history 171 final

republicanism

"Republican motherhood"- social expectation that women would contribute to the republic by raising their children-especially their sons- to be good citizens. in a society that was struggling to define itself according to civic virtue demanded of a liberated citizenship, women could also broader influence over society and culture in a way that had political consequences. womens support for the pratriot cause and their special role in spreading republican ideology did not translate into their inclusion in American politics. political partipcaiton was a male right, and many states opened up liberalized divorce laws. the impact of republicanism and women action sin revolutionary ar opened up the possibility of women actions being seen as political significant, but decades elapsed before their direct political participation widened. educational opportunities for women expanded dramatically, partipcaitng in political rituals, rown property, get divorced, wrote for newspapers. All the proposals of the delegates debated fir within the conception of republicanism @ constitutional convention, - the new national gov would confirm the US as a representative replicative. bill of rights, balance of powers- checks and balances, electoral vvollefe fave power to states Republicanism also played a role in the US support of the French Revolution. the French revolution had smilier ideals a familiar republicanism. the France declare itself a republic- US wanted to support. but then violence such as executing the king and real family... the us wasn't sure that they wanted to support snd viewed it as radical. would we be susceptible to this terror?

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star. Narrative of the Life of FD: -presented slavery as damaging to both white and black people -hypocrisy of religion -opened many peoples eyes to the horror of slavery He along with other abolitionists saw the war as an opportunist to destroy slavery. in his Douglass mostly, he encouraged to forge link between Union and emancipation. claimed slavery was the cause of the war and the only way to stop is to abolish slavery. trying to push the war as a matter of liberty vs slavery.

Missouri Compromise 305-306, 325, 457, 460-462, 465

(1820) an agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state and outlawed slavery in any territories or states north of 36°30´ latitude. Repealed by Kansas-Nebraska Act Because the number of free and slave Staes in the union was balanced and so many slaves lived in Missouri, had to try to reach a compromise. 11 free / 11 slave. Anctidslavery activists across mid-Atlantic and New England sent petitions denouncing slavery as an evil that could not be allowed to spread. It temporarily tamped down the political controversy over slavery. Emphasized a basic fact of western expasnion: as a group, black people were even more dramatically affected by demographic change and movement than whites. both the slave and AA population increased during this time. the expansion of territory stimulated the internal market for slaves, causing families to be broken apart. Northerners argued that congress should be able to decide whether or not a state would be southerners argued popular sovereignty= states should decide for themselves. big idea is political power Missouri compromise did nothing to abolish slavery in the existing states- only in Louisiana teriroty

John C. Calhoun 316, 318, 347-348, 394-395, 452-453

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class. he also worked to promote second bank of the United States to stabilize us currency and exert control over private investors. the vote of him defeated an 1827 bill to raise the trade tax on woolen cloth. - helping solidify his and Jacksons opposition t o tariff republicans. ' John C. Calhoun (1782-1850), was a prominent U.S. statesman and spokesman for the slave-plantation system of the antebellum South. As a young congressman from South Carolina, he helped steer the United States into war with Great Britain and established the Second Bank of the United States. Calhoun went on to serve as U.S. secretary of war, vice president and briefly as secretary of state. As a longtime South Carolina senator, he opposed the Mexican-American War and the admission of California as a free state, and was renowned as a leading voice for those seeking to secure the institution of slavery. At first he supported the Tariff of 1828, the so-called Tariff of Abominations, but responding to his constituents' criticism of the measure and believing that the tariff was being unfairly assessed on the agrarian South for the benefit of an industrializing North, Calhoun drafted for the South Carolina legislature his Exposition and Protest. In this essay he claimed original sovereignty for the people acting through the states and advocated state veto or nullification of any national law that was held to impinge on minority interests By the time, Calhoun was a fervent states' rights supporter and believed that state authority trumped federal authority. In the late 1820s, many southerners, but South Carolinians in particular, wanted to abolish the high tariff that Congress passed to protect northern industry, referred to as the Tariff of Abominations. This Tariff directly affected the southern economy as the tariff forced southerners to pay high taxes on goods they did not produce, and it reduced the amount of American cotton sold on the global market. Calhoun wrote an anonymously published pamphlet titled "Exposition and Protest" in December 1828 which protested the tariff and argued if Congress failed to repeal the tariff, South Carolina would secede from the Union.

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

Proslavery defenses

-Based on the idea of racial supremacy espoused by scientists of the day, proslavery defenders joined this modern argument to older endorsements of slavery, reaching back to the ancient greeks and romans in the Bible. Reacting to abolitionist pressure, southerners developed a robust defense of slavery, marshaling history, religion, morality and economics to demonstrate why Americans had to protect and extend racial slavery. The proslavery defense was built on the idea of racial supremacy espoused by a Harvard scientist. Both men articulated of white racial superiority based on the skull size and intellectual ability. Smaller skull (whites), bigger intellectual ability. Many protestant christians interpreted the biblical story of Ham as evidence that God make black people to be servants of white people Proslavery theorists also built elaborate economic defenses of the institution, pointing to the remarkable wealth produced in southern states through the use of slave labor. Hammong also said that every society required workers who performed brute labor on which all else rested- referred to this class as mud sill and that thie mud sill class could not develop the intellectual capacities to contribute productively to the political life of their society. hammond condemned northerners for forcing white men- typically immigrants into this role and rpraised south for using slaves. Fitzhugh- political stabilit. Property rights Abolitionists were radical threat to social order Happy slave argument

Andrew Jackson

-General in War of 1812- wins, seen as hero His supporters viewed his election as the advent of a geniune democracy, the coming to power of the 'common man'... jacksons critics, on the other hand, considered him a tyrant. They called him king andrew, and organized The age of the common man: who counts as a common man? toward universal white man suffrage By 1840 free black men could vote only in maine, new hampshire, vermont, and massachusstets 838 - trail of tears: 16,000 Cherokees removed, 4000 to 8000 died caused uprisings and Blackhawks war • Fulfilled a campaign promise when he called on congress to enact legislation to remove 5 Civilized Tribes of the Southeast to west of Mississippi river • Congress passed Indian Removal Act • Opposition to policy was rife not only among indians but whites too • Jackson attempts to make removal sound beneficial to all , but racist view led him to equate progress strictly with advancement of american expansion • By employing military in service of expansion, jackson set an important precedent in drive to fulfil the nations manifest destiny

Whig Party

1834 Led by Henry Clay. American political party formed in 1834 that supported government investments in infrastructure to stimulate business and in some parrts of the north, endorsed moderate antislavery politics. Second Party System- organized around Andrew Jackson. Opposition to his stuff rose- Indian removal, commercial interests condemned his destruction of the bank, state right proponents that had their own concerns about slaveholding south. They captured presidency in 1840 and 1848. Whig supporters distrusted the largely Catholic and working class migrants. LArgeryl from native born protestants, Whigs espoused nationalism, supported government investments in infrastructure to stimulate business, and endorsed moderate antislavery politics.

Little Turtle

1791 Federal power was also contested in western conflicts between settlers and Indians who were trying to navigate between increasingly aggressive US enemies and allies. after 1789, the briiths kept events forts south of upper Canada, and they actively traded with Miami nation and other nations of Ohio who frequently clashed with US settlers enriching on their land. the Washington administration sent the small US army, supplemented bu western military troops, to conquer Ohio country in 1790 and 1791. Miami warrior little turtle surprised generals force with superior numbers and tactics and a huge defeat that cost harmer his job. the following November, little turtle organized Miami, shawnee, and other allied tribal forces, to resits when a governor of the Northwest territory led another attack on the Miami town. @Wabash riber, little turtles forces killed more than 600 American solders and delivered one of the greatest victories over the United States. in 1794, Washington sent us forces, headed by former revolutionary war general to fight, and destroyed indian villages. the following year he signed the treaty of Greenville with 12 nations in NW territory, who were forced to grant us settlers access to wide tracts of land. the battle of fallen timbers was a watershed in indian history as it compelled any to accommodate to US Demands and extend further west.

jay's treaty 266, 268, 270, 299

1794- Treaty with Britain granting the United States trade rights on the Mississippi and in the British East Indies and removing remainingbritish forts on American territory. Amid fighting and opposition of the French declaring war on European powers, president tried to remain neutral. In the treaty Britain, conceding to primary American grievances, agreed to evacuate the Northwest Territory by June 1, 1796; to compensate for its depredations against American shipping; to end discrimination against American commerce; and to grant the U.S. trading privileges in England and the British East Indies. France, then at war with England, interpreted the treaty as a violation of its own commercial treaty of 1778 with the U.S. This resentment led to French maritime attacks on the U.S. and between 1798 and 1800 to an undeclared naval war.

