History 1053 Exam 1

The Urban and Suburban Landscape

"Have your fare ready." Nashville mass transportation began in the 1860s with the first mule drawn street cars. In 1889, the city changed from animal drawn to electric powered and remained so until February, 1941. Beginning its run at 12 o'clock, the last streetcar to run in Nashville was the "Owl" operating in the Radnor railroad yards area. Metropolitan Transit Authority collection, Metro Nashville Archives. Although urban areas in the United States experienced immense growth during the late 1800s, suburbs also grew very rapidly. The suburban trend, which had begun in the 1820s and 1830s, grew even more in the 1920s and again in the 1950s. In large part, ever-more-rapid transportation, such as the horse-drawn trolley and then electric street cars, made suburban living possible. The pictures below show examples of urban and suburban housing around 1900. What differences do you see between the two? What advantages do you think each offered to residents? What disadvantages? What impact do you think suburban growth had on the development of American cities?

Freedman's Bureau

(1865) The bureau's focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools.

The Knights of Labor

(1869) 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Harrison-McKinley Tariff

(1890) allowed the president to use the tariff to punish countries that closed their markets to US goods or to reward them for lifting customs barriers.

Farmer Alliances

(farmer revolt) Minutes, Travis County Farmers' Alliance, October 11, 1889 Front Cover In the early 1880s, the Farmers' Alliance emphasized economic action over political activism. Members attempted to form trade associations to negotiate better prices on farm supplies and also started cooperative stores to compete with traditional retailers. Cooperative mills and cotton gins were established, along with cooperative credit programs to compete with the prevailing "crop-lien" system and cooperative negotiating with textile manufacturers to purchase cotton and eliminate middlemen. These strategies did result in some advantages for participating farmers but did not address what farmers viewed as the root causes of falling prices for cotton and other crops. In 1886, a more politically militant faction took control of the Alliance and began to agitate for many of the reforms that soon formed the basis of the Populist movement. The free coinage of silver money, the abandonment of the gold standard, and government purchase of surplus crops were some of the political measures advocated by the Alliance. In the 1890s, the Farmers' Alliance struggled to maintain a separate identity from the Populist Party. When the Populists went down to their final defeat in the 1896 election, it was also the end of the Farmers' Alliance.

Haymarket Riot

-100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings. -1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence

What were the living conditions of poor immigrants like in major cities? ("Tenement Living")

-4 bedrooms - 1 window in the front and back of the building and 2 windows with 2 beds in the middle -some ppl had 2 rooms -beds were being used 24 hours a day (8 hour shifts) poor ppl were on top of each other -it was not a healthy situation

Business and Politics

-An Enduring Partnership -The Politics of the Dead Center -Civil Service Reform (Pendleton Act) -1883 The Pendleton Civil Service Act -regulating and protecting businesses a. Interstate Commerce Act (1887) b. Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) c. Harrison-McKinley Tariff (1890)

What were the rights and responsibilities of freedom (for African American Men)

-Black Men Voting - This 1867 sketch by Alfred R. Waud depicts blacks voting freely in the first open elections in the South. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 had mandated these rights. -African American Union Soldiers

Who were the African American Senators?

-Blanche K. Bruce. He nation's second black senator, and the first African-American to be elected to a full six-year term.  -Hiram Revels was elected to the U.S. Senate in January, 1870 to fill the seat vacated by Mississippi's Jefferson Davis. He thereby became the first black man in the Senate.

What are examples of child labor?

-Boys making cigars. -textile factory girl. -boy miner.

Capitalism Shifts into High Gear

-Comparing Industrial Revolutions. -The Proletariat Class. -Urban Explosion in the East...NYC -Economic Transformation in the Heartland....Chicago i.e Category: Chicago stockyards TITLE: [In the heart of the Great Union Stock Yards, Chicago, U.S.A.] 1909.

Cultures and Conflicts in the American West

-Diversity -The removal of the Indians -The Dawes Act and Indian Land Allotment -The Last Act of Indian Resistance

growing economy

-Economic transitions -Industrial leader -The changing workforce (i.e) -Artisan's workshop, shoemakers. -Boot factory. Note the large numbers of female workers on the left and the use of machines for the insoles on the right.

The Agricultural and Ranching West

-Farmers goes West -Ranchers and Cowboys -The Landless: Tenants, Sharecroppers, and Migrants -Commercialization and Industrialization out West

Populist Movement

-Movement of farmers in the late 1800s to become politically involved to protect their interest in America; movement wanted to expand the money supply and regulate Big Business -"The People to Plutocracy"

Reconstruction in Retreat and the Redeemers

-Opposition to Reconstruction -Mass Terrorist Activities in the South -The North wants out of Reconstruction -Economic Depression of 1873 -The Redeemers Win -The Election Bargain of 1876

What are gendered class politics

-Partisan Politics vs. Volunteerism -Popular Politics and Its Discontents (William M. "Boss" Tweed and Charles Francis Adams)

What are some urban culture and entertainment?

