Imperialism/WWI/Russian Revolution

The Armistice

11an, November 11. 1918; Germany signed a armistice (an agreement to stop fighting); this US holiday is now known as Veterans Day

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. THe sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war

Alexander Kerensky

An agrarian socialist who became prime minister. He refused to confiscate land holding and felt that continuation of war was most important

International AFrican Association

Established by King Leopold II of Belgium Established trading stations in the river regions of Africa Missionaries, settlers, and traders all went to Africa through the association

Georges Clemencaeu

French Premier who was determined to regain Alsace and Lorraine from Germany and weaken the German army as well as to use German financial resources to rebuild the French economy

V.I. Lenin

He led the Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution i n Russia in 1917. He would lead the Communist to victory in the Civil War and would rule until his death in 1924

Roger Casement

Irish Nationalist who landed in Ireland from a German U-Boat and precipitated the Easter Rebellion of 1916. Rebellion put down by the British. This was an example of Germany fostering discontent within the allies domestic spheres. They practised similar tactics in the Ukraine, Poland and amongth the Flems in Belgium

William II of Germany

This new German emperor opposed Bismarck, fired him, and ended up being less successful than Bismarck anyway

Balfour Declaration

a statement of British support from Arthur Balfour for a jewish homeland in Palestine

Afrikaners

descendants of the Dutch in the cape Colony

League of Nations

to pervent new causes of conflict that come from peace treaties. Was not particularly effective in maintaining the peace. The US didn't join the league and because of the determination to be less involved in European affairs. Weakened league from the beginning. Leagues only weapon for stoping aggression was economic sanctions-not that threatening

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the War. Signed by Lenin

Franco-Russian Alliance

1894: French took advantage of the German-Russian break. They formed an Alliance

Boer War

1899-1902; The war where the British defeated the Boers and annexed the two republics

Battle of Tannenberg

1914: German victories in the East were accomplished early in the war against Russia. At this battle, and at Masurian Lakes- bug German victories. Captured 225,000 Russians. BUT, in the long run this was small consolation because the front in West became immobile as a result and led to the TRENCH WARFARE that would be one of the tragic hallmarks of WWI.

Suez Canal

A canal by Egypt that allowed passage from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, which provided the fastest route by sea to reach Asia. Britain tried to control it to regulate trade

Triple Entente

Agreement among Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I

Berlin Conference 1884

Also called the Congo Conference, this conference was called to divide Africa amongst the more powerful European nations. Arranged by Bismarck, it was intended to help Germany colonize because Germany was new to Imperialism. It's result was the "scramble for Africa."

Bosnian Crisis

Austria annexed bosnia and Herzegovina angering the serbs, and Russians; William II forced Russia to accept annexes or face war with Germany

Heart of the Darkness

Book written about Joseph Conrad. Talked about the pure selfishness of Europeans in civilizing others. Depicted Europeans as a liberal scholar who turns into a brute

T.E. Lawrence

British General who in 1917 led Arab tribesmena nd Indian soldiers in the highly successful guerilla war aginst the Turks on the Arabian peninsula

E.D. Morel

British journalist who opposed Leopold's rule of the congo

David Lloyd George

British prime minister who hoped to weaken German industrial output, eliminate most of the German navy and force Germany to pay for post-war rebuilding

Battle of the Marne

COutnerattack toward Schlienffen plan. 6 French Field Armies and 1 British Army along the Marne River, forced the German Army to retreat and abandon its push to take Paris; French and British armies were able to defeat the Germans in this Battle

John Maynard Keynes

Cambridge economist who condemned the traditional view that in a free economy, depressions should be left to work themselves out and argued that unemployment stemmed from a decline in demand

Central Powers

Consisted of German, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. They were called the ____ because they were encircled by the Allied Powers

Henri Petain

French leader of the Vichy republic of France, which was essentially Nazi France. He is seen as a traitor to his people by some Frenchman

Moroccan Crisis

Germany attempted to test the Entente Cordial by aiding the Sultan in a bid for moroccan independence. Great Britain ended up supporting France, which was a diplomatic defeat for Germany, and established the strength of the Entente

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Heir to Austria-Hungary who was murdered by radicla Serbian nationalist. THis resulted in AUstrian mobilization with the full support of Germany. Soon this was no longer a war in the Balkans, but an entire world war

Triple Alliance

Italy felt left-out without any allies, so they joined the Dual Alliance to form this

Apartheid

Laws in Southern Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas

Mustaka Kemal, Ataturk

Led the Turkish nationalist overthrow of the Ottoman sultan in 1922. He then became the president of the Republic of TUrkey in 1923. TO modernized Turkey, he separated Islamic laws from the nation's laws

General Helmut von Moltke

Moltke was the commanding officer in charge of the Slieffen Plan in World War I. He, however, gave too-vague orders to the troops on the French front, resulting in a retreat. TheKaiser was displeased with Moltke and removed him from his position as General.

Petrograd Bread Riots

On March 8, International Women's day, women textile workers poured into the streets shouting "Bread!" Other Petrograd workers quickly joined and within two days over 200,000 strikers brought everyday life to a standstill. After being informed of the mouting chais in the capital, Nicholar II telegraphed back that order should be restored. The city's military commander ordered police and troops to disperse demonstrators, shooting at them if necessary. But after some shooting, the key turning point occurred. Soldiers in one regiment after another refused to simply with orders instead joined the dmonstratos. After realizing he had lost control of Petrograd and the support of key military and political leaders, Nicholar II abdicated the throne on March 15

Leon Trotsky

One of the leaders of the Russian Communist revolution (1917). A close supporter of Lenin, Trotsky was largely responsible for creating theRed Army. After Lenin's death in 1924, he and Stalin SOught control of the party; Stalin won. He was deported in 1929 and murdered in 1940 by an agent of Stalin

Balkan War

Pitted the Balkan league (Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Bulgaria) against the Ottoman Empire. The combined armies of the Balkan states overcame the numerically inferior and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies, and achieved rapid success. As a result of the war, almost all remaining Europeans territories of the Ottoman Empire were captured and partitioned among the allies. Ensuing events also led to the creation of an independent Albanian state. Despite its success, Bulgaria was dissatisfied with the peace settlement and with the Ottoman threat gone, soons tarted a Second Balkan War against its former

Vittorio Emanuelle Orlando

Premier of Italy and representing his country at Paris Peace Conference. Primary objective was to gain as much territory as possible for Italy. One of the Big FOur and also representing a democratic system.

Wilson's Fourteen Point Plan

President Wilson's Peace proposal in 1918 stressed national self determination and the rights of a small countries. Freedom for the seas and free trade. Clemenceau said, "God only had ten."

Masurian Lakes

THis is one of the battles that turned the tables on Russia and Germany. Junior German officer Erish Ludendorff, under the command of general Paul Von Hidenburg, defeated an entire Russian army here

King Leopold II

The Belgian King who opened up the African interior to European trade along the Congo River and by 1884 controlled the area known as the Congo Free State

Congress of Berlin 1878

The English started this so the Russians would not gain the Dardanelles (and thus access to the Mediterranean) thanks to their gains from the Russo-Turkish War. THis also made the Three Emperor's League fall apart since Germany did not support Russia's gains.

Black Hand

The Serbian terrorist group that planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand, part of the Pan-Slavism nationalist mvoement, with the intention of uniting all of the territories containing SOuth Slav populations (Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Slovenes, etc.) annexed by Austria-Hungary

Bolsheviks

The majority party also know as "hards"; founder was Lenin who split the social democrats; also called Leninism; made up of small revolutionary elite, strongly centralized with out autonomy for national or other groups, strong authority at the top=central committee would determine doctrine and control everyone else, party strengthened by purges of anyone who developed deviations of opinion; no cooperation with other parties and in the end would impose view through a dictatorship of the proletariat; stood for rigid reaffirmation of Maxian fundamentals- dialectical materialism and ongoing class struggle

Mensheviks

The party which opposed to the Bolsheviks. Started in 1903 by Martov, after dispute with Lenin. The Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership

Dardanelles

The strait between the Aegean and the Sean of Marmara that separates European Turkey from Asian Turkey

Russo-Turkish War

This war had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War, reestablishing itself in the black sea and following the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire. Concluded by the Treaty of San Stephano

Three Emperor's League

This was an alliance started by Bismarck, between Germany, Austria, and Russia. Conflicting interests between Austria and Russia during the Russo-Turkish war and the resulting Congress of Berlin caused it to fall apart. Soon, Russia sought Germany for an alliance again, and it was rekindled in 1881

The Schlieffen Plan

Was constructed by Germany to deal with fighting a two-front war. THe plan's strategy was to first defeat France in the West while Russia was hopefully very slowly mobilizing its army in the East, then using Germany's good railroads, cross over to the East and defeat Russia. At first it looked as if theplan would work, but Russia was able to mobilize tis army much faster than anyone had anticipated and penetrated the border of East Prussia. Moltke divided the forces on the western to counter the Russian army, greatly weakening his army and forcing them to retreat.

The Economic Consequence of the Peace, 1920

Written by John Maynard Keynes in 1919, it predicted the harsh terms of the treaty would hurt Germany's economy, and thus the economy of the rest of Europe, and lead to significant future political unrest

HusseinIbn-Ali

direct descendant of the prophet Muhammad, sharif of Mecca; refused to follow Ottoman's orders for holy war aginst Brits and then allied with Brits to win independence with T.E. Lawrence

Verdun

in 1916 the unsuccessful German campaign against Verdun cost 700,000 lives on both sides

War Guilt Clause

in the treat of Versailles; declared Germany and Austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers

Gallipoli Plan

~ Russia doesn't have supplies ~trying to figure out other ways to win ~ Arm Russia- Can fight Germans ~ CHange course of war ~ plan- defeat Ottomans ~ Bring supplies through Black Sea to Russia ~ Ottomans win ~ Disaster ~ Poorly planned ~ Allies lost 250,000 troops

Tsar Nicholas II

~Backed down to Germany after wanting to help the Salvs ~ ordered full mobilization and therefore declared general war on Germany and Austria-Hungary ~Temporarily adjourned the Duma and annouced that he was traveling to the front in order to lead and rally Russia's armies