XYZ Affair

1797 Name given to a scandal caused by French diplomats demanding bribes from American diplomats, leading to a rise in tensions between the united states and France. In 1793, the GW issued the neutrality act- staying neutral in wars and a treaty that normalized relations with France, damaging the relation with France they had. Britain and France were seizing neutral ships- including US. in attempt of getting peace, the US sent officials to Paris to negotiate with France to end hostilities on seas. trying to get US to money, and found it insulting. flair of political controversy- people were in favor of claiming war towards France. Adams wanted to hide the documents so no war, but democrats denounced him for it. led to quasi war- series of naval engagements from 1798-1800.

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798 Four congressional acts that severely restricted immigrant into the United States, gave the president the power to deport anyone thought to be dangerous, and restricted speech critical of the federal government Both sets targeted Democratic-Republicans, who found support among immigrants as well as radical newspaper editors. John Adams passed this in response to heightened concern for national security. Thomas Jefferson - pissed. people started saying Adams would acting like a king ... democrats vs federalists federalist vs democratic candidates...

Marbury V Madison

1803 US Supreme Court Decision that firmly established the principal of judicial review, the right of the us supreme court to rule on the constitutionality of legislation and executive actions. A law repugnant to the constitution is void. Democratic redpulicans vs federalists- trying to eliminate the federalist influence in politics, the use centralized federal power, James Marshall was a federalist.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

1804 Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. Black slaves in the French colony of Saint Domingue revolted against their masters, who they drastically outnumbered. He ruled saint Domingue. Fears of white US slave owners arose, who worried that rebellious spirit would spread. Caused Virginia legislators to impose harder slave codes to dcrack down on any rebellious slaves who might be inspired by Saint Domingue. Wrote to US asking Adams for help. he was entailed with Quasi War with France. Adams decided they should help him to get independence from France - common revolutionary spirit. so the US halted trade with France- Toussaint Clause- Adams sent supplies and ships to them. demonstrated how connected the new American nation continued to be in events in Europe and carribean. The new republic did not receive US Gov support. their constitution pernamnet abolition of slavery and declaration that no white man would ever be able to acquire proper struck most white Americans as far too radical. toussaint was eventually arrested and died in prison.

American Colonization Society

1817 A society of antislavery whites, founded in 1817, which advocated the return of freed slaves to Africa. response to first federal fugitive slave act- wgucg empowered local government officials to help recover runaways and imposed a fine on anyone who helped a fugitive from justice, . some africans reacted to this by expressing an interest in migrating out of the United States all together. Presbyterian minister Robert Finkey founded ACS- people who did nit think races could continue to coexist in the North American. in 1821, the ACS transported its first free African American settlers to Liberia, the west African colony the ACS would govern in the 1830s. received most support from whites who hoped for the opportunity to gradually phase out the institution of slavery by transporting black people back to Africa. many free African Americans rejected the racism expressed by the ACS, even if they were interested immigration themselves. first two years, ACS only convicted 22 of 10,000 free blacks in Philadelphia to embark for Africa.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

1857 US Supreme Court ruling that slaves were not citizens of the United States and were therefore unable to sue in a federal court of law. as a consequence, the federal government had no authority to outlaw slavery, leaving the decision up to the individual states. Scott had been enslaved to an army surgeon who spent years posted to the Illinois Wisconsin territory and his lawyers claimed that he had been illegally held as a slave in free territory. the Chief Justice wrote the majority opinion, that Scott lacked the standing to bring the case and consequently dismissed it. Said that black had no rights that the white man was bound to respect,. Fulfilled southerners highest hopes for protecting slavery in the territories, although in doing so through federal rather than state power, it undercut southern arguments that state rights provided the surest foundation for slavery Overall, this countibuted to the rising sectionalism

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - After the war of 1812, a new wave of political and military engagements would spark frontier movements.... the united states gained a new confidence in foreign policy. US began aiding Latin American rebels, but Spain demanded they did not. people wanted to support because of same elements of American revolution. so the Monroe doctrine was a way of justifying their behavior. Policy introduced by president James Monroe, who declared that the US shared common interest with other states in the Western Hemisphere and that the political system in Europe was essentially different from that of the democratic republics in north and South America. Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. Also said that the US will not interfere in European politics. It was mostly just a show of nationalism. In later decades and centuries, the Monroe doctrine would be used as a justification of US intervention in Latin American countries.

American system 337, 347-348

1824 Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.the system also propounded recognition of Latin American independence movements. he plan consisted of three major components: Pass high tariffs (taxes) on imports to protect American businesses and to increase revenues. Re-establish a Bank of the United States (original charter had expired in 1811) in order to stabilize US currency and state banks. Develop and support internal capital improvements, primarily consisting of designing and constructing roads and canals. Following the War of 1812, the United States was in dire financial status due to poor planning and the fiscal decisions of Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Their efforts to enforce a strict-constructionist view of the Constitution (outside of a pretty good land deal in the Western US) shrunk the US Army and Navy, reduced tariff revenues coming into the government (remember, no national income tax till the Civil War) and shifted internal improvement responsibilities to the states. impact of the American System could be described as a mix bag. Early successes during the Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825) on the National Road and Eerie Canal construction along with tariff revenue were net positives for the country, specifically, the North and West. However, following the election of Andrew Jackson and his ideological differences from the Whigs and his hatred of Henry Clay (most likely resulting from the circumstances around the election of 1824 and the perceived "corrupt bargain") many proposed plans of the American System ran into problems due to conflicts with the Executive Branch. Numerous veto's and political infighting stifled progress of the American System and did little to curb sectional differences.

The market revolution

1830s The population increase between 1820-1860 by an average of 35% per decade explains the phenomenal economic growth of the United States in the early 19th century. Immigration increased. Sift away from substinence to even greater consumption of goods. From local to wide distribution, from small scale production to large scale production. personal economic relationships to impersonal relationships. Industrialization: the shoe industry- from family production to combination of home work and factory work, from artisanal work to deskilled work. Federal government through patent office :Cottin gin/ Moveable parts for guns /Steam boat- US fedral government spent over 1.5 million on transportation improvements in 1832 Federal expenses early on were state *Eerie canal at the turn of the 19th cventury- farmers began producing surplus goods that could sell locally, regionally, or Internationally for cash. greater # of Americans were moving into towns and cities where manufacturing took place. the greater supplies of foreign and domestic manufactured goods fueled the market system allowed farm families to specialize because they could purchase goods instead ofporudicing or trading. the market system intensified economic competition, change business and labor patterns and profound effect on the lives of everyone. areas specialized in good and shipped it through the United States- for example: New England textile mill to everyone/ Alabama cotton to everyone. allowed New York, st Louis, and Philadelphia to grow because it had links to internal networks and external ports. people able to focus on their specialized thing because they could just buy what other people made the invention and adoption of technologies also fueled market activity. Eli Whitney- cotton gin. also took fro foreign countries- taking Slater was a formal British textile worker brought first successful mechanized mill in US. Americans were global leaders in harnessing water power for manufacturing. water power contributed to the growth of textile mills. STEAM POWER WAS MOST IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN THE EARLY MARKET ECONOMY. allowed greater mobility because machinery didn't have to be near water. steam boats were major contribution to economy. Henry clay's American system allowed roads and railroads to build. Factory system People began to identify by the work they did-- coming together through strikes.

Factory System

1830s The transition to a capitalist market economy in the United states changed the way people related to one another. The factory system radically changed the ways that workers related to business owners and to one another. it refers to the centralization of manufacturing under the ownership of one person or a corporation. instead of manufacturing goods in small homes or small family howned workshops, the factory system Brough many unrelated workers under one roof. Centralization of manufacturing under the ownership of one person or a corporate. instead of working for master craftsmen in a hierarchal system, factory workers work for wages in defined hobs. as US factories developed, they became mechanized. Slow turn at first, but the first to take this on where several NE industries such as textile mills, shoemaking and clock making and spread to other industries. Moses Brown- first mechanized cotton mill in the United States. Women wageworkers at skaters mills used spinning skills they had developed at home and applied them in an industrial setting. the operations also employed children as spinners and men as mechanics. mill owners recruited young farm women who provided build of their mill work and lived in company controlled boarding houses at the mill. "Mill girls" viewed wage work as temporary until they got married. high wages but hard work. by the mid 1830s the mill girls began to be replaced bu more permanent class of immigrant workers - boarding houses became less important and wages dropped. workers saw lives changed- conditions better than British mills. unsafe comditons- strikes began to work. instead of defined by primarily by family relationships, workers began to see themselves in terms o fhteir labor- now a marketplace commodity as much as butter, cocks, or cloth.

