History 108 Final
7. What major revolution happened by the beginning of the New Stone (Neolithic) Age? What were the social, scientific, technological and economic results of it?
- the agricultural revolution: Shift from hunter - gatherers to agricultural based societies. -location established around fertile banks of major rivers, where agriculture could be flourished. - Specialization The existence of pottery and textiles, the specialist craftsman can be maintained only if food-producers are organized to produce a regular surplus, -Developed metal works -Civilizations based on irrigation agriculture (First area was the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East). - Political centralized political authority and complex bureaucracies to collect, store, and redistribute agricultural surpluses. - Developed laws, law enforcement, army, weapons, -Constructed monumental buildings - Developed writing (recording), mathematics (counting, measuring, simple calculations), and astronomy (determination of seasons, making calendars, etc.) - Domesticated animals (sheep and goats first, then pigs, then cows) -Development of industries based on domesticated animals (dairy industry, Availability of meat (ready to slaughter any time), Wool production /clothing (first looms appeared around 6000 BCE), Using animal droppings as fertilizer, -Using animal power > labor saving technologies
3. Technology may be defined as purposeful human manipulation of the material world. It consists of four components. Using the example of the Greek Fire explain those components.
-4 Components are:Technique, matter, tool/machine, and power - technology guarded due to practitioner profits --- Matter is transformed by exerting power as it goes through a tool or machine using a technique. -The power, fire, was obvious, but the machine and the technique were not. -caldron in which the liquid was preheated and pressurized was concealed below deck on the dromons, masking both the machinery and the technique for employing it. -Hero's Pneumatica and Vitruvius's De architectura would have provided enough information to design the caldron, pipes, and siphon. -technique been a secret of almost as much for without pressure gauges and safety valves it was surely a delicate task to heat and pressurize a highly volatile liquid in dark and cramped quarters below deck in combat without accident. -Remarkably, no recorded fire ships blowing itself
24. For what reasons did the Chinese lose their technical knowledge of clock making after the 11th century? Explain each factor.
-Astronomical instruments were closely guarded by official astronomers since the implementation of calendar was a right held by the emperor. -The Peking Imperial Court strictly limited the number of scientists and engineers with knowledge in this sphere of clock-making, and when (1126) the Sung Dynasty was chased from Peking by Chin Tartars, they left Su Sung's clock behind so it was impossible to duplicate. -After several dynasty changes, in order from Chin tartars, who were overthrown by the Yuan dynasty, who were overthrown by the Ming dynasty, left the clock to be destroyed because they either had no interest or had not realized the importance of it. -The technicians of it dispersed when the Yuan dynasty overthrew the Ming dynasty -state secrecy, transfer of technology, limited number of people knew and this was deliberate -Clock making was seen as secret technology. Like the coca cola recipe, only a few people knew exactly how to make clocks. (Much like greek fire) kept secret because technology is papyrophobic -only learned through apprentenships, less silk road trade
26.What is the 'organization in production' and how did this concept appear and found its way into technology? Based on at least two historical examples explain the first applications of the 'systematic division of labor'. Read Pace, pp. 97-100.
-Bacon -> Solomon House and New Atlantis People do jobs based on expertises -> people have many jobs (compartmenization of jobs) -Put experts in their own field -> professionalization -> organization of labor Example 1: Surveying people with low education take data ,and this data is handed over to more educated people. They analyze data, turn it into tables that are easy to read by anyone. Then surveyors turn tables into maps (triangularization). -Maurice Nassau -> Military Professionalization, soldiers had to do more than hold position or charge the enemy; had to learn to form ranks, fire in volleys -Maurice Nassau Captain-General of Holland Troops carry spades to dig good defensive positions -Divide army into smaller units so that a single voice can issue commands -Systematic drills in the marching and use of weapons. -Minimize time to load and fire muskets Example: Henry Ford's assembly line
16 How do you describe the Buddhist technology? What were the components of it? What was its influence on the development of technology?
