ to set foot there
they made florence an epicenter of trade culture and money. center of banking in mid 15th C. they expanded from cloth production into commerce, real estate, and banking, the house of medici was the biggest bank in europe, became bankers to the papacy (then took over that too)
how did the medici family come to power
sistine chapel, david,
identify michelangelo's most important words
1187, jerusalem, islam
in _ saladin took _ and reclaimed the city for _
1071, byzantines, manzikert
in _ the seljuk turks defeated the _ at the battle of _
christian and muslim, italian, warriors, stable
in general the crusades saw an exchange of _ and _ cultures, brought new economic growth to _ port cities, took young _ out of european society so things calmed down and the political situation grew more _
defender of the peace, spiritual, politics
in his book _ _ _ _, Marsiglio of Padua took the position that the church needed to stick to solely _ functions- stay out of _
john
in richards absence, his brother _ ruled and became king after richards deatg
inferno, virgil
in the _, dante, the narrator/poet/pilgrim, is being guided by the ancient roman poet,_
conquest, anglo-saxon, french, monarchy
in the decades after the_,_-_ culture and language merged with _ culture and language and a strong centralized _ developed
clergy, knights, commoners
in the high middle ages society consisted of the _ (those who prayed), the _(those who fought), and the _(those who worked)
john, nobility, magna carta, 1215
king _ was forced by the _ of england to sign _ _ in _
unpopular, taxes, crusading, ransom, Aquitaine, Phillip II
king john was very _ - he raised _ (mostly to pay for richards _ and eventual _) and lost a lot of land in _ to the french king, _
boticelli(primavera and birth of venus) donatello(david)
know about botticelli and donatello and why they were famous. what was a problem?
he retake acre from saladin and his reputation as a mighty warrior was sealed which earned him his name
know how richard the lionheart earned his bame
"the prince" goals were the acquisition, maintenance, and expansion of political power, wrote it to endear himself to the Medici, Rule 1: the end justifies the means, "machiavellian" =ruthless, power at any price
know machiavellis most famous book and what it says
peasant girl who, believing that she was acting under divine guidance, led the French army in a momentous victory at Orléans that repulsed an English attempt to conquer France during the Hundred Years' War. Captured a year afterward, Joan was burned to death by the English and their French collaborators as a heretic. She became the greatest national
know the details of Joan of Arcs story and her demise
jews were charged with poisoning the water wells wigh the intent to kill and destroy all christendom rhis began the extermination of european jews in the spring of 1348. jews were dragged from their homes and thrown into bonfires. they could not keep christian servants, could not intermarry; could not build new synagogues, barred from weaving mining etc, they could moneylenders only, they were forced to wear a yellow badge with pope innocent in the shape of a coin . no jew could settle in basle for two hundred years
know the details of anti- semitism during the black death
decameron, florence
know the name of the book written by boccaccio that provides a detailed record of the black death- and where it was written
inferno(hell), purgatorio(purgatory), paradisio(heaven) inferno is when he's wandering lost in a dangerous woodland
know the reasoning by which dante "classified" snd categorized sin
henry II was matildas son and watched his birthright get stolen. he would take on stephen to sieze the throne. he had a fiery temper and was a great soldier. within a year stephen was dead and he was crowned henry II- the first plant king of england. he conquered all the barons but they let them stick around but they only had land now becauee henry let them keep it, eleanor was henry's wife who was 10 years older but very smart and beautiful and a serious politica player. henry's muscle and her prestige =superpower. she divorced her husband for henry and when henry took the throne she had already given him a son and heir. henry set up an army of clerks- educated commoners who'd be totally loyal to him. he invented the civil service. thomas beckett was the top commoner running the clerks at chancellor son of a merchant. he was smart wily and ambitious. he made sure henry's grip on england was good and they liked eachother. canterbury was part of the country henry couldn't control. 1 in 5 men were clerics and above the law of land. when the archbishop of canterbury died henry made becket the new AB of C. becket owed everything to him and henry bullied monks into appointing beckett. becket found God and hanged henry out dry and resigned as chancellor.henry went crazy and becket messed with him for 7 years defying every attempt to bring the church under control. henry crowns his oldest son king in heir. however, the ab of c was supposed to crown kings of england.!becket went crazy when he heard about the coronation and excommunicated every cleric that crowned henry. henry vented to his knights but they heard wrongs and killed becket. henry knew he was in trouble and was upset.