American Anti-Slavery Society

1833 An abolitionist society organized by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833 with immediate abolition as its core objective. In the 1830s and 1840s, supporters from abolition came from the within the evangelical world. appeals began calling for the immediate abolition shift and this caused this to form. The New England anti slavery society. (NEASS) and its appeals to make restrictions on slavery was the model for the AASS. the AASS organized local chapters, sent speakers around the country preaching against slavery, published narratives of slace lie, and eventually appealed directly to congress for national action on the subject. Garrison pursued effectiveness through his newspaper, the Liberator. When Britain banned slavery in the carribean colonies, garrison and others drew courage from the British, French to abandon slavery. His methods and miessage of full racial equality for blacks frightened some antislavery activists. saw it as an attack on the right of property.

gag rule

1836 Rule adopted by congress in 1836 to block the discussion of slavery at the national and state level. repealed in 1844. Because southern politicians controlled most of the top committee chairmanships and other leadership positions in Congress, they blocked the discussion of lsvaery at state and national level. Petition from 172 ladies in his district who urged congress to abolish slavery in the district of Colombia, many petitions like this had been printed in congressional debates, referred to as committees and never touched again. Southern representatives protested against the new petition and insisted congress rejected it. James Hammond, who originally made the motion of the gag rule, assured her could not sit there and see the rights of southern people assaulted day after day by ignorant fanatics. so, for the next few years congress refused to even consider or print petitions of citizens on subject of abolition. Southern power stimulated antislavery sympathies among white northerners; reacting to northern abolitionist pressure, southerners developed a robust defense of slavery. contributed to pro-skavery defense- built on idea of racial supremacy espoused by Harvard scientists- skull size.

The Alamo

1836 A mission outpost in San Antonio, Texas, that was defended down to the last man by American and Mexican separatists in the Texas War for Independence of 1836. Spanish offered mixed signals bu offering Anglo settlers to take an allegiance into the Spanish government- people who did this as filibusters. Americans poured over the border in 1835 to fight on behalf on the independence movement. Two groups in Texas (Tejanos and Texians) both criticized Mexican misrule in its northernmost colony, Texans began movement for independence and Tejanos supported it as well. a small group of these people retreated to the Alamo, the Spanish forces broke in and killed the defenders. 371, 396

trail of tears

1838 Cherokee name for the United States forced removal of their people from the southeast to other lands. in early 1838, few Cherokee prepared for the trip, contaminated water, inadequate food, and disease killed many on the 800 mile journey west. A growing population and robust economy encouraged people to move against their will, including enslaved people and Indians. In the southeast alone the Cherokee and other metopes counted 75,000 members compared to 330,000 white people. the state and federal governments worked sometime sin cooperation and other times at odds with each other to pushindians farther west. Andrew Jackson was strongly opposed to the presence of Indians in territory that could be profitably settled by whites and opposed to the practice of federal, government negotiating with Indians as equals. From his childhood he thought of them as barbarians/ jacksons most public battle with Indians was his removal of Cherokee people from Georgia. although they had been living peacefully and sharing, as new Anglo settlers generated conflicts, states and federal governments increased pressure on idnans to sell their lands. Congress passed the indian removal act of 1830, which nullified treaties between us and indian nations. Cherokees, who were well educated and protective of their treaty rights resisted. in different court cases, declared indian nations as dependent and in Worcester vs Georgia, ruled against Georgia claim of having authority over tribe, but they could enforce it. white settlers continued to move into Cherokee territory and in 1835 the federal gov negotiated a new treat with minority group of Cherokee- exchanged all Cherokee claims to land in the east for claims in indian territory and cash settlement. us forces arrived in 1838 and pushed them out. 20% of 100,000 died . those who survived faved trouble in new territory - failed to provide them with rations had to face new environment and indian tribes the violence created political enemies for Jackson, second seminole started- use killed 90% of them

Seneca Falls

1848 First national women's rights convention The Second Great Awakening and pursuit of perfection created tensions within American life. the movement for omens rights challenged America's political, economic and social structure. Most cases ministers and people inspired by ideas of Second Great Awakening and drew on christian doctrine to advocate such changes. Women gained the confidence to advocate through their success in. other reform movements such as slavery. alongside efforts achieve female suffrage, female labor leaders agitated for reforms to protect the growing population of women workers in americas industrial cities. frustrated by the conservative reaction of otherwise reform-minded men, a group of women in western New York organized a convention in 1848 to consider women rights. the conventions declaration of sentiments modeled after declaration of idnependence, listed infringements on women rights and called ro change, including ht eight to vote- Elizabeth Cady Staton drafted Frederick Douglass was 1 of 32 men and the only colored person to attend- said he was the only one who truly understood what it was like to be disenfranchised. because many white and upper class or middle class women believed the responsibility was to raise moral children and preserve domestic space, they regarded female public activism on politically contentious topics as innapropoate. but the belief that females possessed a stronger innate moral sense compelled them to advocate aboltion..

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848 Treaty between the united states and Mexico that ended the Mexico-American war in exchange for $15 million Mexico ceded to the United States to Texas, and al of the land west of Texas stretching up to oregon including California. Americans coveted California because of its resources and coastal access to the Pacific Ocean and asian markets. US settlers began streaming into California. just like Texas, people pledged allegiance to Mexico. the 1849 discovery of gold in colorodo intiiatiated the settlement of mid America. the greatest social conflict in the nay configured American west came from anglo migrants who regarded catholic superstition and sin, combined with cowardly ignorant lazy habits inherited from the Spanish. Anglo settlers believed every outrageous tale of catholic corruption. by displacing the native Mexican elite and developing California, anglos could make money and fulfill their christian duty. for early settlers who intermarried and mixed culture, they saw it as an escape of the pressures of the east Controlling the new territory was as hard ass obtaining it. Conflict with two indian nations. Comanche in Texas region were a serious threat, but they lost supplies and faced conflict- weak USA was able to power through them. The prospect of gold drew immigrants to California and this created a diverse population going into California.m the Mexicans were promised land in this treaty, but it was hard to obtain and many californium los status and property to new arrivals. Chinese immigrants were segregated and offered lw wage jobs -- especially cooks because unbalanced sex ratios they pushed work onto them that usually fell onto women, California cold not escape the sectional controversies that roiled in the country- some southern migrants brought their slaves and democrats dominated the state but the part split into proslavery and antislavery factions. sectional conflict

Fugitive Slave Act

1850 was the most controversial passed during the 1850s. nationalized the process of slave capture and return by requiring federal judges to appoint commissioners to hear cases of accused fugitives and by requiring the active complicity of state officers. Northerneres who assumed most slave catchers simply kidnapped free blacks from the north, were appalled by the legislation, which assumed the guilt of the charged party, refused allow blacks to testify, didn't allow evidence, and gave financial incentives for commissioners to find fugitives guilty- $10. all across the north, people protested passage of the legislation, which believed to be a filthy law and outrage to humanity. newspapers said whoever obeyed it should ask God for forgiveness. abolitionists in Boston protested and blocked the removal of accused fugitives through legal and illegal means. as a result, Uncle Toms Cabin was published and characterized the central crime of slavery. the reality of federal protection for slave catchers rather than fugitive slaves, dramatized so effectively by Stowe inspired several northern state legislatures to pass personal liberty laws designed to hinder the implementation of the fugitives slave act. southerners claimed it was an offense against unconstitutional nullifications of federal law.

Know-Nothing party

1850s AKA American party. Antiforeign, anti-Catholic political organization and consisting of network of secret fraternal associations. the party was largely a nativist reaction against large-scale European immigration. the organization's name stemmed from its secrecy, if asked about the organization, members would deny any knowledge saying they knew nothing. As the United States extended its power across the West and over the pacific, the influx of an increasingly diverse stream of immigrants sparked debate over who could be an American. native born Americans, especially protestants, reacted to the growing diversity by trying narrowly define citizenship and the rights that came with it. The more diverse America became, the more its white residents emphasized racism as a central aspect of their worldview. Irish, French, and Spanish were developing Catholic Churches, schools, and traditions... dangerous to traditional Protestant views. so in new York, the center of Irish immigrant life in the United States, experienced the most severe and well organized nativist moment. different organizations identified as American party formed. shared general goals- restrict office holding to native born Americans, retain the Bible in schools, and extend the naturalization process from 5 to 21 years= (this would prevent them from becoming citizens and voting). nativists feared political parties would not sanction their policies for fear of alienating immigrant voters, so they said they knew nothing. the party flourished and then disappeared, absorbed by Republican Party. in some states succeeded.

