History 146- Test 1

Ghost Dance

A religious revitalization campaign where its leaders foretold a day when whites would disappear, the buffalo return, and Indians could once again practice their ancestral customs free from misery, death, and disease. This was seen as a threat so they were gunned down at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota. This arose immediate circumstances, Democrats accused Republicans of dealing with Indian affairs wrongly, but Republicans responded by saying that Indians are barbarians and a danger to white settlers. Thus, they sent military troops to deal with the Indian "uprising", the Wounded Knee massacre was widely applauded. This marked the end of 4 centuries of armed conflict between the continent's native population and European settlers. The suppression of the Ghost Dance revealed the limits on Americans' efforts to seek in the west the freedom to practice non-mainstream religions.

Gospel of wealth

An article written by Andrew Carnegie, an immigrant from Scotland. He established a "vertically integrated" steel company- that is one that controlled every phase of the business from raw materials to transportation, manufacturing, and distribution. He dominated the steel industry . His upbringing and his new wealth led to his belief that the rich had a moral obligation to promote the advancement of society, he denounced the worship of money and distributed much of his wealth to various philanthropies, especially the creation of public libraries.

Sharecropping

Coming from the conflicts on plantations, it arose as a compromise between blacks desire for land and planter's demand for labor discipline. The system allowed for each black family to rent a part of a plantation, with the crop divided between worker and owner at the end of the year. It guaranteed the planters a stable resident labor force. it was not a win for black people since they had to sign contracts written by whites, and white's kept the books, eventually became oppressive because they had to stay there and work until they worked off their debt when they may not have even had any, but the white's were writing the books.

Immigration Act of 1924/National Origins Act

Federal law restricts immigrants from any country by using a formula. Looks at each country's population present in America and says only 2% can come in per year-using 1890 as base year. Does not cover anyone in this hemisphere (Mexicans, Argentina, etc.). Connects with the scientific assumptions about the superiority and inferiority of particular "races."

Bargain of 1877

Final nail in Reconstruction, democrats and republicans are over Reconstruction and think it's a waste. With the election taking place there is fraud on both sides, so both parties come to an agreement that Southern Democrats will give republican election as long as they pull troops out of South and get out of their business, Democrats will then respect civil and political rights of blacks. With the end of reconstruction and no more intervention from Federal government violence erupts with lynchings etc.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Homer Plessy was an octaroon and decided to test the segregation laws and sat in the white section of the train despite the fact that he was considered "black." He was arrested for not moving and his case went to Supreme Court where it was ruled that segregation is legal if it is separate but equal.

Fordism

Introduced the Model T, the assembly line, raised wages, but labor conditions were not as appealing as the wages. The work was monotonous and Ford used spies to prevent unionization.

Nativism

More and more immigrants coming to America who are not of "native" decent. Their language, religion, and skin color are all different from those of the original Americans. Therefore, the two different Europeans stayed away from each other, tended to group with their own culture.

The Anti-Imperialist League

Opponents of America becoming an imperial power were called this. It united writers and social reformers who believed American energies should be directed at home, businessmen fearful of the cost of maintaining overseas outposts, and racists who did not wish to bring non-white populations into the US. They declared that America's mission is to be an example of successful self-government, not to conquer other peoples. They believed that the Philippines and Guam should not be colonies but should be their own independent nations.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's actions in Panama reflected a principle that came to be called this to the Monroe Doctrine. Held that the US had the right to exercise an international police power in the Western Hemisphere. In 1904 Roosevelt ordered American forces to seize the customs houses of the DR to ensure payment of its debts to European and American investors. Dispatched troops to Cuba to oversee a disputed election.

Margaret Sanger

She began campaigning for sex education in a NY newspaper but at this time that was considered pornography. She then began advertising for birth-control devices which was very radical since a woman even saying she doesn't want another kid was radical, let alone birth control. Early 19'teens.

Kansas Exodus

The New South was miserable for blacks and they wanted a way out. in 1879-1880, 40-60,000 blacks migrated to Kansas seeking political equality, freedom from violence, access to education, and economic opportunity. Kansas was portrayed as an ideal land of rural plenty, however, when blacks get there they don't have enough money to build and maintain a farm so they become unskilled workers.