-Racist Nostalgia—Minstrel Shows -Vaudeville -Sports -Modern Social Thought (Social Darwinism) -World's Fairs

Workers Make Demands

-The Knights of Labor -Haymarket and Labor Radicalism

Irish immigrant stereotypes

-This cartoon printed in 1889, stereotypes the Irish as unmixable in America's melting pot. -Cartoons for magazines such as Harper's Weekly featured cartoons by Thomas Nast and depicted Irish immigrants as ape-like barbarians prone to lawlessness, laziness and drunkenness. "St. Patrick's Day, 1867...Rum, Blood, The Day We Celebrate" shows a riot with policemen and ape-like Irishmen. -An 1854 caricature of an Irish immigrant in Dublin. -Harper's Weekly image of the "coffin ships" showing the cramped, unhealthy accommodations for the Irish immigrants. -An 1850s cartoon showing a "poor house" of immigrants from Ireland. -An 1854 Nathaniel Currier cartoon called "Taking a 'Smile" picturing Irish drinking.

industrial giants

-Thomas A. Scott Andrew Carnegie -John D. Rockefeller (established standard oil company)

how did everybody worked

-Women factory workers making teddy bears. -Women textile factory workers. -Mother and children garment workers working from home. -Women made typewriters

Victorian Society

-changing values -constructions of male and female gendered roles -Separate Spheres -patriarchal, women could work but very little, still had household jobs (views the roles of men and women)

What were the conditions of workers in industrial America? Why was their situation so hopeless? ("The Worker's Plight")

-conditions were horrible which lead to frequent illness or injuries and workshops as fire traps -lack of insulation and safety cautious -no minimum wage laws their situation was so hopeless because there is a divide between the rich and the poor. Employers view their workers as fellow human beings but as an army of workers in a unitary way. No one cared about the poor working class.

Slave Culture

-consist of culture, folktale, music, and dance. It was a shared experience, pleasure, hope, and meaning to difficult lives and sudden forms of defiance. -gave slave life beyond the horrible work and the means of dehumanization of slavery

Sojourner Truth

-former slave who became an abolitionist and women's rights activist -Isabella Baumfree (Sojourner Truth). Ex-slave and accomplished orator. Before the Civil War, she worked tirelessly in women's suffrage and abolitionist causes. After the Civil War ended, she worked tirelessly to aid the newly-freed southern slaves. She even attempted to petition Congress to give the ex-slaves land in the "new West." Truth continued preaching and lecturing until ill health forced her to retire.

40 acres and a mule

-land of the loyalist -Black Men Voting - This 1867 sketch by Alfred R. Waud depicts blacks voting freely in the first open elections in the South. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 had mandated these rights. -African American Union Soldiers

Other Southern Yeoman Farmers and Ex-Whigs

-least effective group -speedy establishment of peace and order -recognition of loyalty and economic value of Yeomen farmers -create diversity of Southern economy -displace the planter aristocracy w/ new southern political leadership -redistribution of confiscated land

Populists

-third party political movement to address farmers' plight -A party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8hr working day

Immigrant culture

-understandings and symbols of an immigrant group about to enter the sphere of the dominant culture (assimilate or resist) -Cultural Problem -high culture -Artistic Realism and Urban/Industrial America

cut-throat competition

-when one company lowers its prices, forcing other companies to do the same, sometimes to a point where business becomes unprofitable -Volatility -An earlier great depression -Consolidation i.e J.P. Morgan and U.S. Steel, 1901

Analyze the factors that led to the industrialization of the United States in the late 1800s

1. Improved transportation and communication. 2. the growth of capitalism and a growing number of capitalistic entrepreneurs. 3. New inventions and technology. 4. New advertising and marketing techniques. 5. plentiful natural resources. 6. plentiful labor a. migrants b. women c. children d. immigrants 7. government support

Scientific Racism

19th century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed (founder was Samuel Gompers)

Henry Miller

20th Century American writer who wrote several controversial work including Tropic of Cancer. Agribusiness Giants

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners whites who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Trusts

A group of firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner white who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Freedman

A person who has been freed from slavery. -economic independence -education opportunities* -physical protection from abuse and terror by local whites -suffrage -equal civil rights and protection under law

Nativism (1899)

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Northen Moderate Republicans

A small group of Republicans that agreed with Lincoln that the Southern states should be re-admitted into the Union as simply as possible -speedy establishment of peace and order -leniency and amnesty and re-admission of southern states to the Union -perpetuate primacy of land ownership, free labor, and market competition -local self-determination of economic and social issues w/ limited interference of national government -limited support for black suffrage

Pools

Agreement between railroads to divide competition. Equalization was achieved by dividing traffic.

