history 112 industrialisation

What methods were used by business to thwart labor reforms?

Methods such as threats by armed me , closing factories, passing laws to prevent strikes, and hiring scabs to cross the picket line were used to thwart labor reforms.

Compare and Contrast the Haymarket Riot, the Homestead Strike, and the Pullman Strike. On balance, what was their effect on the organized labor movement?

- Haymarket Affair - Bomb, police harassed strikers. Homestead strike - company stopped discussing decisions with the union, poured oil on the water and set it on fire and met the guards with guns and dynamite. Pullman strike - wage cuts, debs refused to handle Pullman cars and equipment, court said stop fighting.

What technological innovations for the late 19th century transformed communications and business operations?

- Many innovations transformed communications and business operations such as the typewriter, Kodak camera, the fountain pen, motion picture camera, phonograph, incandescent light bulb, and the safety razor.

Dime Novel

19th-10th century popular fiction issued in series of inexpensive paperbound editions

Explain how theories of Social Darwinism and Classical Economics complemented each other. Who formulated those theories? How did the great industrialists embody such concepts? -

A way of the wealthy to justify the status quo: Just as only the fittest and most adaptable survived in the process of evolution, only the fittest individuals survived and prospered in the marketplace.Those who succeeded were destined to succeed and those who failed earned their failure. All union and gov't attempts to to regulate economic activities would fail, b/c economic life is controlled by the natural laws of competition and supply and demand.Formulators of the theories were Spencer, Sumner, and, of course, Charles Darwin. The great industrialists embodied such concepts to justify their tactics and legitimize their success.

Compare and contrast the organization, leadership, membership and programs of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.

All the people who "toiled" we're allowed to join the Knights of Labor, except lawyers, bankers, liquor dealers, and professional gamblers. The group's name changed, five years later, to the American Federation of Labor, whom also accepted the membership of women. The Knights and AFL both sought to raise women's pay, and make them equal to men.

Why did spectator sports become very popular at the turn of the 19th century? What changes were beginning to occur in women's sports? -

Baseball was the sport for males with a modest background and soon became organized as a national league consisting of the National League and the American League. Football became known as having a large amount of taint and violence and developed in colleges. In 1896, rules governing eligibility were established and in 1910 the National College Athletic Association was established in an attempt to make it safer and more honest. Golf and tennis experienced a rapid increase in participation among relatively wealthy men and women. Bicycling and croquet also enjoyed widespread popularity in the 1890's among women. Women's colleges were beginning to introduce their students to more strenuous sports as well-track, swimming, and beginning in the late 1890's basketball.

How did big cities cope with the urban hazards of fire, disease, and sanitation? What were the environmental implications of dense urban development?-

Big cities were able to cope with the urban hazards of fire, disease, and sanitation by constructing fireproof buildings and developing professional fire departments. They also forced cities to rebuild at a time when new technological and architectural innovations were available. Cities dealt with the disease and sanitation problem by developing flush toilets and sewer systems.

What technological development profoundly changed the oil industry?

Development of the internal combustion engine and its use in vehicles changed the oil industry. With a large market, the oil industry grew to meet the demand.

Explain the concepts of "Scientific management" and "mass production". Who were the leading pioneers of these new approaches to industry?

Frederick Winslow Taylor created scientific management, also known as Taylorism. It emphasized the division of labor, piece-rate wages, assembly line work, and rationalization and standardization of work. This aided mass production, which produced more items for less money.

What efforts were made to restrict immigration in the late 19th century?-

In efforts to restrict immigration and find answers to the "immigration question", Congress restrict Chinese immigration (1882). That same year Congress denied entry to "undesirables" (convicts, paupers, mentally incompetent, etc.) and placed a fifty cent tax on each person admitted.

How did the foreign immigrants of the 1890s and later differ from most of the earlier immigrants? What attracted them to the United States? -

Most new immigrants from Europe were at least moderately prosperous and educated. Germans and Scandinavians in particular had headed west on their arrival, either to farm or to work as businessmen, merchants, professionals, or skilled laborers. Most of the new immigrants settled in industrial cities and took unskilled jobs.

What social institutions and community actions helped facilitate immigrant adjustment to urban life in America? What were the barriers?-

Most of the new immigrants were rural people and their adjustment to city life was often a painful one. To help ease the transition, many national groups formed close-knit ethnic communities within cities: recreate old world in america. The cultural cohesiveness of the ethnic communities clearly eased the pain of separation from the immigrants' native lands. The Jews and Germans adapted economically better than the Irish.

What were the factors that contributed to the rise of political machines and their bosses?-

Some factors that contributed to the rise of political machines and their bosses was the chaotic growth of cities. It was also a product of the potential voting power of large immigrant communities. The typical operation of a political machine was to win votes for their organization which meant winning the loyalty of their constituents. Some positive and negative aspects of boss rule in large cities were the competition between political parties but also it prevented some middle-class representatives from progressing.

How did financiers and industrialists use pools, trusts, and holding companies to expand their control?

The Rockefeller and Stanford Oil trust used horizontal integration to eliminate their competition. Since they held control, their profits increased and led them to lower their price for consumers. The system increased national wealth and production.

What happened to the standard of living of the average worker in the late 19th century? What physical hardships and psychological adjustments did many workers face? -

The average standard of living for workers rose in the years after the Civil War, but for many laborers, the return for their labor remained very small. Nor did workers have much job security. Technology took over jobs. It was hard to adjust to a monotonous industrial schedule. Most disturbing for the workers was perhaps their loss of control over the conditions of their work.

How did the emergence of mass-market products along with chain stores, mail-order outlets, and the large department stores impact lives of American families, especially women?-

The department stores transformed the concept of shopping in many ways. Style and diet changed, new job opportunities. The National Consumers League was formed in the 1890's and attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers to improve wages and working conditions.

What technological innovations made the development of the skyscraper possible and desirable?-

The invention of the elevator and steel helped allow the building of tall skyscrapers. Expansion in central commerce district was impossible outward so skyscrapers helped expand buildings upward.

What were the attractions of the city that led to population expansion? What were the main sources of urban growth? -

The main sources of urban growth were immigrants. The city attracted people form the countryside because it offered more and better-paying jobs than were available in rural America or in the foreign economies many immigrants were fleeing. People moved to cities because of new forms of transportation made it easier for them to get there. Railroads made simple, quick and relatively inexpensive what once might have seemed a daunting journey from parts of the American countryside to nearby cities.

What new methods were developed for the large scale production of durable steel? Where were the principal American centers of steel production and ore extraction?-

The new method for developing large-scale production of durable steel was the Bessemer Process. The principal American centers of steel production and ore extraction was near waterways to ship.

How did the railroad transform America economically and ecologically?

The railroad provided cheap transportation across large expanses of land. During construction, job openings increased in maintenance and service. The invention also displaced citizens, whose land was stolen by the government.

Contrast the earlier immigrants to the United States with those who dominated after the 1880's. What attracted these migrants? What tensions ensued? -

The traditional immigrants to the United States came from England, Ireland, and northern Europe. The immigrants who came after the 1880s were usually from southern and eastern Europe mostly Italians, Poles, Russians, Greeks, Slavs, Mexicans, and Asians. These migrants came to America in order to escape poverty and oppression in their home lands, but they were lured to the US by expectations of new opportunities. When these new groups arrived, it heightened the ethnic tensions into the dynamic of the working class.

How did the 19th Century and the early 20th century immigration to the United States fit in the context of worldwide, especially European, migration?-

The u.s. Favored european migration, despite the major influx of travelers from asia and latin america

Why did industry increasingly employ women and children? How were they treated? -

There was a decrease in the need for skilled work induced many employers to increase the use of women and children, whom they could hire for lower wages than adult males.

What was big city life like for the poor?-

Urban residents w/ little income lived in tenements. Landlords tried to squeeze in as many people as possible to into the smallest available space. Landlords also did not invest much into this immigrant housing. Tenements were crowded, sunless, airless, and stench filled.

Compare and Contrast the vertical and horizontal integration strategies of business combinations. Which approaches did Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller use initially? Why did they evolve toward using both strategies?

Vertical integration in Carnegie steel controlled all sections of manufacturing, instead of separating into smaller companies which increased profits. Horizontal integration in Rockefeller Oil created the umbrella company. It eliminated the competition by giving rebates to reduce prices, then leave the option to monopolize.

How did the typical political machine operate? What were the pros and cons of boss rule in large cities? -

an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts.

What were the two sources of the massive migration into the industrial cities of the late 19th century and early 20th century? -

the demand for factory laborers and the great wave of immigration from Mexico, Asia, Canada and Europe.