John Brown

1850s John Brown was committed to the abolition of slavery in the United States. Came up with the idea to free America's slaves through armed force and creating a sanctuary for the freed slaves in the Appalachian mountains. He said that these offered protection... slaves could escape there and build up a small guerrilla force of slaves and abolitionists, eventually making slavery collapse. He even collaborated with Douglass about this, who disagreed because he believed in peaceful persuasion argued against Brown. Brown traveled freely throughout the North, to talk about his plan and to raise money, to recruit men, and to gather weapons. By early 1858, six abolitionists (the "Secret Six") began to provide Brown support. Held convention to draft new constitution for the new state and society that would result as part of their rebellion. In 1859, his fight led him to Kansas where he killed proslavery whites and rescued slaves. He gathered a small force and attacked US base at harpers ferry to try to get weapons to give to slaves to free themselves. Plan failed within two days, mot people got captured. He was tried and convicted of treason against the state of Virginia, murder, and inciting a slave uprising. he was sentenced to death. Points to the bigger issues of the time, especially before the civil war... differences. between north and south

Grimke Sisters

1850s The lading female activists in the crusades for temperance, abolition, and womens rights drew scorn for their aggression rather than gentle treatment because of their natural sensitivity. The Grimke sisters, were some the best known abolitionists in the period/ Theyw ere born to a wealthy slaveholding family. Sarah resisted her future of domesticity through the Presbyterian church. she moved to Philadelphia after discovering the Quaker practice. Angelina laid the blame on whites who denied enslaved peoples literacy and the Bible for AA being departed. joined her sister in Philadelphia. In 1838, Angelina was the first woman to speak to a legislative body in the united states. they were both forced to relocate to Pennsylvania after they made their opposition to slavery publicly known. This eventually led to wasfovcating for women rights activists actions were seen as innapropiate and goin against the expectation of women this age, Angelina wrote An Appeal to ChristianWomen of the South- demanded emancipation on the grounds of christianity and argued that the millennium would come only after slavery had been destroyed.

Nativists

1850s This term was given to those who strongly opposed the influx of immigrants into American society. Political organizations that formed in the mid 1840s, particularly in New York and other northern cities. nativists shared general goals: to restrict office holding to native born Americans, retain the Bible in schools, and extend the naturalization process from 5-21 years. although these groups had little electoral success, they established the basis for the network of secret fraternal associations known as the Know Nothings that emerged in the 1850s. Overall, it was the rejection of foreigners and foreign influence, Strong anti-immigration and anti-Catholic activist movement.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 congressional act that repealed the Missouri compromise. the bills new policy of popular sovereignty intended to allow settlers in a territory to decide the status of slavery, initiated a strenuous debate about the future of slavery in western territories. The northern response protested the acts removal of a 30 year policy they had, and set up more violent sectional disagreements that were sure to appear without it. the bill undermined support among northerners for the Democratic Party and inspired formation of the republicans, Lincoln even said that this would allow slavery to spread to every part of the world..= Rather than stopping conflict, it increased. John Brown, an evangelical abolitionist from the east attacked proslavery settlers. browns actions reflected frustration. in response to this the first abolitionist sentry Charles Sumner, gave a speech titled the crime against Kansas. He bitterly attacked the Compromise of 1850, which attempted to balance the demands of North against South. On May 19/20, 1856, he denounced the "Crime against Kansas" (the Kansas-Nebraska Act) he gotten beaten with a stick. To northerners, Sumner was a martyr to the unchecked violence and incapacity for rational action that typed the slaveholding south. reasoning- is it any surprise that people who grew up whipping slaves would turn around a beat someone who disagreed with them?

homestead act

1862 Congressional act that allowed families to claim 160 acres of land if they improved it over five years of residence. the act ooebed the western United States to settlement. allowed citizens of all walks of life—including former slaves, women and immigrants—to become landowners. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land. Northerners were impatient with the duration and expense of reconstruction. resulted from their preoccupation with the rapid changes in happening in other parts of the country. the wave of city building in the 1840s and 1850s that developed during the technological boom of Thera increased after the war. accompanying settlers in the movement west was the nations first transcontinental railroad which was authori. a new disciplined us army moved west to shut down Indians who were challenging.

black codes

1865-1866 Andrew Johnson, the president after Lincoln was assassinated, allowed these to pass and was known to be a white supremeist laws enacted by southern state legislators after the civil war that granted limited rights to former slaves, including the right to marry, own, and participate in the judicial process, but also singled out black people under the law and imposes severe restraints on their occupations, mobility, and rights as parents. reconstituted state governments were forced to adopt a series of laws known as this. the legislators payed more attention to restrictions on freedom- most nefarious of these were the apprenticeship laws, which gave country courts the authority to take children away from those parents if they decided the parents were not capable of providing for them. children would be assigned to work by court, with the former master having priority. both southerners and northerners perceived this as a blatant attempt to reimpose slavery. the codes also focused not just on ex slaves but on all freed people, free negroes and mulattoes, - singled to black people.

Nat Turner

400, 419-422, 456 1830s Evangelical religion's role in spurring resistance to slavery burst into view with this. Turner's skills and literacy earned him the respect of local whites who allowed him to preach to their slaves. Turner had spent years praying and searching for right way to fulfill his obligation to God, and found it in a sacrifice linked to Jesus's. Built a network of loyal men and launched an uprising that nearly killed 60 whites and sent the state into panic. turner was eventually executed, but this caused fear to rise in the south that if they did not improve the treatment of slaves, more violence would come. This was a result of Afro-Christianirt- culture fusion where africans would gather in a circle to proclaim their faith and pray,. there were similarities between traditional African practices and christianity- such as burial. At easy 1/4 of southern blacks participated in churches by end of 1850s. records hold that mixed race chuchers he'd blacks to same moral standards as whites and disciplined for same reason. Afro-Christian theology stressed the equality of all people before God, and promise of evangelical deliverance. One commonality among all leaders of slave rebellions in 1820s and 1830s was their use of religion to radicalize their communities and positions of religious leadership to mobilize those communities.

Charles Sumner

461, 464, 465, 511 1856 Leader of antislavery forces in massachussets. In response to John Brown's attack, republican Charles Sumner was the FIRST ABOLITIONIST SENATOR, took two day speech on senate called "Crime Against Kansas". he mocked one of South Carolinas senators. He bitterly attacked the Compromise of 1850, which attempted to balance the demands of North against South. On May 19/20, 1856, he denounced the "Crime against Kansas" (the Kansas-Nebraska Act) he gotten beaten with a stick. To northerners, Sumner was a martyr to the unchecked violence and incapacity for rational action that typed the slaveholding south. reasoning- is it any surprise that people who grew up whipping slaves would turn around a beat someone who disagreed with them? Rising sectionalism

Sacagawea

A Shoshone woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography 1803helped Lewis and Clark at the turn of the 19th century, people and goofs moved across the spaces of North America at an even faster pace. governments on the north american continent sized up natural resources and prospects for future expansion. united state sent ou expedition (louis and clark) to explore and establish trade relations with indian nations. in 1804, they travled up the Missouri River and met with powerful indian group, and lewis and clark had to deny on local indian knowledge . they wintered at Mandan villages where they were joined by some French Canadian trader and his wife sacagwea a war captive, whom charbonneu purchased from minitari people. she remained with the expedition until she gave birth. she added essential linguistic and geography skills to the corps. Sacagawea proved to be helpful in many ways. She was skilled at finding edible plants. When a boat she was riding on capsized, she was able to save some of its cargo, including important documents and supplies. She also served as a symbol of peace — a group traveling with a woman and a child were treated with less suspicion than a group of men alone. acagawea also made a miraculous discovery of her own during the trip west. When the corps encountered a group of Shoshone Indians, she soon realized that its leader was actually her brother Cameahwait. It was through her that the expedition was able to buy horses from the Shoshone to cross the Rocky Mountains. Despite this joyous family reunion, Sacagawea remained with the explorers for the trip west.

filibuster

A person engaging in unauthorized warfare against a foreign country. As legal settlers ventured into US holdings, they also went into Spanish borderlands. Between 1800 and 1860. US citizens launched 19 separate expeditions into Spanish colonies or Latin American republics. the Spanish themselves offered mixed signals by periodically inviting Anglo settlers who took an oath of allegiance to the Spanish government into northern reaches of their Mexico territory. Americans described these actions and the people who took them as filibusters. filibusters violated the US neutrality act of 1818, which outlawed private warfare. since so many people admired filibusters as heroes. Southerners held most of the expeditions in the 1850s, hoping to add new slaveholding territory to the union. Filubustering became embroiled in the larger sectional conflicts over slavery. Private ventures could sometimes serve as an advance guard for national expansion. Texas and the Alamo - largest filibuster victory. Americans poured over the border in 1835 and 1836. texans and Tejanos both criticized Mexican miscue and Texans began movement for Texas independence along with Tejanos. so a small group of rebels retreated to Alamo but eventually president broke in and destroyed rebels. despite this, independence forces defeated the main Spanish army and captured Santa Ann. they issued a Texas declaration of independence signed by texans. Texas reinstated the abolishment t of slavery and did not allow free blacks to reside in their union. the presence of a new saveholding nation to the south worried the Northerners eager to stop the spread of slavery within the union. Spanish and English committees and also became part of the US. worried about the inclusion of many new Catholics into country.