(Inventions Galore): Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Ghost Dance Dress

An Arapaho woman wore this deerskin dress during the Ghost Dance fervor of 1889-1890 in Oklahoma. Decorated with stars and eagles, it was intended to protect its wearer. Ghost dancers believed that the clothing they wore made them impervious to army bullets. The symbols and the decoration on the garments evoked powerful magic. The men wore white Ghost Dance shirts; women and children dressed in more colorful garments like the one pictured here.

Geronimo

Apache leader who fought U.S. soldiers to keep his land. He led a revolt of 4,000 of his people after they were forced to move to a reservation in Arizona.

Free Labor Ideology

Belief that all work in a free society is honorable and that manual labor is degraded when it is equated with slavery or bondage

Industrialization, 1865-1900

Between 1865 and 1900, industry clustered in the Northeast and Great Lakes states; only in those regions did industry employ 25 percent or more of the labor force. The West supplied raw materials—oil, minerals, and timber—while in the South and Midwest agriculture and attendant industries such as tobacco processing and meatpacking dominated. Notice, however, the concentration of textile manufacturing in the South.

Changesin the Rural &Urban Populations 1870-1900

Between 1870 and 1900, not only did the number of urban dwellers increase but, even as the number of rural inhabitants fell, the number of farms increased. Mechanization made it possible to farm with fewer hands, fueling the exodus from farm to city throughout the second half of the nineteenth century.

Who were the Blacks elected in Mississippi

Blacks Elected in MississippiIn March, 1867 Congress passed the Reconstruction Act, opening the era of Congressional Reconstruction. The Act divided the South into five military districts and disenfranchised large numbers of white southerners. The result was black voting majorities in five southern states. This soon led to the election of numerous blacks to high political office, as shown in this photo montage from Mississippi. Amongst the distinguished lawyers and politicians depicted here are Blanche K. Bruce and Hiram Revels (at left and right of the Old Capitol building). Both men were elected to the U.S. Senate, while their colleague John R. Lynch (located below Bruce in the picture) served in the U.S. House of Representatives—one of twenty African-Americans to be elected there during the Reconstruction era.

The Loss of Indian Lands, 1850-1890

By 1890, western Indians were isolated on small, scattered reservations. Native Americans had struggled to retain their land in major battles, from the Santee uprising in Minnesota in 1862 to the massacre at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1890.

Territorial government

Corrupt North Dakota Governor Nehemiah G. Ordway (time in office: 1880-1884)

The World's Economy

Created by Europeans during the late 16th century; based on control of the seas; established an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products.

Francis Willard

Dean of Women at Northwestern University and the president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union. (get rid of alcohol)

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Drove alcohol (liquor) out of 250 communities, their goal was to obtain pledges of total abstinence of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, largest woman's organization in the US and world, train women to think on their feet, speak in public and run organization

Pendleton Act of 1883

Federal legislation which created a system in which federal employees were chosen on the basis of competitive examinations, therefore making merit, or ability, the reason for hiring people to fill federal positions

what were the different visions of Reconstruction

Goals: end of slavery and economic independence Source: desire to read the Bible; need to prepare for economic marketplace; opportunity Competing visions: 5 main group

14th Amendment (1868)

Grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the US"; it forbids any state to deny any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws." Most important law ever passed besides original Constitution and Bill of Rights. It has been the vehicle for the expansion of civil rights, women's rights, gay rights among other movements. It also allowed for the "incorporation doctrine" which means the application of the national Bill of Rights to the states. -Congressional Reconstruction Vision

What were the devastation of the South

Here is Charleston, South Carolina in 1865 after Union troops had burned the elegant old city. So many Southern cities were destroyed during the Civil War that it led to huge economic troubles in the post-war years.

Ethnic Americans

Immigrant groups reinvented themselves as ___ _____ and asserted the validity of cultural diversity & tolerance of differences as the essence of American freedom.

The Impact of Immigration, to 1910

Immigration flowed in all directions—south from Canada, north from Mexico, east from Asia to Seattle and San Francisco, and west from Europe to port cities like Boston and New York.

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000. -he was a radical

What were the growth of cities?

Migration -World divided into 3 interlocking geographic regions. a. Industrial core b. Agricultural rural domain c. Third region -Late 19th century: U.S. experienced domestic migrations and increased immigration

Victorian construction of male and female (Separate Spheres)

No area of life was more obvious than the different male and female spheres. Men seen as worthy of education, strong, intelligent. Females seen as unworthy of education or voting rights, weak, and passive. Using pseudo-science to prove that women were in fact not as intelligent, strong, or capable. Also stating that men cannot emotionally care for children. Not all americans followed this lifestyle These americans often criticized by middle class reformers Immigrant blaming going on. Many american native born whites often criticized immigrants claiming that they brought problems to american cities

Sitting Bull

One of the leaders of the Sioux tribe. He was a medicine man " as wily as he was influential." He became a prominent Indian leader during the Sioux Was from 1876-1877.( The war was touched off when a group of miners rushed into the Black Hills of South Dakota in 1875.) The well-armed warriors at first proved to be a superior force. During Custer's Last Stand in 1876, Sitting Bull was " making medicine" while another Indian, Crazy Horse, led the Sioux. When more whites arrived at the Battle of Little Big Horn, Sitting Bull and the other Sioux we forced into Canada.