know the story of the plantagenets- Henry II, Eleanor, and Thomas Becket and the sons!
the definition of a "renaissance man", he was an artist mathematician architect scientist and visionary who figured out the problem of the duomo, the building that would symbolize the renaissance
know what fillipo brunelleschi was famous for
self appointed leader peter the hermit preached his visions. a large mob of poor peasants gathered. -ragtag rabble- not what alexius had in mind. , they terrorized the balkans raiding and looting as they went, persecuted jews as the "killers of christ". at constantinople, alexius was horrified he didn't want a mob of peasants in his capital so he paid to send them to asia minor and they were massacred by the well trained turks
know what happened and who was involved in the peasants crusade
after the death of saladin, pope innocent III demansss another crusade to retake jerusalem the plan: crusaders will arrive in the holy land by ship; venetians will build these ships. they will be paid from the plunder but plans drag on and venetians want their money. the crusaders couldn't pay for the show so venetians saw a chance to get rid of their greatest trade competitor and make their money baxk. they demanded that crusaders sack constantinople a christian city for the spoils to pay them
know what happened in the fourth crusade
he had 3000 prisoners and saladin stalled his negotiations. richard couldn't leave acre with prisoners still in the city he decided he had no choice but to slaughter them. saladin was outraged and followed richards army out of acre and attacked the crusaders at the plains of arsuf, south of acre. despite far greater numbers richard defeated saladin. saladin power in jerusalem was slipping and richard used jaffa as a jumping off point for the final push. he tried to negotiate with saladin and saladins brother did the dealing and he and richard became friends. saladin helped richard when he became ill. richard decided the best way to maintain peace was to offer his sister joan to saladins brother. which was acceptable to bergen's except joan. negotiations fell and richard marched on jerusalem with winter rains. he turned back to jaffa and tried again to take jerusalem. he reached the gates and turned back again. saladin tried to take retake jaffa. a treaty was the only option for both sides. christians maintained a hold on to acre for a while and muslims maintained jerusalem. richard went home after 1.5 years. on his way home he was arrested by duke of austria. he suspected richard of murdering his cousin and richard was brought to the holy roman emperor. it took. a ransom of 150,000 marks to obtain his released. richard returned to england and saladin died a year later. england under john the prince regent was broke pope innocent III believed he was the supreme judge of european affairs. he put himself above kings and built structure to manage papcyZ
know what happened with richard and the outcome of the third crusade
he was called the leper king because of a disease
know what made the frankish king of jerusalem, baldwin IV special ( or tragic)
"danish payment" which charles gave to ragnar in 7000 pounds of silver
know what the danegeld is
an alternative to perpetual fighting from meele to joust,
know what tournament involved and the types of events that were hosted there
an arrow struck him in the eye at the battle of hastings in battle at the grey apple tree
know where king harold was killed and how he died
italy
know where the renaissance began
harold deployed troops on the south coast of england. but williams troops didn't come because they were grounded by bad winds. weeks went by and no sign- summer became fall- Harold assumed he was safe and the seas and wind were too strong now.his own men ran low on supplies he dispersed them and they went home. a few days later the attack came from harold brother tostig's ally, Harold Hadrada a norwegian warrior. he too had claims to the english throne and captured york and defeated the local earl. king harold rushed north with his army and took hardeada by surprise. hadrada was defeated completely and of the 300 norwegian ships only 20 were needed to carry the survivors home and he was dead.
know which viking king invaded england before williams invasion and what happened there
savonarola
know who challenged the power of the medici with the " bonfire of the vanities"
Erik the Red
know who founded the colony of greenland
an excellent way to train for war and an alternative to perpetual fighting.
know why jousting was useful and why it was encouraged by the church
is it the face of lisa de giocondo or whose face is it? mysterious because of the enigmatic smile- what is she smiling at? the monumental and mythical setting - nowhere italians recognized, why did leonardo keep it with him until he died ? and then leave it to his favorite assistant?