carpetbaggers

A person from the northern states who went to the south after the civil war to profit from reconstruction. White Northern Republicans were only going to south to make quick money, focused on economic development. These "carpetbaggers"-whom many in the South viewed as opportunists looking to exploit and profit from the region's misfortunes-supported the Republican Party, and would play a central role in shaping new southern governments during Reconstruction. In addition to carpetbaggers and freed African Americans, the majority of Republican support in the South came from white southerners who for various reasons saw more of an advantage in backing the policies of Reconstruction than in opposing them In the congressional elections of 1866, northern voters rejected Johnson's view of Reconstruction and handed a major victory to the so-called Radical Republicans, who now took control of Reconstruction. After 1865, a number of northerners moved to the South to purchase land, lease plantations or partner with down-and-out planters in the hopes of making money from cotton. At first they were welcomed, as southerners saw the need for northern capital and investment to get the devastated region back on its feet. They later became an object of much scorn, as many southerners saw them as low-class and opportunistic newcomers seeking to get rich on their misfortune n reality, most Reconstruction-era carpetbaggers were well-educated members of the middle class; they worked as teachers, merchants, journalists or other types of businessmen, or at the Freedman's Bureau, an organization created by Congress to provide aid for newly liberated black Americans. Many were former Union soldiers. In addition to economic motives, a good number of carpetbaggers saw themselves as reformers and wanted to shape the postwar South in the image of the North, which they considered to be a more advanced society.

Ku Klux Klan

Although reconstruction was successful I the sense of promoting black rights are equal, it failed because the federal government did not persevere against southern white resistance. An organization associated with the bitterest and most violent opponents of reconstruction and black freedom. firmed in 1865, klan members devoted themselves to denying African Americans any legitimate role in the public sphere, stressing the superiority of white, protestant, anglo saxon citizens. they also targeted white republicans, especially native white southerners who cooperated with the party for their efforts to build an interracial democracy in the south. klan members whipped, beat, burned, and killed all manner of community leaders through the south. targeted ministers, teachers, political leaders, and successful business men and farmers. klan violence grew so public and extreme that congress passed the Force Acts designed to impede the operation of the klan. tehey did this by punishing as a federal crime any attempt to obstruct a person in the practice of a designated vil right. one of the klans most effective weapons was intimidation of black voters. many conviticions and prosecution driving the klan underground klan members became an arm of the Democratic Party- they opposed elections on republicans. conservatives also began forcing republicans out of office and committed violence against them and hate families. Colfax- a town where people are up to commit violence- so 200 black men from the area armed with weapons they came to protect the mean they elected. white klan killed 150 people and the clear lesson was white democrats would stop at nothing to purge republicans from office.

13-15th

Civil War Amendments which extended civil and legal protections to former enslaved people. the Amendments were intended to restructure the United States from a country that was (in Abraham Lincoln's words) "half slave and half free" to one in which the constitutionally guaranteed "blessings of liberty" would be extended to the entire populace, including the former slaves and their descendants. 13: outlawed slavery in the United States 14: guaranteed amendment that guaranteed national citizenship and equality to former slaves and 15: all men could vote, not based on race the failure to include women increased women suffrage movements. the postwar amendments rely on the idea of positive liberty, grants of power to congress for it to protect the freedom of certain aspects of Americans lives. While the amendment provided legal protection for voting rights based on race, there were other means that could be used to block black citizens from voting. These included poll taxes and literacy tests. These methods were employed around the country to undermine the Civil War Amendments and set the stage for Jim Crow conditions and for the Civil Rights Movement.

Copperheads

Civil War era nickname for the faction of the Democratic Party that opposed the war. wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates. Union Party. A political party in the United States created in 1860. Republicans started calling antiwar democrats this. As the war dragged on, the democratic part split into two wings- a prewar and antiwar known as Copperheads. even those democrats who functioned as a loyal opposition condemned and lampooned Lincoln in the harshest language. one asserted that Lincoln was willing to destroy his country, his part, himself, if he can destroy his opponents. At the beginning of the war: Copperhead support increased when Union armies did poorly and decreased when they won great victories. After the fall of Atlanta in September 1864, Union military success seemed assured and Copperheadism collapsed.

Compromise of 1850

Congressional measures created to resolve a series of regional tensions in the United States.defused a political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired in the Mexican-American War. The measures 1) admitted California as a free state 2) organized remained of New Mexico territory 3) Banned slave trade in DOC 4) empowered the US treasury to assume Texas's debts from its independence struggle with Mexico 5) gave south much stronger fugitive slave law. Last was very controversial because it nationalized the process of slave capture and return to require federal judges to appoint commissioners to hear cases of fugitives. northerners assumed most slave catchers simply kidnapped free blacks from the north were appalled because it refused to allow blacks to testify, use evidence, and provided incentives for money to find fugitives guilty.

Stephen Austin

Culture of economic growth pushed some us citizens to expand farther west in the era of the market revolution. people wanted to move weger Moses Austin died after securing permission to find a settlement in Texas from Spains royal governor in San Antonio in 1820. so Stephen Austin took up the plan to settle 300 families. the Mexican government decided that inviting settlers into Texas would strengthen their fortifier defenses and provide a bulwark against the United States. over the next several years, Stephen Austin received additional grants and was the most successful of the impresarios, colonization agents who headed private colonies whom the Mexican government granted permission to start Texas settlements. Austin wanted to integrate his territory into International markets. he attracted over 1200 families to his land and many of them established profitable ranches and farms. Remained largely independent as they appointed their own civil authorities and conducted raids against krankawa and tonkawa Indians. Austin allowed settlers to bring slaves into Texas as long as they were officially classified as indentured servants. Mexico didn't like this, because Mexico had outlawed slvary. slaves compromised 10-15% of the Texas population by 1835. They also held onto their protestant religion despite pledging to become catholic. after 1831, when New Mexican governments began to raise taxes and exert stronger control over Texas, tensions rose.

Civilization policy

First deployed in 1795, sought to remake Indians in the in the image of Anglo-Americans, using missions, education, and gifts of livestock and farming equipment to change native languages, religions, economies, and gender roles. the movement of goods, people, and ideas across and beyond North America at the beginning ig the 19th century affected the creation of an American culture within the United States. in the aftermath of the American revolution, the United States still confronted powerful neighbors. They were able to defend their land fiercely and effectively. Henry Knox wanted ti develop a more peaceful way of dealing with native Americans. native reactions to this varied. some led movements that rejected the policy, some saw value in incorporating aspects of euro American culture. around 1800 when deerskin trade declined, many Native American looked for ways to diversify their economies. any residents of southern indian nations began to develop profitable ranches and plantations. welcome steel plows and other tools offered by federal gov from civilization policy, by 1820, chocotow women actually grew, spun and wove over 10,000 yards of cotton which they shipped too market. southern indian nations also revised gove into centralized gov. Cherokees went furthest- developed a republican gov and welcome missionaries. red stick war- creeks rejected civilization policy and then treat forced them to cede 23 million acres. contrary to its original intent, native Americans used the civilization policy to defend their land.

Tecumseh

General Proctors sec and attack in Ohio was planned by Tecumseh, the shawnee leader who continued building alliances with Indians and the British since his forces defeat by the American military. they unsecusefully attacked fort megs a second time and then another fot. when proctors men lost, they blamed Tecumseh and returned his forced to Canada. Tecumseh urged the British to continue the offensive against the United States and compared proctor to a fat animal and they grew disullinioshed with the British and they fought to hold together his coalition. American army and militia forced fought proctor and Tecumseh and killed Tecumseh, the Indians held out longer than the British. as word spread the he died, they lost heart. some of joghnosns military troops claimed to have cut off pieces of Tecumseh's skin and souvenirs. his death meant the end of his resistance. although some of Tecumseh's allies immediately ended their British alliance and began to make terms with the U, other continued to resist Also his reaction civilization policy- made a movement that rejected the poky.