Economic transformation in modes of production

Part of the growing economy was the economic transition from the artisan workshop to the factory

Railroad Locomotive

Post-civil war period - the locomotive replaced the covered wagon. Settlers could travel from Chicago or St. Louis to the West Coast in two days. By the 1890s, more than 72,000 miles of track stretched west of the Mississippi River. First transcontinental railroad completed in 1869 and by the 1880s, there were four competing lines available to transport travelers going into the West.

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Baseball and social divisions

Professional sports such as football, baseball, and fighting, all started becoming focuses of entertainment of all social classes. Sports tended to reinforce socio economic class distinctions betweens americans. Working class sports fans had to sit in specific sections (nosebleeds) White elites had private boxes. Also, African American players banned from the field. Very difficult for men of color to break into sports. All of these forms of entertainment were controlled and operated by a handful of owners - concentration power in entertainment industry. Would even try to go and destroy other businesses.

The Election and Bargain of 1876

Republican candidate Hayes wins by majority vote, Hayes agreed to recognize democratic rule, would no longer intervene in local southern affairs. Democrats promised to allow Hayes to be undisputed president, promised to respect the civil and political rights of African Americans, did not keep promises. Congress passes Electoral Count Act Hayes becomes president Hayes removes remaining troops from the South to end Reconstruction.

Western Mining 1848-1890

Rich deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and iron larded the mountains of the West, from the Sierras of California to the Rookies of Colorado and the Black Hills of South Dakota. Beginning with the gold strike on Sutter's Creek in California in 1848 and continuing through the rush for gold in Cripple Creek, Colorado, in 1890, miners from all over the world flocked to the West in search of riches. Few struck it rich. Many more stayed on as paid workers in the increasingly mechanized corporate mines.

Catholic Church and ethnic subcultures

Roman Catholic church played a complicated role, in some places it encouraged assimilation, in others, traditional values. Reformers failed to recognize that immigrants were largely working class

What does Dorothy Redford say about the slave family? (the slave world)

Slave families would teach their children about slave stories which intended to teach as well to simply entertain and taught lessons particular to children. -slave children had to be slaved and every parent wants to protect their children from the hardships of this world. particular slave parents had a hard task and how to survive institutions to slaves

What kind of jobs did slaves do? Was there a division of labor based on gender and/or age? (the slave world)

Slave work varies in working as labor on small farms, servants on urban households, factory workers, riverboat men, carpenters, blacksmiths, prostitute, and many other occupations usually 30 slaves who work on field before sunrise. Women did every job as men did besides jobs that required animals Children did jobs on plantations like going into a 98 acre farm and picking the bugs off the crop Women and men who work in the house typically thought they were having better jobs in part because they are associated with the owner's family. They heard things that of what slaves in the field do and so their exposure is different. Work cycle is different: Field- 6 days a week and in house - 7 days a week

Who were the other Groups Subjected to Nativism

The Jews

The New Economic Systems and a Transformed Southern Society

The New South New Systems of Labor 1) Task System 2) Supervised wage labor 3) Sharecropping The White Farmer 1) Crop-lien system 2) From yeoman farmers to sharecroppers. c. The Urban South 1) Due to railroad, urban South prospered.

immigration and it's restriction

The Old and New Immigration, 1870-1910 -Before 1880, over 85 percent of immigrants came from western Europe—Germany, Ireland, England, and the Scandinavian countries. After 1880, 80 percent of the new arrivals came from Italy, Turkey, Hungary, Armenia, Poland, Russia, and other Slavic countries.

Economic Regions of the World, 1890s

The global nature of the world economy at the turn of the century is indicated by three interconnected geographic regions. At the center stands the industrial core—western Europe and the northeastern United States. The second section—the agricultural periphery—supplied immigrant laborers to the industries in the core. Beyond these regions lay a vast area tied economically to the industrial core by colonialism.

mergers

The joining together of two or more companies or organizations to form one larger one.

Meanings of Emancipation - study the different perspectives

The south and north had differing perspectives on emancipation, slave owners and slaves had different opinions, and democrats and republicans had different opinions too.

Gilded Age Political Corruption

Thomas Nast Cartoon subject: Boss Tweed and Political Corruption

Anti- Irish Catholic Cartoon

Thomas Nast cartoon from 1870 expressing the worry that the Irish Catholics threatened the American freedom.

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Women's suffrage

Women's right to vote (19th amendment)

Workers in the City (The Workforce)

Workers in the Caisson In 1870 Leslie's Illustrated Weekly ran an article on the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, including illustrations showing the work that went on inside the caissons below the surface of the East River. Here a work crew wields sledgehammers to break up rock. Boulders on the river bottom, some the size of boxcars, led eventually to the use of explosives—a dangerous undertaking in the cramped caissons.