-Buddhist technology was mostly a blend of survival and prestige technology. -The components included bronze working, bridge building, and printing. -It had a wide impact on global technology; while India and China made statues of stone, Japan used bronze. Large amounts of bronze had to be smelted at once for aesthetics. -Buddhist technology's bridge building techniques were used prominently for pilgrimages to India on foot, because of suspension bridges with iron chains. -Lastly, printing was prevalent in South Asia: India printed on cloth from wood blocks. -Chinese printing did not a press but paper laid over tablet and then gently brushed; the Tang dynasty adapted pages to whole book production. -Mostly prestige technology, major innovations were: Bells, Statues, Metal structures, Bridge construction/repair -Technological development: Iron- smelting, casting, usefulness of different alloys, other forming techniques, iron working -Printing- paper making, inks -Civil engineering: building of roads and bridges
18. Give an approximate timetable and a pattern for the diffusion of paper-making (and employment of water mills in paper making) from China to Europe. Why did the technology of paper-making have such a rapid development in Europe?
-China AD100 -Central Asia 750 - Entered the Islamic world after a battle in Central Asia between Chinese forces and an Arab-led army -Chinese prisoners-of -war skilled in paper making set up a workshop in Samarqand, which led workmen to spread it to Baghdad -Islamic Countries 790 -Chinese paper made for brushes not for pen -Led to Baghdad making their paper with starch to achieve a parchment-like surface -Books became more available which led to paper-making spreading west -Water-wheels driving the pulping process start in Baghdad first around 950 AD Spain 1000 -Morocco army stabilizes the region allowing Islamic scholars to come, along with their requirement and increasing demand for paper Europe 1270 -Europe saved time by using a printing press and copiers. Islam thought writing was a pious act because they were writing the Koran (religious text) and printing gets rid of that pious actio
23. For what reasons does Lewis Mumford claim that the mechanical clock was the key machine of the modern industrial age? Explain each criterion he uses in his argument.
-Determinable quantities of energy -Standardization -Automatic action -clocks were run by automata, and such independent design inspired the use of automata in factories. IR factories started using automata to speed up processes, and increase efficiency. -Accurate timing machine - The clock, not the steam engine, is the key machine of the modern industrial age. . . at the very beginning of modern techniques appeared prophetically the accurate automatic machine: - The clock has been the foremost machine in modern technics: and at each period it has remained in the lead: it marks a perfection towards which other machines aspire
25.According to Gimpel, while men in the Middle Ages trained in the liberal arts were not well versed in mechanisms powered by hydraulic energy, they had a great deal of say in the mechanisms of astronomical clocks. Why?
-Division of education but no school for mechanical engineering -Astronomy was very important since it connected to creation as a whole. The calendar and clocks were based on motion of astronomical objects (sun, moon, etc). -The engineers could get the time of day, but astronomers were the ones capable of determining astronomical orbits: in this aspect, engineering meets theoretical knowledge. -Learned skills from craftsmen to help make hydraulic systems only way - Here was a case where academic science and technology worked hand in hand - This close collaboration between astronomers of the liberal arts and technologists of the mechanical arts is exceptional in history. - It was the combination of both liberal arts and mechanical arts that produced such great clocks. - Both trivium and quadrivium are mentioned in The Scientific Rev-To-Post.ppt. Trivium: Grammar, logic, rhetoric Quadrivium: Astronomy, geometry, music, arithmetic
17. How do you describe the term "fine technology"? What were the main categories of fine technology in the Islamic period? Why?
-Fine Technology is similar to prestige technologies -is mini structures, automata in small scale, and portable technology -It was all about down sizing -The term denotes small but relatively sophisticated mechanisms of which we may note two kinds, one connected with gardens, and the other with astronomy. It is the miniaturization of big tech. 1. GARDENS (Fountains, pumps, water jets) For people living in an environment dominated by the heat, it was typical that references to gardens and quiet courtyards often emphasized the fountains they contained. Technical literature of that period also includes unusual stress on fountains and how they work. 2. ASTRONOMY (Astrolabes, map making tools, clocks) Astronomical and computing devices. the central concept was the motion of the planets were governed by a complex system of circles. This was a mathematical concept used for calculations and stemmed from a book written by Claudius Ptolemy, the greatest astronomical writer in Greek tradition. 3. These specific fine technologies arose out of the dreams and desires of people with money in Islamic territories. Most land in Islamic territories was very dry (needed things such as qanats to retrieve what little water they could get) so water and growing lots of plants was a big luxury. Because of their desire for oasis like lands people built gardens and fountains to materialize their dreams.