Henry Clay

Henry Clay presented resolutions to admit Missouri into the union when the number of free and slave states was equal. Part of the American colonization society, who thought races could not contie to coexist in North America. so they transported AA to liberia. Proposed a chapter for the second bank of the United States to stabilize US currency and exert control over private investors. Clay had come to the House as a War Hawk, a leader who vocally pushed his government to confront the British over its conscription of American seamen. In part due to Clay's political pressure, the United States went to war with Britain in the War of 1812. The conflict proved crucial in forging a lasting American independence from England. On other fronts, Clay took some of the biggest issues of the day head-on. He pushed for independence for several Latin American republics, advocated for a national bank and, perhaps most significantly, argued strongly and successfully for a negotiated settlement between slave-owning states and the rest of the country over its western policy. The resulting Missouri Compromise, which passed in 1820, found a necessary balance that allowed for America's continued western expansion while simultaneously holding off any bloodshed over the white-hot topic of slavery. Serving as a US senator, became the leading advocate of publicly funded transportation. became one of the cornerstones of his American system and included tariffs. The Whig part emerged as the main opposition to democratic dominance. the whigs formed from shared antipathy for Andrew Jackson (opposed absolutist kings). Henry Clay leas the party during its two decades in existence, and his American system drew support of the whig business men who wanted federal and state Govs to sponsor the construction of the infrastructure- roads, bridges canals, and railroads, on which private enterprise could build American markets and cities.

Frederick Jackson Frontier Thesis

Idea that America has something particularly special about it and it has the ever present FREEDOM... so we have the right to expand. -Manifest Destiny He gave American exceptionalism contribution. 1893 American Historical Association- he presented this at the Columbian Exchange. his speech was the significance of the frontier on American history Thesis on the development of the United States: the existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession and the advance of American settlement westward explain American government through different waves, the line of civilization moved westward and conquered savage lands. Freedom was the strength to take on manifest destiny to head west. Turner attributes settlement of frontier as central to the American character, freedom, and innovation. describes different stages of development from pioneers and farmers to businessmen and industry, fear tho that now the front is gone it may mean American synonyms, inovation and democratic ideals would diminish or dissapear

whiskey rebellion

In 1794, Tax implemented to pay debt. farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. This and the controversy over democratic-republican societies, revealed deep disagreement over proper exercise of federal power and proper role of popular politics

James K. Polk

James K. Polk was perhaps more responsible than any other single person for setting the boundaries of what came to be the American West. In 1825, Polk won a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, and quickly became a protegé of Andrew Jackson, staunchly supporting both state's rights and Jackson's efforts to destroy the national bank. Fortunately, Polk's ardent enthusiasm for westward expansion saved his career, gaining him the Democratic Presidential nomination in 1844. In his campaign, he advocated the annexation of Oregon and Texas, although either measure might well mean a war, and once elected, albeit with a minority of the total vote, he went on to implement his plans for expansion. Through a combination of military threats and diplomacy, Polk managed to arrive at a compromise with England that set the 49th parallel as the Oregon Territory's northern boundary. Acquiring the rest of the West was a more bloody affair, and the newly admitted state of Texas was at the heart of the matter.

William T Sherman

Lincoln made him commander of the region -general whose march to sea caused destruction to the south, union general, led march to destroy all supplies and resoures, beginning of total warfare. Shermans march- his soldiers damaged georgias infrastructure, liberated 1000s of slaves, and terrified the populace. Shermans raid caused enormous suffering and hardship for people who already wracked by several years of war.

Bleeding Kansas 1854

Northern and Southern settlers flood into Kansas for political reasons. Supporters of slavery invaded an abolitionist town, burned a hotel, looted a home and destroyed newspaper presses. Anti-slavery forces retaliated, led by John Brown, invading a pro-slavery town, including dragging five men from their homes and kills them. Southerners outraged by Senator Charles Sumner's speech that criticizes support of the K-N Act, Rep. Preston Brooks savagely beats Sumner will his cane to defend southern honor (and southerners support him for this) Used to describe the period of violence during the settling of Kansas territory. In 1854 the kansas-nebraska act overturned the Missouri compromises use of latitude as the boundary between slave and free territory and instead, using the principle of popular sovereignty, decreed that the residents would determine whether the area became a free state or slave state. proslavery and free state settlers flooded into Kansas to try to influence the decision. John Brown, sectionalism,

Stephen Douglass

Northern leader of the Democratic Party and champion of the transcontinental railroad, sought to pacify the conflict by organizing the territory under the banner of poplar sovereignty. to allow this, he had to engineer the removal of the Missouri compromise. he also ran against Lincoln int he senatorial campaign. he reprimanded both southern and northern extemssits who he believed threatened the union. He believed in America's unique mission and manifest destiny, was a leading proponent of Texas annexation, demanded the acquisition of Oregon, and supported the war with Mexico. A man of great energy and persuasive power, standing only five feet four inches tall, Douglas became known as the Little Giant. hen slavery became a divisive political issue during the Mexican War, Douglas's romantic nationalism faced a new challenge. Fearing that the issue might disrupt the Republic, he argued for the doctrine of popular sovereignty-the right of the people of a state or territory to decide the slavery question for themselves-as a Union-saving formula. He led the fight in Congress for the Compromise of 1850. Four years later, he incorporated the doctrine in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, thus repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

Eli Whitney

Patented an innovative mechanized cotton gin in 1793, cotton processing became easier and more profitable. So settlers moved into many southern areas looking for new land for plantations. Land in Alabama in Georgia produces much better cotton than the land did farther north. Increased 10fold between 1800-1820. The invention and adoption of new technologies fueled market activity. Gave immense assistance with economic growth, Thanks to his cotton gin, which processed picked cotton much faster than human hands could, southern plants doubled the volume of cotton they grew after each decade in 1800. Americans saw new opportunities in fertile lands of central Georgia, Alabama, and missipii. the region grew rapidly in 1830s and 40s, financed by the promise of high return by cotton. For African Americans, the cotton gin and new southern settlements meant only more generations of bondage. the high demand of labor in the region encouraged slave owners along Atlantic to sell some of their slaves. route from Virginia and Carolinas became a second middle passage. many people who moved there were sons of established slvaeholderrs- eager to prove themselves independent and work off debt, they worked their slaves long hours of clearing land and planting crops. brutal conditions He also manufactured muskets with interchangeable parts.

Bank of the United States. 315, 316, 337, 347, 348, 353

President Madison had been convinced by the war of 1812s disruption of foreign trade that the united states had to do more to promote domestic manufacturing, proposed to reauthorize the charter of the United States. at first when Hamilton proposed it, he rejected it but now he believed it was a necessity of wartime finance. some of the old republicans opposed it. BUS consisted of a partnership between federal government and private investors, andf there intertwined interest became difficult to separate at the end of the war of 1812. in 1815, he vetoed the bill because it gave to much private advantage to merchants. Madison still hoped for a central bank, but congress had a ton of financial issues. Jackson took a hard line against the second bank of the United States, the financier source for much of investment. Jackson had long been suspicious of centralized banking and thought it would only benefit elites and surpassed hope of common Americans. Jacksons position against BUS gained him the support from average people harmed by bank omflatopm and from many state officials who support local banks, Feared that the BUS might have the power to control the gov --- labeled it as a political enemy. His strength in the bank war killed centralized banking until the 20th century. declared it was unconstitutional despite the Supreme Court ruling centuries earlier., VS CAPITALISM • Marshall court protected the interests of commerce and capital; ○ McCulloh vs Maryland 1819: central banking was constitutional, strict constructionists werew wrong § Constitutional doesn't specefically forbid- so the federal government can charter a national bank within a state § Beyond that - can the state of maryland tax the national bank...? No because federal power is above state power and the state cannot shut down a federal bank

Thaddeus Stevens

Reconstruction A Pennsylvania republican who played a key role in the conflict with johnson and the creation of federal protections for individual rights. helped the radical republicans in congress and served as perhaps the ablest and most dedicated white proponent of meaningful freedom for African Americans. Stevens owned a forge in Pennsylvania where employed and paid equally both black and white workers. in congress he regarded the southern states as actually leaving the union and believed they should be subjected to specific terms before they were granted re-entry into the union. To him the most important change was to diminish the clout of white elites in southern life and elevate freed people. believed this could be accomplished only if the government broke up landholdings of the prewar era and distributed the land to former slaves,, despite his reasoning he could not convince the republicans to advocate the redistribution of property. / AKA Throughout this period Stevens urged that Southern plantations be taken from their owners and that part of the land be divided among freedmen, with proceeds of the balance to be used toward paying off the national war debt; this confiscation plan failed, however, to gain congressional support. Stevens- the southern reaction of 15th amendment proved the necessity of radically reordering southern politics. southerners rioted and killed many African Americans, so then congress passed a series of reconstruction acts. consolidated the confederate states into military districts with union generals acting as military governors, and in order to return to the union the states had to ratify the 15th amendment and revise their constitutions to provide for black male voting,

Second Great Awakening

Religious revivalist movement of the early 19th century that echoed the great awakening. linked evangelical Christians on both sides of the Atlantic to exchange ideas and strategies that inspired a broad set of social cultural, and intellectual changes. Many African Americans belonged to methodist, baptist, and other protestant churches that had dramatically increased their membership by the 1790s. surge of growth and new wave of revivalism took hold across the united States at the turn of the century. Connected engangelical christians on both sides of Atlantic who exchanged ideas and strategies that inspired a broad set of social, cultural, and intellectual changes. Began in burned over district in NY by Finney Accepting ones sinfulness only began the work of reformed christians, live every day in accordance to gospel. encouraged Americans to reform their society, bring it more into line with gods plan. encouraged massive social action. Built 40,000 new churches. at end of reivivalperiod, 1/3 of Americans attended church regularly. Methodists and Baptists established themselves as leader American denominations as a result second great awakening. Evangelicals established colleges at which ministers could be trained. Cathoic church grew also on immigrant population to whom it ministered. local independent churches sprang up. The beliefs of the second great awakening targeted sin, both in actions of individuals in the effects these actions had on society. the pursuit of a christian society propelled a host of reform movements including temperance, women rights, prison, hospital and asylum reform, better working conditions, and antislavery activism. corporations ecreated a public sector and gave reformers the legal right and civi space to organmie themselves. reformers also took advantage of the new print culture to spread the language and goals of movements. the pursuit of perfection created tensions within American life about the role of religion in democracy. reforms prompted to mix with political life and others worried that the nation would not endorse certain values while ensuring personal liberty.

Santa Anna

Texas and the Alamo - largest filibuster victory. Americans poured over the border in 1835 and 1836. texans and Tejanos both criticized Mexican miscue and Texans began movement for Texas independence along with Tejanos. so a small group of rebels retreated to Alamo but eventually president broke in and destroyed rebels. General Santa Anna broke into the compound and killed all defenders despite this, independence forces defeated the main Spanish army and captured Santa Anna. they issued a Texas declaration of independence signed by texans. Texas reinstated the abolishment t of slavery and did not allow free blacks to reside in their union.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the United States constitution, ratified by the states in 1791. Focused primarily on guaranteeing individual liberties and restraining Congress from inhibiting the press or establishing a state religion.

millennialism

a belief system organized around an imminent apocalypse which makes salvation all the more urgent. Many of the changes proposed by Finney and other revival ministers during the second great awakening angered and scared orthodox religious leaders. Traditionalist opposed measures that democratized the churches, especially the use of vernacular language, immediate church membership after conversion and mixed sex audiences where both men and women prayed together, most problematic- doctrinal precision's that Finney preached which abbdandoded the calvinist belief in predestination and advocated personal engagement with the Bible and their fait. finned demanded people to use their free will to reject sin and pursue a more christian life. many of these new evangelied millennialism- a belief system that organized around an apocalypse, which made salvation all the more urgent. The beliefs of the second great awakening targeted sin, both in actions of individuals in the effects these actions had on society. the pursuit of a christian society propelled a host of reform movements including temperance, women rights, prison, hospital and asylum reform, better working conditions, and antislavery activism. corporations ecreated a public sector and gave reformers the legal right and civi space to organmie themselves. reformers also took advantage of the new print culture to spread the language and goals of movements. the pursuit of perfection created tensions within American life about the role of religion in democracy. reforms prompted to mix with political life and others worried that the nation would not endorse certain values while ensuring personal liberty.

Abolition

a pre-civil war movement devoted to the emancipation of slaves and their inclusion in American society as citizens with equal rights. The middle class women staffers most of the nations leading reform organizations. TAlthough the gender equality movement wasn't effective, they did use use their education to organize the broader movement for full equality. Injust laws such as the fugitive slave act in 1793 increased the number of abolitionists as they saw how horrible it was. During the second great awkwening, abolitionists efforts rose. Manu reforms grew in. The campaign against slavery feel from humble origins within minority religious communities. in 1850s, legislative debates over skavery such as the fugitive slave act and Kansas Nebraska act pushed many northerners into the antislavery camp. but in the 1830s and 1840s, supporters came mostly from the evangelical world. quakers and methodists- slavery contracted their teachings. the transition from conservative, shifted in the AMERICAN ANTI SLAVERY SOCIETY . the liberator a newsier by garrison published things of slaves. Frederick Douglass

transcendentalism

an American variant of European romanticisms which turned away from the ratio of the enlightenment. transcendentalists desired to know the world through emotion and intuition. The era from 1820s-1850s, the rise of an increasingly secular culture expressed through novels, newspapers, and work of mass political parties, matched the spiritual movement (evangelical protestantism) of the day. some of the culture work faced east, engaged with European questions expressed in largely british and continents idioms. many of it was regarded as vulgar by religious leaders because it was vulgar content or expression. Americans were building their first truly national culture. This writing, Theoreau and Emerson, proved compatible with trends toward democratization in American society. Transcendatlists put little value on formal education and degrees- instead experience and intimate contact with the natural world earned their praise. Their philosophy called for action instead of talk. Both writers supported abolition and other social reforms, but neither appreciated the evangelical tone of the movement. Thoreau pushed for broad changes in American life. he sought to reform the American mind, in his essay self reliance he encouraged readers t o reject tradutuib, this provided reassurance for new classes that seized opportunities created by industrialization. he retreated to a cabin in the woods for two years, where he wrote and caused people to think critically about the cost of materialism that surrounded the dynamic economic growth of the era. encouraged a respectful appreciation for mans dependence on the natural world.

Sharecroppers

farmers who rented land or farmed on shares, splitting the proceeds from the yearly crop with the landlord. Post civil war, the south replaced slavery with low-wage, free labor system, within that, African Americans consistently received lower pay for equivalent work done by white workers. most black southerners remained agricultural workers, but very few worked their own land. instead southerners started prewar practice called sharecropping in which landless workers signed contracts to take up residence and farm plots of land, often on property belonging to former slaveholders. in exchange for leasing land, property owners claimed 50% or more of profits at harvest time. met the needs of property owners who required labor to farm the land but had no money with which to pay wages and workers who wanted more autonomy. set their own schedules and supervised themselves in the field, but landowners chose crop. Deep South- choice was cotton. competition because Egypt was now producing, so sharecroppers quickly trapped farmers in cycles of debt. most signed contracts hoping to produce enough to clear a surplus and over time accumulate money to buy their own land. the results endured poor treatment of southern lands, overuse, sounded regional economy, and little progress for African American farmers. major change was going from gang labor to this, although their was some autonomy, the landowners determined crop choices, fertilizer use, and harvest dates. Crop lien- farmer workers claim to ownership of the crops their raised. in southern states, supreme courts rule portion of crops deserved a wave and removed sharecroppers any legal over the crops they planted. since sharecropping allowed white priory owners to make their money from land and related merchant work, the industrialization of building factories lacked in the post war.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

federal law that nullified 50 years worth of treaties between the United States and many tribes. the law resulted in the relocation than 45,000 Indians living east of the missisppi too points further west, opening up land for white settlers. the law committed the federal government to creating an indian territory west of the Mississippi A growing population and robust economy encouraged people to move against their will, including enslaved people and Indians. In the southeast alone the Cherokee and other metopes counted 75,000 members compared to 330,000 white people. the state and federal governments worked sometime sin cooperation and other times at odds with each other to pushindians farther west. Andrew Jackson was strongly opposed to the presence of Indians in territory that could be profitably settled by whites and opposed to the practice of federal, government negotiating with Indians as equals. From his childhood he thought of them as barbarians/ jacksons most public battle with Indians was his removal of Cherokee people from Georgia. although they had been living peacefully and sharing, as new Anglo settlers generated conflicts, states and federal governments increased pressure on idnans to sell their lands. Congress passed the indian removal act of 1830, which nullified treaties between us and indian nations. Cherokees, who were well educated and protective of their treaty rights resisted. in different court cases, declared indian nations as dependent and in Worcester vs Georgia, ruled against Georgia claim of having authority over tribe, but they could enforce it. white settlers continued to move into Cherokee territory and in 1835 the federal gov negotiated a new treat with minority group of Cherokee- exchanged all Cherokee claims to land in the east for claims in indian territory and cash settlement. us forces arrived in 1838 and pushed them out. 20% of 100,000 died . those who survived faved trouble in new territory - failed to provide them with rations had to face new environment and indian tribes the violence created political enemies for Jackson, second seminole started- use killed 90% of them

Irish immigration/potato famine

from 1845-1849 over 1 million Irish people died in the Irish potato famine, 1 million people fled to the united states. by the end of the 19th century. there were more Irish people im the United States than in Ireland. Peaked from 1840-1850 how did the Irish fare upon travel? -low wages, dangerous work conditions, -average length of life arrival was six years -seen as even lower tier because they weren't as worth much, one Alabama official employed Irish workers on docks because it didn't matter if anything happened to them. in 1855 Irish immigrants made up of 87% of NYC's 23,000 unskilled laborers. Working in textile mills Nativism and anticatholicism - didn't hire Irish people . people began claiming whiteness and refused to work with African Americans • Racial indeterminacy: ○ Irish immigrants try to prove that they are white so they can gain advantage

black hawk

in the old northwest, the competition between Indians and Americans for resources was even fiercer and instrad of establishing trade, the United States moved to push Indians off their land. between 1800 and 1820, American settlers streamed into Illinois. in northwestern Illinois, Sac and Fox Indians retained land where they farmed and mined lead, despite a dubious 1804 treaty in which some representatives agreed that their tribes would move west of the misssisspi river. in decades following the war of 1812, they were pushed across the river into Iowa indian territory, as the federal government issues leases to lead miners, who then invaded sac and fox land in Illinois. in may 1832, the Sac leader Black Hawk returned to Illinois with hundreds of Sac and Fox leaders who favored accomodation to US terms. the governor of Illinois called out military to drive black hawks people out of th estate. when black hawk tried to surrender, the militia fired on him, but indian warriors fought them off. the Illinois militia and some Sioux allies and federal troops reinforced them and combined force pursued black hawk into Wisconsin territory. there was a white surrender flag displayed, but many women and children were shot, black hawk sought refuge with winnebago Indians, who turned him over to American authorities. the treaties that ended the black hawk war cedar additional sac, fox and winnebago land to the US. after spending a year in prison, black hawk published a popular autobiography and toured the country, as most observers treated him as a symbol of what they believed to be a defeated and doomed Native American race.

James Monroe

james Monroe (1758-1831), the fifth U.S. president, oversaw major westward expansion of the U.S. and strengthened American foreign policy in 1823 with the Monroe Doctrine, a warning to European countries against further colonization and intervention in the Western Hemisphere. Monroe joined forces with the two men to found the Democratic-Republican Party, which opposed Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804) and the Federalists who were fighting for increased federal power. Monroe's presidency ushered in what was known as the "Era of Good Feelings." The U.S. had a new sense of confidence from its various victories during the War of 1812 and was growing quickly and offering new opportunities to its citizens. Slavery was also becoming a contentious issue during Monroe's presidency. The North had banned slavery, but the Southern states still supported it. In 1818, Missouri wanted to join the Union; the North wanted it to be declared a free state while the South wanted it to be a slave state. Finally, an agreement was made allowing Missouri to join the Union as a slave state and Maine to join as a free state. The Missouri Compromise soon followed, outlawing slavery in the Louisiana Territory above the parallel 36°30′ north, excluding the state of Missouri. Although Monroe did not think Congress had the constitutional authority to impose such conditions on Missouri's admission to the Union, he signed the Missouri Compromise in 1820 in an effort to avoid civil war. in this address, Monroe declared an end to European colonization in the Western Hemisphere and forbid European countries from intervening in the American continents, including any U.S. territories and Central and South America. The Monroe Doctrine formally established a special relationship between the United States and Central and South America, and the U.S. would use this opportunity to invest in Latin America and assist with military intervention when necessary. In turn, Monroe promised that the U.S. would not interfere w n addition, Monroe continued to lead the U.S. in expanding westward across the continent. He helped build transportation infrastructure and laid the foundation for America to become a world power. F

Gang labor system

one of the two types of division of labor of plantation slaves, the other being task system. the gang system involved the work of a coordinated groups, supervised by a driver, to maintain an even level of productivity during the work day The gang system allowed continuous work at the same pace throughout the day, never letting up or slowing down. There were three gangs. The first gang (or "great gang") was given the hardest work, for the fittest slaves. The second gang was for less able slaves (teenagers, or old people, or the unwell slaves) and this gang was given lighter work. The third gang was given the easiest work. in the United States, the gang system developed in the nineteenth century and is characteristic of the ante-bellum period (c. 1820-1865). It is especially associated with cotton production in the Deep South. The idea of a gang system is that enslaved workers would work all day (traditionally, from sunrise to sunset) under the supervision of an overseer.[3] Breaks for lunch and dinner were part of the system. This is opposed to the task system, under which the worker is released when his assigned task for the day is completed. however, in the gang system the slaves were divided into groups (or, as the name suggests, gangs) of varying sizes, each with a daily assignment of work, and each under the supervision of a slave who was designated as the driver. His function was to set the pace of work, and, through a combination of example, cajolery, rewards, and punishments, including, if necessary, inflicting punishment by whipping, to see that the task at hand was accomplished. The entire operation was conducted under the control of an overseer, usually a hired white man, or on smaller places under the direct management of the owner. he gang system prevailed for the primary production on most cotton plantations throughout the South, on the tobacco plantations of the Upper South, and on the sugar plantations of the Gulf Coast region. Given the prevalence of cotton after the advent of the cotton gin, the gang system was implemented in much of the South as more slaves were brought into labor for the harvest of the profitable crop. During much of the antebellum period, large-scale plantations in the South, particularly cotton and tobacco, were characterized by the sole use of the gang system due to the increased demands of cash crops in the world market. Given the increasing demand of the textile industry in the U.S. North and in Britain, in the context of the Industrial Revolution, the cotton harvest was particularly important in keeping the textile mills operating at full capacity. With the reliance on small sharecroppers cultivating small plots of land, the high yields of cash crops effectively declined, as the gang system was no longer in operation. Despite the abuses of the sharecropping system perpetrated by white landowners (often former plantation owners) at the expense of their African American sharecroppers (often former slaves who had worked on that very plantation when in bondage), the aggregate profitability of the cash crops in the South declined in the postwar decades. Cotton, in particular, was no longer as profitable as it was in the antebellum period, as other sources, particularly British Egypt, also produced high yields of cotton and therefore depressed prices. As a result, the postwar South was characterized by its relative poverty (not to mention continued oppression of African Americans under Jim Crow) vis-à-vis the North.

racial indeterminacy

race is a social fiction In the 19th century, the Saxon race was said to be intelligent, energetic, sober, Protestant and beautiful. Celts, in contrast, were said to be stupid, impulsive, drunken, Catholic and ugly. The mass immigration that followed the Irish famine of the 1840s inflamed nativist, anti-Catholic bigotry that flourished through the end of the century. Then new waves of poor Eastern and Southern European immigrants arrived, inspiring new racial classifications: the "Northern Italian" race, the "Southern Italian" race, the "Eastern European Hebrew" race, and so on. Their heads were measured and I.Q.s assessed to quantify (and, later, to deny) racial difference. They were all white, members of white races. But, like the Irish before them, the Italians and Jews and Greeks were classified as inferior white races. Claiming whiteness: mob attacks, refusal to work with African Americans in fact Irish favored slavery in the south because it gratifies their pride by the existence of a class below them. the democrats have industriously represented that the republicans intend to emancipate the negroes and make them equals of the whites, also when the slvaes are free, there will be a great migration of them to the north, the Irish are all democrats

Mary Wollstonecraft 310, 414

what it meant to be a white woman changed in the period beginning of the 19th century. following on the heels of the revolutionary ideology of republican motherhood, women were expected to create a better republican society through their ability to raise educated children to be good citizens. as it became clear that a successful republic would be shared by virtuous society as well as by correct ooktics, women also claimed the ability to augment male political virtue by leading benevolent and refined social actives. British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women." white womens educational opportunities expanded dramatically during the early republic, in part as a reaction to the theories of Mary worllstonecrat. Mary Murray, wrote that women have talent and should to be depend on their own efforts. new schools for girls were founded in every region and girls were included in the growth of mostly northern public education. most girls were not offered the same education as boys- classical languages were off limits, but subjects such as math and history joined girls education in needlework and dancing. educators differed on water girls should be educated for their own intellectual fulfillment or more to serve the interests of family nd society, but in either cases greater education meant progress as female literacy rates soared. advances in women legal status proved to be more modest, as state coverture laws continued to definemarreid women as legally their husbands control. in 1790s it became easier for women to obtain divorces. women petitioned both state and federal legislatures, participated in political rituals and wrote for some newspapers and magaizesn. single women and widows could own property and ran businesses.