The Mining West and Territorial Governance

a Comstock land

brand advertising

advertising that communicates the specific features, values, and benefits of a particular brand offered for sale by a particular organization i.e -Sears -Roebuck Co. -Quaker Oats Cereal -A&P Grocery Store -Ivory Soap, -Montgomery Ward Corsets for sale in the late 1800s: Sears, Roebuck Company Incorporated: cheapest supply house on earth... consumers guide. 1897 Quaker Oats Cereal Ivory Soap: 1896 Woman with child at her toilette The A & P Grocery Store was located in the middle of the 500 block of Chestnut Street directly north of the Princess Sweet Shop. This picture shows Bob Webster minding the store. Later Eddie Barr ran the store for many years. The store was closed in the 1970's and the building was razed along with the Princess Sweet Shop to make way for the new IGA grocery store. Before the Internet, Wal-Mart, and the shopping mall, there was Montgomery Ward."Our mail order methods meet many wants," wrote a poetic but anonymous copywriter on a page of the 1895 Montgomery Ward & Co. catalogue. He had a gift for understatement. At its zenith from the 1880s to the 1940s, Montgomery Ward, like its cross-town Chicago rival, Sears, sold virtually everything the average American could think of or desire—and by mail. This was a revolution, and Ward's fired the first shot. To buy spittoons, books of gospel hymns, hat pins, rifles, wagons, violins, birdcages, or portable bathtubs, purchases that used to require many separate trips to specialist merchants, suddenly all the American shopper had to do was lick a stamp. This unabridged facsimile of the retail giant's 1895 catalogue showcases some 25,000 items, from the necessities of life (flour, shirts) to products whose time has passed (ear trumpets). It is an important resource for antiquaries, students of Americana, writers of historical fiction, and anyone who wants to know how much his great-grandfather paid for his suspenders. It is a true record of an era. 20,000 b/w illustrations.

Ulysses S. Grant

an American (union) army general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Why the U.S. was ready for the 2nd Industrial Revolution

an extensive rail system, many inventions

Dawes Act (1887 + 1889)

authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

barred chinese immigrants from naturalization (becoming citizens)

How did blacks defy and survive slavery according to the narrator, James Roark, and Ira Berlin? (the slave world)

blacks created a world of their own

What is the relationship between the consumer culture, wages, and manhood? ("Rise of Consumer Culture")

consumer culture/wages -culture in which ppl buy things and making them. core of consumer culture is the notion that is infinite that they are changeable. It exist because we want more by the 1890 which beginning to say what we want to be able to buy to. participate for our family aka the American culture. manhood-essential defining a man (not in terms to owning your own business) anymore but in terms to providing for your family within a consumer culture

What role did immigration, urbanization, and industrialization play in the creation of modern America

created more jobs in cities and fewer on farms

high culture

cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite

Literary Realism

depiction of contemporary life emphasizing everyday experience and conditions

Comstock Load

discovered by Henry Comstock, 1859, huge deposit of gold and silver in Nevada

the working class family

families that typically consist of industrial and factory workers, office workers, clerks, and farm and manual laborers; most working-class people don't own their own homes and don't attend college

According to Larry Hudson, Jr. how did slaves negotiate with whites? (the slave world)

gave control of their physically body to some extent to their minds for a small portion of land

National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA)

group formed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton that fought for an amendment that would grant women the right to vote

Reconstruction Act of 1867

laid out the process for readmitting Southern states into the Union.

Where is majority of slaves live on

more than half of all slaves live on plantations or agricultural estates with 20 or more slaves on them

Agnes of Cole

she signed a pledge for Women's Christian Temperance Union

*going national*

sources, journalists have closer relations and stories are affected -The role of the railroads. -An army of workers. -Mass consumption. -Everything was massive during this period. i.e -Kodak Bullet Camera, 1895. -Ponds Extract, 1882.

Charles Lux

the Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller of the far West. Name the largest corporate landowners in the West -Agribusiness Giants

Redeemers

white Democrats who used their political power to oppress the Black community

Fraternal organizations

-A non profit or benevolent association and only can provide insurance to its members. -Groups in which membership is based on common personal interests rather than on common work or career responsibilities.

Ku Klux Klan

-A secret white supremacy society group that was created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights. -Nathan Bedford Forest(Leader of KKK)

Susan Brownell Anthony (February 15, 1820 - March 13, 1906)

-An American social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association Movement -was an American civil rights leader who, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, led the effort to grant women the right to vote in the United States.

Who gave rights of women?

-Elizabeth Cady Stanton -Susan B. Anthony -Lucy Stone -Abby Kelley

How did African Americans define freedom as? What were their meaning of freedom?