Dawes Act

The act broke up the land of nearly all tribes into small parcels to be distributed to Indian families, with the remainder auctioned off to white purchasers. Indians who accepted the farms and adopted the habits of civilized life would become full-fledged American citizens. It proved to be a disaster, led to the loss of much tribal land and the erosion of Indian cultural traditions. White's benefited enormously, because there was now land in Oklahoma they can now have. The Oklahoma land rush, people would line up at the boarder at a certain time and place and when someone said go they would storm in and take the best land they could find. By 1900 nearly 53,000 Indians had become American citizens by accepting land allotments under the Dawes Act

Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Speech

Well respected black man who even spent time at the White House. He urged blacks to adjust to segregation and abandon agitation for civil and political rights. Who adopted the outlook that obtaining farms or skilled jobs was far more important to African Americans emerging from slavery than the rights of citizenship. He repudiated the abolitionists tradition that stressed ceaseless agitation for full equality. Urged blacks not to try to combat segregation. Believed they should seek assistance of white employers.

Scientific management

With the introduction of assembly lines and factories. With that comes new ways to be more efficient. To control workers owners brought in examine workers and introduced science to employment. They would advice owners on how to make workers more efficient.

Great Migration

With the wartime productions and drastic fall off in immigration from Europe caused thousands of industrial jobs to be open, 1914-1918. ½ million Blacks leave South and go North to cities, population explosions (like in Chicago). Higher wages in northern factories than in south, men and women coming to north were ready for social and economic freedom. Increase in Church members, NAACP membership increased, Harlem Renaissance came about. However, employments was restricted, excluded from unions, rigid housing segregation, and outbreaks of violence that made it clear that no region of the country was free from racial hostility.

Red Summer

After WWI and all the men were coming home from war, blacks had their jobs, so there were conflicts over that. The summer of 1919, there were the most race riots ever, 40 to be exact.

White man's Burden

American rule also brought with it American racial attitudes. A poem written in 1899 was called this. American proponents of empire agreed that the domination of non-white peoples by whites formed part of the progress of civilization. However, colonizing other countries goes against the US declaration of independence since the idea of an empire of liberty assumed that new territories would eventually be admitted as equal states and their residents would be American citizens.

Significance of the Frontier in American History

Before the 1860's the West was just a place that people would put Indians. Now people wanted to go West in search of Gold. With people now wanting to move west came new transportation. The railroads were a big deal since it used to be dangerous and would take forever to travel west. It also allowed the government to sell land along the railroad. People expected the west to be the ideal place to live, when in reality it was lonely and you were constantly doing labor, since nothing comes with the land you bought. Introduced the idea of cattle drives where one can raise a cow in Texas for cheaper and then kill them in Chicago-this is where cowboys can in. Writers glorified the west, the idea of conservation and protecting the land came about, Yellow Stone was the first national park in 1872.

Open-door Policy

By the 1890's America was full, all the land was taken, so they decided to move outward to spread Christianity because they felt it was their Manifest Destiny. Hawaii was the first place America takes, then more people wanted war because they felt it made you more of a man, Theodore Roosevelt was one of them. They went after Cuba, America felt sympathy for Cuba since Spain had put concentration camps there. US begins using yellow journalism to get people to read their paper, turned rumors into fact or just made things up. Once the USS Maine was blown up we declared war with Spain, which started in the Philippines, we win. Spain signs peace treaty with us to turn over Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Cuba is now independent. When we looked over to China we can see that they are getting too big and their dynasty is falling apart, but they were closed off to the west. The major European powers want China since it is prime market place. They didn't want to cut up China just informal empire so they can sell goods. There was a Boxer Rebellion since Chinese nationalists did not want this. Finally it took 20,000 foreign troops to take it down and implemented the open door policy so it is an independent nation but open to trade.

Social Darwinism

The idea of the natural superiority of some groups to others, which before the Civil War had been invoked to justify slavery, now in the 1850's it was used to explain the success and failure of individuals and social classes. Natural selection, survival of the fittest. Widespread view that the poor were essentially responsible for their own fate. Charity workers and local governments spent much time and energy trying to distinguish between the deserving poor (widows, orphans) from the undeserving poor (larger number). Failure to advance in society was widely thought to indicate a lack of character, it was thought that people should not look to the government for aid. It helped to popularize an idea of labor contracts, it is said to be the foundation of civilization. They reconciled freedom and authority in the workplace. Evolution was applied to Eugenics (white), progressives during the 20th century took this idea and said that they need to keep out immigrants to keep their gene pool clean. They began to sterilize criminals, sex offenders, and the insane, in 1927 supreme court says it's OK.

Redeemers

The victorious Democrats called themselves this after regaining control of states with substantial white voting majorities-Southern States. They called themselves this because they have claimed to have "redeemed" the white South from corruption, misgovernment, and northern black control. Wanted old ways, got help from Supreme Court who did not like the 14th amendment, enforcement acts, civil rights act of 1875. With restoring old order came black codes: no hunting, fishing, ownership of dogs, or guns; causes blacks to become dependent on whites again.