29. Explain Galileo's major achievements in the science of mechanics
-He discovered 2 new sciences in his book -Explain what these sciences are and why they are crucial for modern science -Believed that laws of nature were essentially mathematic and could be modeled -Strength of Materials & employment of scientific rules in machines -Galileo came up with the equations for motion: linear and projectile (parabolic), speed, velocity, relativity, inertia Ex: x = 1/2 at2 + vt v = at + v0 -heliocentric model to bring forth the science of astronomy -described properties of the pendulum, compasses, telescope for advancing astronomy -showed that a machine is a device for applying forces of nature -developed the machine criteria is the amount of work done in a given time -he demonstrated how all machines (systems of pulleys, gears, inclined plane) are equivalent to systems of levers -a good machine will move at uniform unchanging velocity when the force and load including friction are in equilibrium - with his contributions it became possible to calculate the load or work than can be applied by a machine with only knowing the strength or force of the motive agent -able to calculate efficiency. Able to assess machines quantitatively now -All machines have common function of applying force as efficiently as possible, and the rational science of machines became possible since each component could now be studied and improved
14. Why and how did the Chinese government (~ 1000 AD) interfere with agricultural innovation in China, and what was the result?
-Invasion from north (Jin Tartars) -The Jin Tartars were nomadic - so they were hunters/gatherers and their invasions corrupted any form of established administration. -The invasion caused the population condensed in south, so the same land mass had to produce food for more people. How did CGov interfere? -They needed to produce a lot more food so they introduced agricultural innovations. -By producing champa rice, which was quick growing (two harvests per season) and required less water. In arid areas of China where water was scarce, CR was very useful. -CR example of r and -In other innovations, China produced iron, animal-drawn harrows (for breaking up/smoothening soil), weeding tools, sickles, winnowing machine, and mills. -This resulted in an agricultural boom: increased iron production -improved canal technology upon hydraulic engineering by introducing pound locks and spillways, which allowed them to control the flow of water.
11. What are the current mostly accepted theories of pyramid construction? a- Explain the main questions in both theories. b- How does each theory address the main question(s) in pyramid construction?
-Jean Pierre Houdin, which states that when building the pyramid, they had a spiral ramp to both act as a support and a means to bring up supplies (stone or other tools). -Then for the other method it is using perpendicular ramps with the usage of cranes to bring them up. (some other accepted theories: Zigzag ramp, Combination ramp model) -smoothing the casting stones they used a marking -tool using two rods connected via string and testing any imperfections using another rod. -Wherever there is a bump, it is later smoothed out with whetstones. -For the Orientation used astronomy as a marking place. -rising and setting position of stars on eastern and western horizon to establish the first construction reference -triangle string trick to get perfect right angles. -Quarrying was using limestone to create the outer layer - 4.6 years for the pyramid of Menkaure(could be up to 20 though, - Red Pyramid that took 16.9 years -3-Stage construction theory -Stepped core is built up to the sixth step, with blocks transported by ramps on all four sides of the pyramid, inline with the sides of the pyramid. These would be removed upon completion of the core -From the lowest course of casing upward, a stepped structure is erected around the pyramid to be a working platform with block coming from steep ramps positioned on the working platform which again surrounds the pyramid on all sides After setting the pyramidion, the stepped structure (working platform) is removed and at the same time dressing takes places starting from the top going down
27. Why are the astronomical clockwork and biological automata assumed to be complementary to each other? How do you evaluate the ideas of Rene Descartes in this regard?(**)
-Microcosm - living that have completely different in the physical world that have different levels of creation, reproduction, methods of creating that the physical world could not do -Beyond order and law in the physical world that we see in living organisms -makers of automata wanted to simulate what they saw in micro -Descartes -Matter in motion -Thought that despite all animals are machines -All can be created except mankind using machines -but viewed the human brain could not be explained -Only mankind is able to think philosophical -Complementary - but both appear in the same universe, hence complementary
6. In technology we try to make "better" objects of the same kind. What do we mean by the term "better"? Give a historical example
-More durable, reliable, sensitive, faster, cheaper, combo of above -ex. Bow and arrow to crossbow -Utilizing more technological aspects but makes it easier so you don't have to hold the bow in place since it locks in place by a holder -saves the user energy -it's faster to load -Puts less strain on the apparatus than bow and arrows (think about how long a bow would last before it snaps
13. Who were the main customers of Chinese iron production in pre-modern era? How did they influence Chinese iron industry?
-Much of the iron produced in the Hebei region went to manufacture military equipment such as suits of armor and Arrow-heads (16,000,000 iron arrow-heads per year for the crossbow men. -But other customers of iron were Buddhist temples who used iron to make bells -farmers who used it to make ploughs and farm tools -Such customers influenced the Chinese iron industry by causing an increase in demand ,which led to an increase in production. -However, such ramped up productions caused deforestation, and pollution. -Also resulted in a reliance on coal due to said deforestation, which resulted in less wood and charcoal. Also contributed to pollution. -For the export of the produced goods and workers, canals were introduced as a means of transportation.
30. Why is Newton considered as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution? How did he impact the course of science and technology?
-Newton's major role was the introduction of natural rule (universal law). -Combined previous ideas set forth by Galileo,Descartes, Kepler, Copernicus, and Aristotle. -put old idead into his laws Introduced 3 laws: 1. Inertia (object at rest stays at rest, object in motion stays in motion) 2. Acceleration (Force=mass*acceleration) 3. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. - Calculus. Talks about change and calculates changes which are needed in all aspects of modern technology. - vectors for ships - Connection between math and industry. Newton opened a way to find basic laws in sciences that mankind had not practiced before. i.e. heat transfer (thermo) can apply the same rules and find basic laws in electricity and magnetism. Became crucial to Scientific Rev.
12. According to Roland (in his article: Greek Fire and Defense...) science is 'papyrophilic', and technology is 'papyrophobic.' Why? Explain these terms based on a specific example
-Papyrophillic means the spread of knowledge through publication. -Papyrophobic means the opposite. - byzantines did not want anyone to know about greek fire since it was a revolutionary technology - Manhattan project Also with Coca-Cola -Science is papyrophiliyc and is predicated on the early and complete publication of knowledge - the only mechanism of scientific advancement. -Papyrophilic means that scientists must publish or they perish - publicly declaring new discoveries advances science and careers of scientists. -Technology is papyrophobic - prosper by keeping their secrets to themselves, passing on knowledge through apprenticeship, limiting access to the knowledge and preventing publication of their techniques. -Craft Secrets = patents. -Secrecy is important in military technology - explain the making of the atomic bomb. Compartmentalization vs. Coca Cola method. -Create everything in one place where very few people know where it is. Or, like the Manhattan project, where they compartmentalized it. When chain reaction of uranium was discovered, it was published. When the US government began the Manhattan project, they compartmentalized the process and declared the work top secret.
5. Explain (with examples) how "progress" in science and technology can be used as a criterion to illustrate the differences between them.
-Science progresses through improvement on the theories themselves, goal is to increase knowledge , get the truth, scientific theory -example mathematics evolved from counting to geometry to calculus.h. -Technology evolves by iteration, Better and better methods of either doing or making can be found. "Better" objects of the same kind with the qualities Skolimowski states, Reduced cost of production, faster production, better durability, etc. For example, the plane went through propeller to jet engine power that allowed for faster travel
10. In his classical article "The Structure of Thinking in Technology", Skomilowski, discusses the differences between science and technology. Also, Maarten Franssen, in his article: Philosophy of Technology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), pp. 5-14 discusses the same subjects from a different viewpoint. Compare and contrast their main arguments. What are their criteria in differentiating between science and technology? Explain the main points of both authors when they try to find the relationship between science and technology.
-Skomilowski's criteria in differentiating functions of science and technology in human's interaction with nature, and different philosophical foundations of science and technology. 3. Skomilowski differentiate science and technology is progress. 4. While progress in science is based on new discoveries, technological progress is based on producing 'better' objects of the same kind. 5. By "better" more durable, or more reliable, or ,more sensitivefaster in performing its function (if its function has to do with speed), -Franssen based on Mario Bunge's theory argues that: Technology is applied science. -Technology is about action, but an action heavily underpinned by theory. -According to Bunge, theories in technology come in two types: - substantive theories, which provide knowledge about the object of action, and -operative theories, which are concerned with action itself. -The design process, the structured process leading toward production of a technological piece, forms the core of the practice of technology. - scientific knowledge: knowledge about the behavior of components and the materials they are composed of in specific circumstances. This is the point where science is applied.
1. In his classical article "The Structure of Thinking in Technology", Skomilowski, discusses the differences between science and technology. What are his main criteria in differentiating between science and technology?
-Skomilowski- progress differentiates -Science mathematical relates natural to mathematical equation, what is, enlarge knowledge, new discoveries, natural laws -Technology using increase knowledge develop tools to solve problems, what is to be, produce better objects of the same kind, increase efficiencies, continuous improvement
What is the 'Hellenistic period'? Explain its importance in the history of science and technology. (in addition to Derry reading and lecture PPTs, see https://www.britannica.com/event/Hellenistic-Age/Hellenistic-civilization especially, section: Cultural developments)
-Spread of Greek Culture -Romans technology is basically Greek technology -Fusion of Ancient Greek with Near East, Middle East, Southwest AsiaSpread of Greek Culture Influence the Romans. Romans technology is basically Greek technology -Fusion of Ancient Greek with Near East, Middle East, Southwest Asia -A massive inter-penetration of Greek and non-Greek ideas. -The increasing specialization of the sciences. Greek and Hellenistic Science: Concept of natural phenomena, An increasing specialization of technologies,Systematic investigation, Models -The development of new centers of research (especially Alexandria) and institutions (such as Museum and Library). -The increase in kingly patronage -The buildings of this age were predominantly secular. Like the Temple of Zeus in Athens -It was in the Hellenistic age that the grid plan came into its own -Was a lot more quantitative than Hellenic -The "grid plan" came into it's own.
22. Why were astronomical motions so important in the development of automata? Why did they need to simulate astronomical motions? What was the scientific and technological impact of astronomical automata? 22 part c.What was the scientific and technological impact of astronomical automata?
-There was a relationship between relative position of celestial bodies and the seasons. -Determining astronomical motions was the key to mechanizing time keeping, so they needed to simulate this celestial behavior. -Made its impact through the creation of the first simulations of celestial orbits and time partitioning -Organization of seasons for crop harvesting -Scientific: mechanization of celestial orbits Impacts: -Agricultural success -Improved navigation -Calendars -The rise of biological automata Science/ technology: astronomy, biology etc.. telescopes , microscopes etc.. -The scientific impact was visible in the mechanization of celestial orbits.
15. What is tool/technology complex? Give a historical example
-Tool complex is a body of knowledge specific to a particular tool. -Develop labor saving devices - windmills, pulleys, gears, iron -Complex of complementary tools -tools that are at the core of the study of technology -Techniques are critically important means of linking the worker or tool user to the implement they devise or utilize to achieve their desired end or purpose -In China, Government institutions, independence entrepreneurs and Buddhist Monasteries all playing a part, notably in metalworking techniques and and in the development of printing -Ex) Archimedean screw - tool complex of gears, reservoirs, and water pipes THE THREE MAIN COMPONENTS : 1.user- the implementation or use of the tools 2.material - iron, wood, etc... 3.builders - sophistication of the parts all together
2. Discuss the development of missile machines from simple bows to the trebuchet in terms of the "technological progress". What needs, limitations, available facilities, and resources initiated the development of various projectile devices?
-bow and arrow are the first projectile machines, limited energy stored in a bow is determined by: stiffness of the bow, bend force, length of draw, and human physics. -Invent Gastraphetes: store more energy in bow -invention of mechanical tools (lever, pulley,...) to increase the stress on the bow. Dependence on the elasticity of the bow was a basic limitation of bow-catapults. -Invention of torsion springs and development of the catapult. [Using simple mechanical tools (lever, pulley,...) to increase the stress on the bow] -Torsion catapults were slow, tension of skeins varied with changes in atmospheric humidity. -Invention of the Trebuchet: machine using a heavy weight to throw the projectile a sling mechanism
4. Explain why technology transfer cannot occur without having all components together. In this regard, how do you connect secrecy to technology?
-four components : matter, power, a tool or machine, and technique. -Even if all components of a machine or technology was obtained such as the Bulgars captured 36 siphons and a considerable amount of greek fire there was no historical evidence that they used it. This was due to not knowing the technique required to reproduce Greek fire technology. -Compartmentalization of technology has led to great secrecy of Greek Fire today. The siphons, dromans, and cauldron were probably built in different locations.
21. What were the main goals behind the development of Automata? List at least 4 reasons, and explain each.
1. Simulate nature imitating life through mechanical means a. Andriod 2. Domesticate Natural Forces ex. water hydraulics in france 3. Imitating life through automation ex.Lady lute player 4. Simulating Nature -Fountains and bird pianos 5. Control nature 6. Extend man's power over nature Through automata (devices that move by themselves) and simulacra (devices that simulate) show that the natural universe can be interpreted and expressed through mechanical means. By having the ability to recreate nature and its forces, mankind would ultimately become its ruler. By observing the regular motion of the planets and cosmos (orbit of planets around the sun, orbit of moon around earth) as well as the behavior of animals (perhaps the flap of a bird's wings or the stroke of a fish's tail) we are able to replicate these instances via mechanical motion with the use of natural forces as a power source (dripping water or mercury powered clocks).
20. For two main reasons, the arrival of Europeans on the mainland of Central America in the first half of the 16th century led to a disaster. What were the main cultural and technological consequences of the presence of Europeans in the Central America?
Cultural consequences: -military conquest + epidemic spread of disease (measles, smallpox) -led to cultural demoralization, and -loss of population -increase in suicide rates as well as neglect of infants. - population of Mexico dropped from 25-30 million to only 3 million) & indigenous language/religion -Spanish language and religion (aka language and religion of the European colonists) became dominant.
19. What was the impact of Islamic culture on the textile industry? How do you explain the impact of cultural factors on technology?
How do you explain the impact of cultural factors on technology? -Desires and habits drive technological change. -For example, since wine was not a popular drink in Islamic nations, thus industrial winemaking technologies were not developed -However, in aspects such as the need for accurate timings for the call to prayer and geolocation for the correct direction to Mecca, this spurred science and technology for timekeeping and global positioning. -In the meat industry of Islam, they don't eat meat or pork, so they sought to butcher different animals. -Islamic culture requires women to wear large amounts of clothing, this led to the production of more textile, thus pushing the industry forward. -The heat in some regions required textiles to be made of other lighter less insulating materials` allowing women to cover up without getting heat stroke -Cultural factors play a large role in technology. Examples include: -china primarily being buddhist required large amounts of Iron for bells and Statues. -Islamic lands never produced wine on an industrial scale because of cultural factors -Islamic and jewish cultures never produced a meat industry based on pork or pigs because they did not eat it. -Islamic prayers required implementation of science to know where and when to pray
31. Bacon argues that there are four major hindrances to the advancement of science and technology. Describe these hindrances. Why are they called idols? Do you think of any contemporary Idols of the Theater that Bacon might identify if he were writing today?
Idols are a wide variety of hindrances in society. They stop us from unlocking our full potential, and we easily fall into such traps. Idols are items meant to represent the heavens and powers beyond humans but are created by humans. They are called Idols because they seem to be unwavering rules but they were created because of man, not god. -------------------------------- IDOLS OF THE TRIBE A hindrance based on false assumptions. We see and we think we know everything, but so much so is deeper than it seems. There are complex levels to our thoughts and visions that we take the scenario that we like the most and run with it. As Francis Bacon says, "the human understanding is like a false mirror, which, receiving rays irregularly, distorts and discolors the nature of things by mingling its own nature with it.". This causes us to have quick thoughts and ideas that we are slow to dismiss: once we see a thought or opinion we like, we would hate to let it go because letting go of something means admitting you can't believe in it: it means you found the root flaw to it and you see yourself agreeing with the root flaw. As bad as that root flaw might be you don't want to let it go, because it holds you and comforts you. -------------------------------- IDOLS OF THE CAVE People get lost in their passions, and further distort their and other's opinion, so little progress is rarely made. For example, a chemist who is asked about a certain phenomenon (say, the nature of electromagnetic radiation) might delve into a particle-based explanation of it while neglecting a more broad view, thus distorting the understanding of the both the person he is talking to, and himself as well, very likely. This isn't implying that passion is a bad thing to have, but it means that we are often looking at the small POV that we forget to look at the big picture. We forget to see the broader image, where everything comes together: we forget to put everything together so everyone can see it, after which case nobody wins because there is no big picture. We pull people into our cave of passion, we show them our passion with such intensity that we forget to acknowledge their confusion and we forget to piece the whole picture together so everyone can see. -------------------------------- IDOLS OF THE MARKETPLACE: Using miscommunication intentionally to misdirect people through the masses: "the use of words to mislead". A bad choice of words not only confuses a receiver, but it poisons the receiver to any good information. It twists the truth to such a quick extent that it's unrecognizable, it becomes a lie. As Francis Bacon states, it leads "men into numberless empty controversies and idle fancies". -------------------------------- IDOLS OF THE THEATER The hindrance defined by holding on to old principles, and not using them to learn and create new knowledge. Bacon believed that NOT learning from failure was a failure in itself, a big mistake. By relying on ancient systems of philosophy, we can't move forward efficiently and quickly, and are quickly tied down to our own demise. We hold on to old grudges and outdated knowledge instead of focusing on the future and improving our future. This is visibly a hindrance as we're not improving ourselves. Some systems that control our thoughts are defined to be the prime reason behind the miscommunication, or incorrect knowledge. Public schools, radio stations, biased news outlets, and even prisons: these all hold on to biased, one-sided information that poisons a mind quickly, settling in like a virus. -------------------------------- These are four major idols that human flaws were born from. A major contemporary idol today is media: social media, news outlets, they push ideas on us that may often be biased or incorrect and we feed on it.
9. What were the main sources of mechanical power in pre-modern era? What were their advantages and limitations?
Sources of power: -Manpower Advantage: many men together can be strong Limitation: man is limited in strength -Animal power Advantage: stronger than man Limitation: still limited in strength - Mechanical -Windmill and waterwheel Advantage: can generate lots of usable "free" power Limitation: location and no storage -Levers, Pulleys, Wedges, Screws, Inclined Plane are not sources of power, they are labor-saving machines (not the same)
28. From 1500 to 1750 population almost doubled in many parts of Europe and Asia. Compare and contrast the technological and economic ramifications of this population increase in China and Europe. Why did the Chinese economy encounter serious problems? What was the situation in England? What was the British approach to employ labor saving technologies? Why?
Tech is directly connected to society and administration -In china we had a admin based on a single person, emperor, -In England we had a distribution of power Multiple cities, courts, universities Everyone has their own contributions Kind of democracy was open to new works and concepts, as opposed to china and Islamic nations which were more closed -When population doubled in china food production, security, ... -Needed infrastructure provided by the government -Any change in infrastructure was formed in a way that bureaucracy slowed decision and subsequent implementation -Rulers viewed people as slaves in a way because they did not care as much about what the people wanted -Europe more diverse -Example textile industry in England used aspects of tech from many nations and combined them to dominate that industry -Example soviet union, before they produced their own aircraft now they buy them from us Red experts hired talented people to build (vertical) Horizontal - leave scientists alone to find their own way -survival technology, which means we need more resources and transport. Energy too -Need infrastructure to deal with all this. -In China, labor was cheaper and owned by the government so they did not invest in labor saving technology -In europe, it was the opposite so tech in that area grew