-Family -Church -Schools -The Vote (Political Freedom) -Land, Labor (Economic Freedom

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Lucy Stone

"American reformer, who was a pioneer in the movement for women's rights. She was born near West Brookfield, Mass., on Aug. 13, 1818. Disagreeing with her father's belief that men should be dominant over women, Lucy undertook to educate herself and was graduated from Oberlin College in 1847. A woman of great personal magnetism, she toured the country, lecturing against slavery for the Anti-Slavery Society and also advocating equality for women. She was an organizer of the first national women's rights convention held in Worcester, Mass., in 1850. In 1855 she married Henry Blackwell, a crusader for women's suffrage, and by mutual agreement with her husband she retained her maiden name. She then focused on winning equality for women, generally through legislation, and often in vain. She helped organize the American Woman Suffrage Association in 1869. From 1872 she and her husband were in charge of the Woman's Journal , an effective forum for communicating their views. She continued to be active in the cause of women's rights almost until the time of her death, in Dorchester, Mass., on Oct. 18, 1893." -she helped organize the American Woman Suffrage Association

Interstate Commerce Act

(1887) Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(November 12, 1815 - October 26, 1902) -A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869. -was a social activist and a leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States.

Frances Willard

(Women Middle-Class Radicals) -the daughter of a schoolteacher, was born in Churchville, New York, on 28th September, 1839. She studied at the Northwestern Female College, Evanston, Illinois and afterwards taught science at Pittsburgh Female College and Genesee Wesleyan Seminary in New York. In 1871 Willard was appointed president of Northwestern Female College and when it merged with the university, she became college dean and professor of esthetics. Willard also worked as a journalist and for a time was editor of the Chicago Daily Post. In 1874 Willard helped establish the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). The main objective of the WCTU was to persuade all states to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages. Under the leadership of Willard (1879-1898), the organisation succeeded in bringing about temperance education in schools. The WCTU also supported the abolition of prostitution, prison reform and women's suffrage. By 1881 Willard had become president of the WCTU. She was an outstanding lecturer, organizer, writer and for a time was editor of the Chicago Daily Post. Willard published her autobiography, Glimpses of Fifty Years, in 1889. Williard became a socialist and in 1897 she shocked fellow delegates at the national conference of the Women's Christian Temperance Union when she argued that "socialism is the higher way; it enacts into everyday living the ethics of Christ's gospel. Nothing else will do."Frances Willard developed Influenza while visiting New York City and died on 17th February, 1898.

What were the famous African American Colleges

-Fisk University in Tennessee -Hampton Institute in Virginia -Howard University in Washington, D.C -Students at Howard University. Here black students stand outside and on the balcony of the main hall of Howard University. Howard was one of nine black colleges founded immediately following the Civil War. Amongst the others were Hampton Institute, St. Augustine's College, Atlanta University, Fisk University, Storer College, and Biddle Memorial Institute. Education was a top priority for blacks in the early years of Reconstruction.  -A history class at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1902

The Freedmen's Bureau

-In 1865, the War Department organized the Freedmen's Bureau to help provide education, medical care, and food to newly freed slaves. Pictured below is a Freedmen's Bureau school A Freedman's School -in the spring of 1866 Congress enlarged the scope of the Freedmen's Bureau, empowering it among other things to build schools and to hire teachers. Here is the Misses Cooke's school room in Richmond, Virginia—a project supported by the Freedmen's Bureau. -The Freedmen's Bureau was established by Congress in March, 1865 in order to offer provisions, clothing, and fuel to destitute former slaves, as well as to manage confiscated lands in the South. In the sketch here from the illustrated newspaper Leslie's Weekly, former slaves line up to receive their allotted rations.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

-Johnson was impeached for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868 of which one of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office and replaced him with Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas -Articles of impeachment approved by House of Representatives in Feb of 1868.

Wartime Reconstruction Vision Under Lincoln

-Lincoln's Thinking v. Congressional Thought. -Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (10% Plan) -Wade-Davis Bill (1864) -Lincoln States -What could have been?

How did whites define freedom

-Masters without Slaves -The Free Labor Vision of the Republican North -The Freedmen's Bureau -Land and Labor Revisited

Reverend Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs

-Presbyterian minister -Florida Sec. of State. -Superintendent of Public Instruction. -Lt Col. in Florida State Militia.

Black Codes in Texas

-Southern laws (Jim Crow Laws) denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War -The black code legislation prohibited blacks from marrying whites, holding office, and voting. African Americans suspected of being truant from their jobs could be arrested and forced to work on public projects without pay until they agreed to return to their employer. -In dealing with whites, African Americans could not make insulting noises, speak disrespectfully or out of turn, dispute the word of whites, or disobey a command. Further, they had to stand at attention when Whites passed, step aside when white women were on the sidewalk, address whites "properly" and remove their hats in the presence of whites. Whites insisted upon this behavior because they continued to believe in white supremacy. -"Selling a Freeman to Pay His Fineat Monticello, Florida," Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, January 19, 1867.