know why the mona lisa was so special
they wore distinctive white mantles with a red cross over maille . among the most skilled in fighting units of the crusades. began the international "banking" system for pilgrims. they became hugely wealthy and king Philip IV took adjatege of their rising unpopularity to gain control of their assets. templars were arrested for denying Christ spitting on the crosss and indecent kissing worshiping idols and homosexual. philip instructed european monarchs to seize their assets and they were burned at the stakes
know why the templars were important and what they acheived
leonardo divincci {fresco} (the last supper),botticelli (adoration of the magi), (primavera), (the birth of venus) , michalangelo (david)
know your prominent northern renaissance painters - and the most well known of the paintings
charter,king, traditional, barons
magna carta (the great _) was the first document to limit the power of the english _ and confirm the _ rights of the _
constitutional monarchy
magna carta was the foundational document of _ _ ie the limited powers of the king
granada
only _ was left to the muslims by the end of the conflict
humanism, classical, intellect
renaissance _ can best be described at a love for the _ world, a return to the original sources, and a system of thought that credits achievement to human _ rather than God
rebirth
renaissance means
white tunics, red
templars wore distinctive _ _ with _ crosses over their armor
high middle, rapid,technological ,horse,iron, climate, arable, trade
the _ _ ages was characterized by _ population growth, _ advanced in farm tools (_ collar and _ plows), improved _ ,more _ land, and the growth of towns and cities through the rise of _
100 years, Edward III, french
the _ _ war kicked off officially when _ of england claimed the _ throne ( because his grandfather was Phillip IV of France)
knights templar, 1119, first
the _ _ was a religious- military order founded in _ and active in the holy land after the _ crusade
crusades, alexius I, rome, turks
the _ began when ___ the emperor of byzantium, called for help from the pope in _ to battle the invading _
first, soldiers, jerusalem, christendom, muslim, states, frankish, jerusalem
the _ crusade (made up of professsuonal _) did make it to the holy land and took _ for _ in 1099. the crusaders slaughtered _ men, women and children in the city, created several crusader "_" with _ feudal institutions, set up a french- based monarchy (the frankish kings of _)
romans, great western schism
the _ elected a new pope of rome creating the _ _ _
flagellants, catholic
the _ emulated the passion of Christ and attracted hysterical attention wherever they went. the _ church did not approve and eventually shut them down with violence in many cases.
nuclear, women, subordinated,
the _ family gave a little more freedom to _ who still had to answer to their husbands but no longer were _ to all the older women of the extended household
battle of hastings, battle, william
the _ of _ ( which actually took place at the town of _) was the decisive event that gave _ the throne of england
italian, Greco-roman, thought
the _ renaissance was primarily a recovery of _-_ culture in art, architecture, and _
Chevauchee, peasants, lords, loyalty
the _ was a mounted raiding party who terrorized towns, villages, and abbeys, raping, stealing, and burning everything as way to convince local _ that their _ could not protect them and thereby undermined their _
trebuchet, walls
the _ was a siege weapon designed to throw heavy projectiles over great distances to smash city _
islamic, 11th, Seljuk Turks
the _ world of the mid _ century was unified and dominated by the _ _
Lord/Vassal, free
the _/_ relationship was a deal between _ men
norman,england, tapestry
the best remaining record of the _ conquest of _ comes from a _
flagellants
the black death also saw the rise of religious extremists like _
1350,50-60
the black death of 1347-_ was responsible for the death, on average, of _ -_% of the population of europe
reconquista, spain, muslims, spain, 13th
the christian _(reconquest_) of _ sought to push the _ out of _ in the _ century
indissoluble,life, nuclear, extended
the church demanded _ marriage- i.e. marriage for _. This encouraged the _ family at the expense of the _ family
Pope Boniface VIII, Philip IV, Philip
the conflict between _ and _ of france began when _ tried to tax the clergy without the popes permission
jews
the crusades also saw large- scale, violent attacks on european _
Edward the confessor, catalyst, throne
the death of _ the _, king of england- was the _ to begin williams bid for the _
vegetables, meats, grains
the diet of carolingian people was fairly balanced with _, limited _ and _
popes or kings,france, Avignon
the fight over this issue of who held power, _ or _ resulted in a new pope appointed by the king of _ and the papacy moving to the town of _ near the french border
frederick II, german, frederick barbarossa, pope
the first holy roman emperor was ____ the _ king who succeeded the crusader king, _____. he did not have a good relationship with the _
mongol, kahn
the founder of the _ empire was genghis _
christians, chantries, brotherhoods
the great schism or great western schism badly damaged the faith of _ who turned to private means of worships like _ , lay _, and good works that did not depend on the church
fatimid, arab, saladin, kurd
the kurdish leader or the _ dynasty who became sultan of all _ states after the first crusade was _ (he was a _, not an arab)
jerusalem, third, richard the lionheart, frederick barbarossa, and Phillip II
the loss of _ triggered the _ crusade which saw 3 european kings in the lead- _, _, and _ (augustus) of france
14th, weather, rains, crops
the main cause of famine in the early _ century was the little ice age which brought bad _ and heavy _ that destroyed _
merchants, bankers
the medici family of _ and _ dominated Florence and drove the renaissance
european jews, christian, holy
the persecution of _ in the high middle ages was inspired by the _ crusades( often those who never made it to the _ land)
papacy, Innocent III
the power of the _ reached its zenith under ____
9,11,overpopulation, internal,neighboring lands, technological
the reasons that the vikings struck out in the _th to the _th centuries included problems of _,__feuding,the weakness of _____and the _ capability of their ships to make ocean voyages
holy roman, 11th and 12th, italy
the rise of the _ _ empire in the _ and _ centuries sought to exploit the resources of _ and expand
Carolingian, bread
the staple diet for _ peoples of all walks of life was _
soldier, archer, english
the supremacy of the professional foot _ who was usually an _ over mounted knights was made very clear in _ victories throughout the war
jacques de molay, Philip VI
the templars leaders including grand master _ _ _ were arrested attacked by _ and burned at the stake
scandinavia-norway, sweden,denmark
the vikings originally came from ___—__,__,__
crusader, Genoa, Venice
they could not however feed themselves in _ states and relied upon regular shipments of supplies from _ and _
babylonian captivity, 1305-1377
this "__" of the papacy lasted from _ to _ (72 years)
feudalism, vassalage, soldiers
this was symbolic of the decline of _ and the old system of _, which the french still used. the english had switched over to a more modern system of paid, professional _
Asgard, Valhalla, Folkvangar
viking warriors did not fear death in battle as it guaranteed them a place in __, in either ___ or __
they hanged viking prisoners but the gallows were overwhelmed so the moors hanged them from the date palms
what did the muslims do with their viking captives?
july 4.1187 saladin army captured or killed the vast majority of the crusader forces ending their ability to wage war
what happened at the battle of hattin(from the lecture!)
the bayeux tapestry. 900 year old record of the time 70 meters long in needlework by nuns after the invasion, meticulously detailed all the events, normans have high razor cut hair in the back, english have long hair. starts with harolds visit to france
what is the tapestry called and what makes it special
middle english
what language was canterbury takes written in
they were perfect ships for Seaborn voyages and coastal attacks, they could go up rivers and attack in land, built with overlapping planks (clinker built) lashed together Below the waterline, wrought iron nails above, with boats they could easily out run the clumsy slow carolingian armies, they could raid a monastery, and check out another one the same afternoon, sailed thousands of miles, A burial ship with the body of a chieftain and masses of burial items were found. 76' long solid oak warship- swift and solid, ships 100'+ are thought to have existed
what made viking ships so special?
weapon, horse, cavalry, infantry
william brought a new "_" of war-the specially bred and fed war _ to be used in a mounted heavy-_ charge that would mow down _
assessors, census, wales, domesday book,property, tax
william sent his _ to make an economic _ of the entire population of england and _. the result was the _ _. this knowledge of the amount and worth of every persons _ allowed him to _the population accordingly.