Congressional Reconstruction Vision

-The Reconstruction Act -Impeaching Johnson -The Fifteenth Amendment -The Great Constitutional Revolution -The Rights of Women

Social Darwinism

-The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. -survival of the fittest

Presidential Reconstruction Vision Under Johnson

-Who was Andrew Johnson? -Johnson's Plan for Reconstruction. -The Black Codes -The Radical Republicans -The Moderate Republicans

Civil Right Act (Bill Passes) of 1866

-a law that gave African Americans legal rights equal to those of white Americans -Allyn CoxOil on Canvas (1973-1974) -the 1866 civil rights bill, which prohibited discrimination on the bases of race or previous condition of slavery, prefigured the 14th amendment to the Constitution. In the foreground of the mural, former slave Henry Garnet is shown speaking with newspaper editor Horace Greeley, who supported African American suffrage.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

-allows the government to break up companies with control of a market; prevents monopolies -First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

World Fairs

-cultural, artistic, scientific, technological, industrial, educational, etc., developments of the advanced Western nations displayed in an atmosphere of friendly competition; also where Western nations exhibit their colonies of non-Western people -These events helped sustain the presence of Academic art well into the 19th Century (1800's)

Old Southern Planter Aristocracy

-most effective group: rich white ppl in South -protection from Freedmen uprisings and excessive freedom -amnesty, pardon, and restoration f confiscated lands -restore plantation-based, market-crop economy w/ cheap labor -restore traditional political leaders in the states -restore traditional race relations as bases of social order

Sharecropper

-person who rents a plot of land from another person and farms it in exchange for a share of the crop -There were early attempts to provide former slaves with land of their own confiscated from former slave-owners. General Sherman's Special Field Order Number 15, issued in January 1865, had promised forty acres of land to each family who agreed to move to areas like the Sea Islands off Georgia. By June, 1865, 40,000 freed slaves had settled in coastal Georgia and South Carolina where they began a brief experiment in self-sufficiency. - "Southern sharecropper picking cotton."

Farmers Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

Managerial Class (Wright)

A new breed of managers and experts replaced traditional property owners as the leaders of the middle class. Ability to serve the needs of a big organization largely replaced inherited property and family connection in determining an individual's social position. Thus the new middle class, which was based largely in specialized skills in high levels of education, was more open, democratic, and insecure than the old propertied middle class. The structure of the lower class also became more flexible and open. (1012)

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Vaudeville

A type of inexpensive variety show that first appeared in the 1870s, often consisting of comic sketches, song-and-dance routines, and magic acts

Homestead Act of 1862

Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects

Northern Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a small group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South. -most prevalent group -justify war by remaking Southern society in the image of the north -political punishment of Confederate leaders -*continue programs from before the war: high tariffs, railroad subsidies, universal education -maintain republican party in power -provide freedmen w/ political and economic powe i.e Charles Sumner & Thaddeus Stevens

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

party bosses

Bosses engaged in corruption and violence 'Boss Tweed' (democrat) - controlled democratic machine called 'Tammany Hall' : this machine made it their #1 priority electoral votes to get their guys elected, controlled jobs in the city. Rewarded followers and voters with city with jobs Bosses usually had more power than the mayor Able to control city jobs, franchises, would use anything from bribery to threats to get his way, had a lot of loyalists

The different visions of Reconstruction

Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's successor shared different views on the roles that African Americans should have in society than Lincoln did. He believed that they had no role to play in reconstruction. Johnson offered a pardon to all white southerners who took an oath of allegiance. This excluded Confederate leaders and wealthy planters whose prewar property had been valued at more than $20,000. He also appointed provisional governors and ordered them to call state conventions, elected by whites that would establish loyal governments in the South. Johnson granted the new governments a free hand in managing local affairs. Most of the Republican North turned against Johnson because of the way he handled the southern governments. White voters returned prominent Confederates and members of the old elite to power. The most controversial decision to Johnson's Reconstruction policy were the Black codes. They so completely violated free labor principles that they called forth a vigorous response from the Republican North. 1. The Reconstruction led to a Constitutional revolution because it caused a lot of opposition. It was the intersection of two products of the Civil War era: a newly empowered national state, and the idea of a national citizenry enjoying equality before the law.

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west. Basically a railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

African American in Congress

Congressman: Jeremiah Haralson. Born in 1846, Jeremiah Haralson was self-educated and was the only African American to serve in the Alabama House, Alabama Senate, and the U.S. House of Representatives. Known for his dynamic speaking, in 1876 Haralson was arrested during his campaign for re-election by his Democratic opponent, the sherriff of Dallas County, General Charles M. Shelley. Though Shelley failed to carry any of the majority black district, he never-the-less "carried" the district, and went to Washington. After this incident, reconstruction was clearly over in Dallas County -Blacks in Congress. In 1872 there were seven blacks in Congress—Hiram Revels in the Senate, and Benjamin Turner, Robert De Large, Josiah Walls, Jefferson Long, Joseph Rainy, and R. Brown Elliot in the House. Between 1869 and 1901, a total of twenty-two African-Americans served in the U.S. Congress.  -Robert Smalls, former slave and Civil War hero, elected to the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina.

Minstrel Shows

Consisted of white actors in blackface. Consisted of comedy routines, dances, and instrumental solos. While today this is seen as racist, it does speak to the profound effect African American music had on American music

To Re-Cap - To be a slave no more meant...

Emancipation

what did freedom mean for former slaves, slaveholders, and northern White Americans in the aftermath of the Civil War

Former Slaves: -vision of reconstructed South and emancipated blacks -same opportunities as northern workers -tried to find their love ones -wanted to own their own land -political freedom and suffrage Former slaveholders: -did whatever they could to make sure black ppl didn't have the same civil rights as white people -black codes -kept black ppl in a position where they would remain impoverished and keep working for cheap on the plantations they were enslaved on northern whites Americans: -Although the South had better military leadership in the early years of the war and was fighting a defensive war on their own soil, the North had advantages in population, industrial resources, agricultural resources, naval resources, and financial resources. -The northern strategy at the beginning of the war included a blockade of the Confederacy, an attempt to take control of the Mississippi River, and an attempt to capture Richmond, Virginia.

General William Tecumseh Sherman

He was widely hated throughout the South for his ferocious style of warfare. But Southern blacks came to love him. In January, 1865 he issued Special Field Order Number 15, setting aside the Sea Islands in Georgia, and parts of South Carolina and Florida, for the exclusive settlement of former slaves. Some 40,000 freed slaves streamed into the area which became widely known as "Sherman's land."

Henry George

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism. (he was a middle class man)

Positive Image of the Freedmen's Bureau as a promoter of racial peace in the violent postwar South Negative (and extremely racist) depiction of the Freedmen's Bureau.

The Freedmen's Bureau, an engraving from Harper's Weekly, July 25, 1868, depicts the Bureau agent as a promoter of racial peace in the violent postwar South. "The Freedman's Bureau! An Agency To Keep The Negro In Idleness...." 1866. This racist poster mocks the agency created by Republicans in Congress to assist black (and white refugees) in the South adjust to freedom in the days after the Civil War. Bitterly attacked by Democrats and opposed by President Andrew Johnson, the Bureau was typically depicted as favoring lazy blacks over hard-working whites. In return for their support, Republicans gave (according to the poster) idle blacks rum and whiskey, white women, sugar plums, fish balls, clams, stews, and pies. It also shows a table comparing funds allocated for black compared to monies allocated for Civil War veterans. Library of Congress. The poster reads: "The Freedmen's Bureau! An Agency to keep the Negro in idleness at the expense of the white man. Twice vetoed by the President, and made a law by Congress. Support Congress and you support the Negro. Support the President and you protect the white man."

Politics and Immigrants

The influx of newcomers resulted in anti-immigrant sentiment among certain factions of America's native-born, predominantly Anglo-Saxon Protestant population. The new arrivals were often seen as unwanted competition for jobs, while many Catholics-especially the Irish-experienced discrimination for their religious beliefs. In the 1850's, the anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic American Party (also called the Know-Nothings) tried to severely curb immigration, and even ran a candidate, former U.S. president Millard Fillmore (1800-1874), in the presidential election of 1956.

Preconditions for an American Second Industrial Revolution

The nation had even more resources thanks to the acquisitions from Mexico. ABUNDANT NATURAL RESOURCES! Endless supply of cheap labor with European immigrants coming in. Expanding market for manufacturing goods, all the stuff that the factories are producing. Availability of capital for investing purposes - some americans are rich, they can use this money to invest in the creation of factories, or go out west and develop the mining industry. The federal government actively promoted industrial and agricultural development, D.C. was promoting both industrial development and agricultural projects

what happened to Reconstruction? Did it succeed or fail? why?

The period (1865-77) following the civil war, The states of Confederacy were controlled by the Federal government and social legislation, including the granting of new rights African Americans, was introduced

Loss of white Northern support for Reconstruction

Ultimately, Reconstruction ended because of several factors. Northerners were tired of a decade of Reconstruction efforts and had become less interested in the South with the rise of speculation and profit-making in the Gilded Age and then the hardships of the Depression of 1873. In addition, the conservative Supreme Court repeatedly struck down Radical Republican legislation, issuing rulings that had a devastating effect on blacks' civil liberties. Meanwhile, the persistent scare tactics of the Ku Klux Klan and other southern white groups drove many Republicans out of office, giving Democrats a majority in every southern state by 1877.

Extermination of the Bison

With railroads came buffalo hunters - killed buffaloes for meat used to feed workers, eastern demand for buffalo hides also lead to the destruction of huge bison herds.

Josiah Strong

a popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas