History 17B "Howard Zinn A people's History of the United States"

What does Zinn mean when he states that there is evidence of growing dissatisfaction of the guards. Who are the "guards" that he referred to?

"The American system," Zinn continues, "is the most ingenious system of control in world history." The U.S. is a rich, powerful country, and, in order to control its own people, the government doles out just enough money to just enough people to avoid a full-scale revolution. The powerful elite in America are masters of turning the working classes and middle classes against each other. Furthermore, these elites have used patriotism and the threat of war to strengthen their control over their own people. Again, and again, however, the American elites have tried and failed to neutralize the inherent threat stemming from their own populations. In times of crisis, American people have mobilized against the Establishment, proving "the enormous capacity of apparently helpless people to resist." While it's unfortunately true that most rebellion in American history has been unsuccessful in achieving many of its goals, history textbooks do a disservice to the truth by underestimating the role of revolt and emphasizing the importance of individual statesmen and leaders. Zinn stands between the Establishment and the working class: they have some limited power and privilege, but not much. Members of the middle class need to face the fact that they're like the guards at the Attica prison riots: they're doing the bidding of the Establishment and destroying the possibility of a radical change in America. America is at a turning-point for the middle class: in particular, "white workers, neither rich nor poor, but angry over economic insecurity" are "open to solutions from any direction, right or left." In the 1920s, the white middle class faced a similar crossroads—while many white middle-class people joined organizations like the Ku Klux Klan, many others gravitated toward leftist causes like organized labor.sometimes, Zinn has treated the middle classes as a part of the "American people"—a persecuted group. On other occasions, Zinn has treated the middle classes as a part of the Establishment—the metaphorical "guards" who help enact the Establishment's brutal policies. In a sense, Zinn sees the middle classes as having a choice: they can stand on the side of the elite and perpetuate injustice in society, or they can choose to cooperate with the working classes.

The black minstrel that had ridiculed the African-Americans for decades was appropriated by black performers in the 1960's. One such duo billed themselves in the following fashion:

"Two Real Coons"

According to Gray Nash's study, in the 1770's, the top 5% of Boston's taxpayers controlled _____ of the city's taxable assets.

49%

According to historian Edward Pessen, in the mid-1800's a typical tenement of a working class family in Philadelphia consisted of the following:

A single room, No garbage removal, No toilet or fresh water, Answer: ALL OF THESE

The landed elite feared the joining of forces between White servants and Black slaves. Please describe one strategy to keep them separate, if not physically at least legally.

Bacon organized his own militia, consisting of white and black indentured servants and enslaved black people, who joined in exchange for freedom, and attacked nearby tribes. Virginia's wealthy planters were shaken by the fact that a rebel militia that united white and black servants and slaves had destroyed the colonial capital. The events in Jamestown were alarming to the planter elite, who were deeply fearful of the multiracial alliance of [indentured servants] and slaves. Word of Bacon's Rebellion spread far and wide, and several more uprisings of a similar type followed. In an effort to protect their superior status and economic position, the planters shifted their strategy for maintaining dominance. They abandoned their heavy reliance on indentured servants in favor of the importation of more black slaves. Virginia's lawmakers began to make legal distinctions between "white" and "black" inhabitants. By permanently enslaving Virginians of African descent and giving poor white indentured servants and farmers some new rights and status, they hoped to separate the two groups and make it less likely that they would unite again in rebellion. They enact laws which say that people of African descent are hereditary slaves. And they increasingly give some power to independent white farmers and land holders.

According to historian Howard Zinn (the author of the history text), the Monroe Doctorine is effectively a _______ in Latin America.

Closed Door policy

The CIA sponsored "Operation Phoenix" is said to have ____

Executed at least 20,000 South Vietnamese civilians, created a set of Vietnamese news media to discredit communism, created a set of Vietnamese news media to discredit communism, created schools to indoctrinate civilians, ANSWER: ALL OF THESE

In 1837 nearly half the population of New York lived in squalid conditions and nearly a third of working class men and women were unemployed. As a result, the following riot ensued:

Flour

After the Seven Years War, the _______________ army was beaten

French

Provide an analysis of the current political situation of the United States by discussing one strong point and one weak point of president Donald Trump's leadership.

I believe Donald Trump ain't a great leader for our nation but other believe other wise. Donald Trump political strong point in leadership is confidence, authoritative, dauntless, deal-maker, goal setting, labor of love, judge of character, prudent with resources, self interest first, clear priorities, and financial understanding. Donald Trump's confidence in what he believes in makes him a perfect leader.Trump's authority over his subject matter is one of the qualities one must possess as a leader. Donald Trump made it evidently clear in the run up to the elections that his foreign policy will be singularly focused on Making America Safe Again by destroying radical Islamic terrorist groups, end the nuclear deal with Iran and the ransom payments to the world's number one state sponsor of terrorism. Donald Trump has been dauntless in his criticism of what he believes in. Trump is a great negotiator and is known to understand complex deals coupled with his knowledge of a wide variety of industries and businesses. Instead of hiring new people to work in government offices, Trump is proposing that nobody is able to get a job in the federal workforce for at least the next four years. Trump has been clear in his election manifesto that he intends to bring the immigration system to prioritize the interests of Americans first. Trump has time and again spoken of the federal government's duty to protect the rights of its citizens. One of his biggest weak point is his new immigration law. The Trump administration embraced the Reforming American Immigration for a Strong Economy (RAISE) Act in August 2017. The RAISE Act seeks to reduce levels of legal immigration to the United States by 50% by halving the number of green cards issued. The Trump administration family separation policy is an aspect of US President Donald Trump's immigration policy. The policy was presented to the public as a "zero tolerance" approach intended to deter illegal immigration and to encourage tougher legislation. He is biased he only wants wealthy immigrants to apply for visa cards and doesn't want the poor to progress. A law I approve of is elder abuse prevention and prosecution act. This bipartisan law "establishes requirements for the Department of Justice (DOJ) with respect to investigating and prosecuting elder abuse crimes and enforcing elder abuse laws." These requirements include the creation of a working group and comprehensive training for FBI agents. It also enhances victim assistance and aims to improve data collection. I am glad he passed this law as many elder abuse are being scammed of money and are getting abused and mistreated unfairly. They are vulnerable and don't have the strength to defend themselves. Weak points in Donald Trump leadership are competition and elimination of opponents lead to business success, throws money at problems to go away, loyalty is overrated, he creates new enemies, he lies to much, his opinions hurt our economy, he's a bully, he let's go off people in his cabinet, and he gets away with anything with money. Donald Trump has many flaws in his presidency. He's in the process of getting impeached for many reasons. He doesn't want to show his taxes so what is he hiding. At one point he tried to start a nuclear war with North Korea. He talks bad about color people. He currently is holding immigrants hostage in cells just like back in the Nazi's days. Kids are getting raped and taken away from their parents. Law abiding immigrants in the US with no criminal record are getting sent back to Mexico leaving many kids without parents. He has a good stance with our nation enemies. Our economy is surrounded by immigrants and they are a great asset to our nation to bring up our economic growth. Citizens aren't going to do the labor they do now.

The following organization (indicated by its acronym) was raided by the U.S. government simultaneously across the country the same year it joined WWI:

IWW

Which of the following statement is true of the middle to late 1800 high school system in the USA?

It was developed as an aid to the industrial system

According to historian Marvin L. Michael Kay, the Regulator movement led bu poor white farmers in North Carolina can be described as an attempt to democratize local governments, thus they saw themselves as:

Industrious peasants

The following industry or industries became the main economic engine for much of the 1800's:

Locomotor, Steel, Steam Engine, Answer: ALL OF THESE

Please describe Malcolm X's attitude towards the 1963 March on Washington D.C.

Malcolm X gave an important speech "Message to the "Grassroots" in which he attacked the civil rights misleaders who'd collaborated with the ruling class and sold out the anti-racist struggle of the day. As Malcolm put it: "And right after that Kennedy got on the television and said 'this is a moral issue.' That's when he said he was going to put out a civil rights bill." With Martin Luther King pursuing his liberal-pacifist strategy while protesters were being brutally beaten, Malcolm deemed him and the other well-known leaders "fallen idols," a sentiment shared by many activists, both South and North. Malcolm still viewed nearly all white folks as enemies and advocated black capitalism. But within a year, after two trips to Africa, he would make profound changes in his thinking. He came to recognize that all oppressed people, including white workers, are part of a common, international struggle against a common oppressor. Officially hailed as an iconic event of the civil rights movement, the March on Washington was expressly organized to enforce the domination of the "moderate" leaders over the massive and convulsive battles for black rights. Dubbed the "farce on Washington" by Malcolm X, the event was organized in collaboration with the Kennedy White House, which wanted to stop any militant struggle in its tracks as well as to corral votes for the Democratic Party. Malcolm X was mad/angry towards the 1963 March on Washington D.C.

Describe an important achievement in women's rights from the 1970's and its effects.

Many women played important roles in the Civil Rights Movement, from leading local civil rights organizations to serving as lawyers on school segregation lawsuits. Their efforts to lead the movement were often overshadowed by men, who still get more attention and credit for its successes in popular historical narratives and commemorations. Many women experienced gender discrimination and sexual harassment within the movement and later turned towards the feminist movement in the 1970s. The most intense struggle for many feminists during the 1970s was the fight for the passage and ratification of the ERA. Although it was eventually defeated (in no large part due to conservative Phyllis Schlafly's adept activism), the idea of equal rights for women began to influence much legislation and many court decisions. Feminists marched, lobbied and protested throughout the 1970s, often in clever and creative ways. On August 26, 1970, the 50th anniversary of the passage of the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote, women went on "strike" in cities across the United States. Organized by the National Organization for Women (NOW), leadership said the purpose of the rallies was "the unfinished business of equality." A group of black feminists called attention to the need for all women's voices to be heard, not just the white middle-class women who received most of the media's coverage of feminism. The Boston-based Combahee River Combative was active from 1974 to 1980. Feminist art had quite an impact during the 1970s, and several feminist art journals were started during that time. Experts have a hard time agreeing on the definitions of feminist art, but not on its legacy. Feminists wrote poetry long before the 1970s, but during that decade many feminists poets had unprecedented success and acclaim. Maya Angelou is probably the most well-known feminist poet of the time, though she could be critical, writing, "The sadness of the women's movement is that they don't allow the necessity of love." The literary canon had long been filled with white male authors, and feminists argued that literary criticism had been filled with white male assumptions. Feminist literary criticisms presents new interpretations and tries to unearth what has been marginalized or suppressed. The groundwork and the first women's studies courses took place during the 1960s; in the 1970s, the new academic discipline grew quickly and was soon found at hundreds of universities. From a 1971 "speak-out" in New York through grassroot groups, Take Back the Night marches, and the organizing of rape crisis centers, the feminist anti-rape campaign made a significant difference. The National Organization for Women (NOW) created a Rape Task Force in 1973 to push for legal reform at the state level. The American Bar Association also promoted legal reform to create gender-neutral statutes. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, then an attorney, argued that the death penalty for rape was a remnant of patriarchy and treated women as property. The Supreme Court agreed and ruled the practice unconstitutional in 1977. Title IX, amendments to existing law to promote equal participation by sex in all educational programs and activities receiving federal financial aid, passed in 1972. This body of law increased participation in sports by women significantly, though there is no specific mention in Title IX of sports programs. Title IX also led to more attention in educational institutions to ending sexual violence against women and opened many scholarships formerly directed only to men.

Which of the following reasons is listed as the likely cause(es) for The Great Crash of 1929 that began the Great Depression of the United States?

Much economic misinformation, Unhealthy corporate and banking structures, Unsound foreign trade, ANSWER: ALL OF THESE

In 1932, First World War veterans marched to Washington D.C. demanding the following:

Payment of their government bonus certificates

Between 1776 and 1783, most of the fighting during the Revolutionary War was done by:

Poor whites

Provide an example of how some families of victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks of the World Trade Center tried to persuade president George W. Bush to avoid reacting with more bloodshed. Provide an example of what they did.

Some family members of those who died in the World Trade Center or the Pentagon wrote to President Bush, urging that he not match violence with violence, that he not proceeds to bomb the people of Afghanistan. Amber Amundson, whose husband, an army pilot, was killed in the attack on the Pentagon, said:"I have heard angry rhetoric by some Americans, including many of our nation's leaders, who advise a heavy dose of revenge and punishment. To those leaders, I would like to make clear that my family and I take no comfort in your words of rage. If you choose to respond to this incomprehensible brutality by perpetuating violence against other innocent human beings, you may not do so in the name of justice for my husband." Family members where using the media to send a message to our president that they don't condone of bombing in third world countries and innocent people dying. Hundreds of civilians died because United States wanted to retaliate instead of hunting the leader of these bombings. A former lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Air Force, Robert Bowman, who had flown 101 combat missions in Vietnam, and then had become a Catholic bishop, commented on the terrorist bombing of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania stated "We are not hated because we practice democracy, value freedom, or uphold human rights. We are hated because our government denies these things in Third World countries whose resources are coveted by our multinational corporations. That hatred we have sown has come back to haunt us in the form of terrorism. Instead of sending our sons and daughters around the world to kills Arab so we can have the oil under their sand, we should send them to rebuild their infrastructure, supply clean water, and feed starving children. In short, we should do good instead of evil. Who would try to stop us? Who would hate us? Who would want to bomb us? That is the truth the American people need to hear" meaning US didn't want to end bombing in third world countries and civilians will still were going to pay the price. The US government thought by only saying were sorry for this unfortunate event was going to bring back this innocent people. They basically wanted to kill innocent people just like how they did.

What prompted the Dorr Rebellion of Rhode Island?

That only owners of land could vote

Describe how the 1917 Espionage Act was employed to suppress those that denounced the war draft.

The Espionage Act of 1917 is a United States Federal Law passedon June 15, 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War 1. It was intended to prohibit interference with military operations or recruitment, to prevent insubordination in the military, and to prevent the support of United States enemies during wartime and provided penalties of 20 years imprisonment and fines up to $10,000 for those convicted of interfering with military recruitment. Congress passed, and Wilson signed, in June of 1917, the Espionage Act. From its title one would suppose it was an act against spying. However, it had a clause that provided penalties up to twenty years in prison for "Whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States, or shall willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the U.S." The Espionage Act was used to imprison Americans who spoke or wrote against the war. On June 15, 1917, just two months after the United States entered World War I, Congress adopted the Espionage Act. The act, which was meant to define the act of espionage during wartime, put new limits to Americans' First Amendment rights. It passed the Espionage Act of 1917, which has been described as an "overt assault upon First Amendment freedoms." The law criminalized attempting to cause insubordination to the war effort, willfully attempting to cause insurrection and obstructing the recruiting or enlistment of potential volunteers. For example,Schenck was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act of 1917 by attempting to cause insubordination in the military and to obstruct recruitment. Schenck and Baer were convicted of violating this law and appealed on the grounds that the statute violated the First Amendment. Schenck v. United States, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on March 3, 1919, that the freedom of speech protection afforded in the U.S. Constitution's First Amendment could be restricted if the words spoken or printed represented to society a "clear and present danger."

Describe in brief the general end-result of the great railroad strikes of 1877,

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 started on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, in response to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) cutting wages of workers for the third time in a year. Striking workers would not allow any of the trains, mainly freight trains, to roll until this third wage cut was revoked. In the short run, probably very little. Some workers did win a repeal of the onerous wage cuts that had triggered the strike in the first place, but most employees were forced to return to work without a pay increase. Individuals singled out as strike leaders often found themselves fired and blacklisted for their participation in the uprising. Several hundred strikers faced arrest, although few of those charged ever went to trial. Clear limits to a conciliatory approach emerged, however. The strengthening of the police, state militia, and the United States Army to prepare for future conflicts became one of the most enduring legacies of the Great Strike. Within two weeks of the strike, Chicago authorities developed a plan to augment their police force and the Illinois militia. The governor of Pennsylvania completely reorganized the state's National Guard, better equipping it for future outbreaks and dismissing officers who had shown sympathy for the striking workers. Officials in numerous states authorized funding to construct battlemented armories in several large cities. The Great Strike also set a strong precedent for the use of federal troops in labor disputes. Previously, American presidents had only rarely and reluctantly deployed the army to suppress strikes. Although the federal troops deployed during the summer of 1877 arrived after the most severe rioting had already ended, the scope and scale of the intervention marked an erosion of the prevailing laissez-faire ideology, which called for a hands-off approach by the government in labor disputes. While Congress refused to heed the call for a massive increase in the size of the standing army, presidents would repeatedly authorize the use of army troops over the next several decades to put down strikes of all types, but railway strikes in particular. Despite repeated appeals for better preparation to meet another labor uprising, few Americans seemed interested in a sustained discussion about the larger forces that had led to the Great Strike in the first place. Another tangible long-term effect of the Great Strike was to energize the labor movement. More than anything else, the Great Strike of 1877 signaled a breach between capital and labor in American society. The second half of the nineteenth century had witnessed the rise of the modern industrial order, complete with production on a massive scale, far-flung systems of distribution, the deskilling of labor, wild fluctuations in the economy, and the unprecedented concentration of wealth and power. In 1877, America's working class lashed out in response to the wage cuts that had brought many workers to the brink of starvation and protested against the excesses of the new industrial order — long hours, economic instability, brutal exploitation, and the feeling that they served as little more than cogs in a giant machine.

Describe the role of Andrew Jackson in the removal of Chactaws, Cherokees and Creek Native Americans from South of the United States to an area west of the Mississippi River.

The Indian removal act was signed into law by president Andrew Jackson on may 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. to achieve his purpose, Jackson encouraged congress to adopt the removal act of 1830. the act established a process whereby the president could grant land west of the Mississippi river to Indian tribes that agreed to give up their homelands. Indian removal was Jackson's top legislative priority upon taking office.a few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy. Andrew Jackson believed that moving them to lands west of the Mississippi river, which was considered to be a wasteland, would solve the problem. with the native Americans out of the way, the country could grow and prosper. between 1830 and 1850, the Chickasaw, Choctaw, creek, Seminole, and Cherokee people (including mixed-race and black slaves who lived among them) were forcibly removed from their traditional lands in the southeastern united states, and later relocated farther west.theChickasaw,Choctaw, creek and Muskogee were removed reluctantly. Choctaws were removed in three phases starting in 1831 and ending in 1833. nearly 17,000 Choctaws made the move to what would be called Indian territory and then later Oklahoma. the Choctaws who chose to remain in newly formed Mississippi were subject to legal conflict, harassment, and intimidation. the Choctaws "have had our habitations torn down and burned, our fences destroyed, cattle turned into our fields and we ourselves have been scourged, manacled, fettered and otherwise personally abused, until by such treatment some of our best men have died". president Andrew Jackson wanted strong negotiations with the Choctaws in Mississippi, and the Choctaws seemed much more cooperative than Andrew Jackson had imagined. when commissioners and Choctaws came to negotiation agreements it was said the united states would bear the expense of moving their homes and that they had to be removed within two and a half years of the signed treaty.the removal of the Cherokees was a product of the demand for arable land during the rampant growth of cotton agriculture in the southeast, the discovery of gold on Cherokee land, and the racial prejudice that many white southerners harbored toward American Indians. Jackson chose to continue with Indian removal, and negotiated the treaty of new echotaon December 29, 1835, which granted Cherokee two years to move to Indian territory (modern Oklahoma). the US government, with assistance from state militias, forced most of the remaining Cherokees west in 1838. when the Cherokee negotiated the treaty of new echota, they exchanged all their land east of the Mississippi for land in modern Oklahoma and a $5 million payment from the federal government. many Cherokee felt betrayed that their leadership accepted the deal, and over 16,000 Cherokee signed a petition to prevent the passage of the treaty. by the end of the decade in 1840, tens of thousands of Cherokee and other tribes had been removed from their land east of the Mississippi river. the creek, Choctaw, Seminole, and Chickasaw were also relocated under the Indian removal act of 1830. one Choctaw leader portrayed the removal as "a trail of tears and deaths", a devastating event that removed most of the native population of the southeastern united states from their traditional homelands.

Please describe Malcolm X's attitude towards the 1963 March on Washington D.C.

The March on Washington brought together many different civil rights groups, labor unions, and religious organizations, including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the American Federation of Labor (AFL-CIO), and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Malcolm X, who helped popularize the militant Black Power Movement, derided the March on Washington because of its nonviolent, integrationist approach. Calling it the "Farce on Washington," Malcolm X condemned black civil rights activists for collaborating with whites and accepting donations from whites. On August 28, 1963, 250,000 protestors converged on the National Mall in Washington, DC to demonstrate in favor of full civil, political, and economic rights for African Americans. The March on Washington was one of the largest demonstrations for human rights in US history, and a spectacular example of the power of non-violent direct action. Malcolm X's approach to civil rights/equality was extremely different. He was suspicious of whites, willing to use "by any means necessary" to achieve equality. He was a segregationist until he went to Mecca. Malcolm X had a different perspective regarding the march. He felt that integration would destroy the black and the white man. He felt that American blacks should be more concerned with helping each other. He felt blacks should start by giving the same race self-respect first. He did not agree with what King had to say, he felt that kings dream was not a dream but a nightmare. Malcolm X attended the march but called it the 'Farce on Washington.' The Black Muslims and other separatist groups were not asked to take part in the march.

Describe briefly how the U.S. government managed to suppress what it saw as a socialist movement in the early 1920's fueled by disenchantment and economic depressed workforce.

The Socialist Party`s strength was further sapped by 1920, because of government suppression and public disapproval during World War I. Such anti-socialist hysteria as the Red Scare, and internal factionalism aggravated by the presence of Communists, took their toll. In addition, the party`s failure during the 1920s was due to its inability to appeal to the upwardly mobile worker who yearned to be part of the middle class. The party also was divided along racial and ethnic lines.In January 1920, four thousand persons were rounded up all over the country, held in seclusion for long periods of time, brought into secret hearings, and ordered deported. In Boston, Department of Justice agents, aided by local police, arrested six hundred people by raiding meeting halls or by invading their homes in the early morning. When the twenties began, however, the situation seemed under control. The IWW was destroyed, the Socialist party falling apart. The strikes were beaten down by force, and the economy was doing just well enough for just enough people to prevent mass rebellion. Congress, in the twenties, put an end to the dangerous, turbulent flood of immigrants (14 million between 1900 and 1920) by passing laws setting immigration quotas: the quotas favored Anglo- Saxons, kept out black and yellow people, limited severely the coming of Latins, Slavs, Jews. The Ku Klux Klan was revived in the 1920s, and it spread into the North. In 1922, coal miners and railroad men went on strike, and Senator Burton Wheeler of Montana, a Progressive elected with labor votes. In 1923, Congress was presented with the "Mellon Plan," calling for what looked like a general reduction of income taxes, except that the top income brackets would have their tax rates lowered from 50 percent to 25 percent, while the lowest-income group would have theirs lowered from 4 percent to 3 percent.By 1924 it had 4M million members. The NAACP seemed helpless in the face of mob violence and race hatred everywhere. The impossibility of the black persons ever being considered equal in white America was the theme of the nationalist movement led in the 1920s by Marcus Garvey. omen had finally, after long agitation, won the right to vote in 1920 with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, but voting was still a middle-class and upper-class activity. Socialist movements decided to take matters into their own hands to go against the government. The government knew they were a threat so they decided to imprison socialist movement organizations or try to make laws to go against them. The government knew stopping socialist movements would decrease protests but it only gave socialist movement organizations more power to go against them.

Describe briefly the way in which the Spanish-American War affected the role of the United States in world politics.

The Spanish-American war was an 1898 conflict between the united states and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in US Acquisition of territories in the western pacific and Latin America.The Spanish-American war impacted American society in several ways. One impact was that many Americans believed that the concept of manifest destiny should be spread around the world. The American people wanted the united states to become a world power. Americans believed that their way of living and governing was superior to that of others. Spanish mistreated the people of Cuba, Americans felt this would give their government a chance to go to war with Spain and possibly get colonies. US Victory in the war produced a peace treaty that compelled the Spanish to relinquish claims on Cuba, and to cede sovereignty over Guam, Puerto rice, and the Philippines to the united states. The treaty of Paris was most generous to the winners. The united states received the Philippines and the islands of Guam and Puerto rice. Cuba became independent, and Spain was awarded $20 million dollars for its losses. The treaty prompted a heated debate in the united states. Anti-imperialists called the us hypocritical for condemning European empires while pursuing one of its own. The war was supposed to be about freeing Cuba, not seizing the Philippines. the united states also annexed the independent state of Hawaii during the conflict.The Americans were now a colonial power and could begin to spread their way of living to other places. Many Americans were pleased with results of the Spanish-American war. Consequently, many people also believed it was acceptable to exert American influence around the world. When the Americans were spreading westward across north America, many people believed the country needed to move westward in order for progress and growth to occur. Thus, many people supported relocating the native Americans, annexing Texas, and going to war with Mexico. That same belief existed as the united states looked to improve conditions in the world. The Spanish-American war also showed how impactful the press could be in American society. The press overexaggerated how poorly the Spanish treated the Cubans. The newspapers were able to sway public opinion to support going to war with Spain. This pressure impacted president McKinley's decision to go to war. This type of influence by the press still remains strong today. The war helped fuel major changes in US News media. US Newspapers covered the war with gusto. Technological innovations changed reportage and documentation. New technology that made it easier for newspapers to publish photographs allowed the papers to publish more illustrations and less text.

In 1959 a small group of Cuban revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara that had left the coast of Veracruz, México, after being supported by the Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas and his wife, overthrew the suppressive regime of Fulgencio Batista. This major achievement and the new Cuban government that followed led the various factions of the U.S. government to react in the following fashion:It

The U.S. authorized an invasion to overthrow the Castro led government

According the Howard Zinn, the author of the text you are reading, the United States had other ideas in mind when it went to war with Spain in Cuba, one which was definitely not was to liberate Cuba. Why then did the US go to war with Spain?

The United States went to war with Spain in 1898 for three different reasons: social, economic, and political. These causes were stimulated by commercialism and nationalism. Based on these interpretations it is clear that the desire to be a worldwide power, and advance commercial interest were primary factors that led to the declaration of war on Spain. The main social impact started between 1868 and 1878. While the Cubans were revolting against Spain. General Valeriano Weyler was sent from Spain to force the peasants to leave their homes and were put in concentration camps. Their crops, and houses were affected as well as their livestock. President McKinley knew that they had to protect Cuba because they were so heavily involved. The United States would also benefit from this because Cuba and the Philippines were essential for trade and business. The sugar market and tobacco trade were very much affected by the revolution that was happening in Cuba. This made the Americans quick to act. This gave them another reason to get involved with foreign affairs. Political causes are known to be the most affective in starting the war. Due to the short term causes that made history. Without these events the Spanish American war could have been completely changed. Due to the riots that were going on in Havana, McKinley sent the battleship Maine to protect American lives and property. USA saw an opportunity to expand overseas as Cuba had a great port, this victory would put USA on the maps as a rising power and a great opportunity to expand making Spain declare war on US goals which were to end Spanish Colonial rule in the Americas and US expansion into Western Pacific and Latin American territories. Although the United States promised it would not annex Cuba after victory, it did require Cuba to permit significant American intervention in Cuban affairs.

Although violence against Blacks continued well after the end of the Civil War, the case of Charles Caldwell, a former slave elected to the Mississippi senate, represents the reality faced by even prominent Blacks in the South. Briefly describe wha the author attempts to illustrate through Caldwel's case.

The author wants to illustrate what blacks had to go through back in the day. Charles Caldwell killed a white person. He was only defending himself as they shot at him first. He was arrested and he fought it at court and was acquitted and released. He gave hope to African Americans that the law had to give equal rights to all humans no matter of their color. He was brave enough to shoot back at a white person knowing consequences will have to be paid after what he did. He became an inspiration for black people. White people didn't like the fact an all-white jury acquitted him and didn't sentence him to death so they took matter into their own hands and decided to kill him. They wanted to show black people they are still in control of the nation and send a message that they are going to take political power of Mississippi. After this incident of Caldwell killing a white person, even President Grant didn't want to defend blacks or arm them. Caldwell braveness led to new laws being established so everyone could have equal rights and the proper due process. The author wants us to know sometimes we need to take risks to prevail in the future for our people.

The execution of Joe Hill, and Industrial Workers of the World union organizer, in Salt Lake City, Utah in 1915 indicates the relationship between the US government and trade unions at the time. Please describe such briefly relationship. If possible, cite the text or other published works to support your point.

The campaign to exonerate Hill began two months before the trial and continued up to and even beyond his execution by firing squad on Nov. 19, 1915. His supporters included the socially prominent daughter of a former Mormon church president, labor radicals, activists and sympathizers including AFL President Samuel Gompers, the Swedish minister to the United States and even President Woodrow Wilson. The Utah Supreme Court, however, refused to overturn the verdict and the Utah Board of Pardons refused to commute Hill's sentence. The board declared its willingness to hear testimony from the woman's husband in a closed session, but Hill refused to identify his alleged assailant, insisting that to do so would harm the reputation of the lady.The relationship between trade unions and the US government weren't in good terms. The US government didn't care about the awesome work Joe Hill was doing becoming a labor activist with over hundreds of thousands of supporters behind him. I believe the US government knew Hill was about to do something great for the industrial workers of the world and around those times the elite white people wanted to stay on top of the chain. They felt the "Wobblies" were a threat to the nation so executing one of the main activist wouldn't lead to problems for the government. The United States government moved to cripple the One Big Union, not because it was a threat to capitalism (the government insisted, without convincing the Wobblies) but because it was impeding the prosecution of the war.The US government wants to stay on top and anything that gets in their way they will find a solution to deal with it. They wanted to send a message to all activists even if they didn't have a evidence against him executing him by firing squad was a strong message from the government. Under the criminal conspiracy approach, the government views labor unions as illegal organizations that conspire to disrupt commerce or harm employers. Membership in a labor union is illegal under this approach, and so are strikes and threats designed to force employers to bestow additional benefits upon their workers. Labor unions are for the people and the government knows they can't interfere with them.

The 2000 election in which George W. Bush won over Al Gore is regarded as one of the most bizarre ones in the history of the U.S., yet Howard Zinn points out that the two candidates had more in common than most people think. What exactly does Zinn indicate the two were similarly representing?

The degree of difference in the corporate support of the two presidential candidates can be measured by the $220 million raised by the Bush campaign and the $170 million raised by the Gore campaign. Neither Gore nor Bush had a plan for free national health care, for extensive low-cost housing, for dramatic changes in environmental controls. Both supported the death penalty and the growth of prisons. Both favored a large military establishment, the continued use of land mines, and the use of sanctions against the people of Cuba and Iraq.It was predictable, given the unity of both parties around class issues, and the barriers put up against any third-party candidate, that half the country, mostly at lower-income levels, and unenthusiastic about either major party, would not even vote. Bush believes all military missions should be based on U.S. strategic interests and should have clear objectives and exit strategies. Gore assailed Bush's proposal to withdraw U.S. forces from the Balkans saying it would be "a damaging blow to NATO" and would jeopardize other U.S. alliances. Bush's budget allots approximately $45 billion in military spending over the next 10 years, although this number does not include his proposed anti-missile defense system. He would implement pay raises of $1 billion per year, renovate military housing and improve training. Gore proposes $100 billion in military spending over the next 10 years in order to modernize and transform the armed forces. He would provide a 3.7% across the board pay increase and pledges to improve military family services, health care, retiree benefits and housing. Bush has criticized the current state of the military as "overextended and unprepared for the future." He believes that the Clinton/Gore administration's increased deployment of a smaller force, combined with decreased military spending as a percentage of GDP has had a debilitating effect on the armed forces. Gore calls the U.S. military the "best-trained, best-equipped, most capable fighting force in the world." He believes that the Clinton/Gore administration's post-Cold War military build-down has led to a force which is "more agile, more powerful and more effective" at countering new strategic threats. Bush and Gore wanted to improve our military forces and invest millions of dollars. Even though they had differences they both were trying to fix issues in US armed forces.

Explain the difference between an indentured servant and a slave in early 1600's Virginia.

The idea of indentured servitude was born of need of cheap labor. Servants agreed to work for 4-7 years in exchange for transportation to the colonies. Many different kind of people became indentured servants. Indentured servants differ because they can be granted freedom after a specified period of time. The servant's services can be in exchange for food, lodging, clothing, transportation, and other amenities during the indentured years. Once their term is up they could be free. Slaves were brought to America against their will. Many different type of people were forced into slavery. Slaves weren't given freedom after years of hard work and became slaves for as long as they live. They literally became property of their masters and have no rights.

An important even that turned the tide towards the Yankee soldiers was:

The involvement of the French forces

Please describe an effective method used by young men to avoid going to the Vietnam war.

The military draft brought the war to the American home front. During the Vietnam War era, between 1964 and 1973, the U.S. military drafted 2.2 million American men out of an eligible pool of 27 million. Although only 25 percent of the military force in the combat zones were draftees, the system of conscription caused many young American men to volunteer for the armed forces in order to have more of a choice of which division in the military they would serve. Young men would use different types of methods such as be a conscientious objector, making up health conditions, having children who need you, be a homosexual, run away to Canada, go to college, have a high lottery number, hold an "essential" civilian job, get married, forge military ID or reserve papers, or enlist anytime. During the Vietnam draft, people would stay awake for days ahead of their medical screening, do a lot of illegal drugs, or otherwise make themselves appear generally unhealthy to avoid being draft. Ask Ted Nugent about doing meth and crapping his pants to avoid the draft. Beginning in 1964, students began burning their draft cards as acts of defiance. By 1969, student body presidents of 253 universities wrote to the White House to say that they personally planned to refuse induction, joining the half million others who would do so during the course of the war. In 1972, there were more conscientious objectors than actual draftees, all major cities faced backlogs of induction-refusal legal cases, and the Selective Service later reported that 206,000 persons were reported delinquent during the entire war period. Yet draft resisters, combined with the larger antiwar movement on campuses and inside the military, was successful: there were too many people to punish or send to prison. So great were the numbers of draft resisters that in 1977, President Carter passed a general amnesty to all those who had fled abroad in defiance of the draft, allowing them to return to the United States, and out of 209,517 accused draft offenders, less than 9,000 were convicted. One of the most active draft resistance groups in Seattle was Draft Resistance-Seattle (DR), the local chapter of a larger national network that included a chapter in Portland, Oregon. When the founder of DR-Seattle, Earnest Dudley, refused to be inducted on April 14, 1967, DR organized a protest campaign around his trial.

Describe the common features of the Populist movement of the late 1800's:

The party adopted a platform calling for free coinage of silver, abolition of national banks, a subtreasury scheme or some similar system, a graduated income tax, plenty of paper money, government ownership of all forms of transportation and communication, election of Senators by direct vote of the people, no ownership. In the late 1800s, the People's Party (also known as the Populist Party) gained large numbers of supporters. The Populists' message was attractive to farmers because they were being harmed by the forces of industrialization and by the rise of big businesses. In the late 1800s, the US was rapidly industrializing.The Populists' message was attractive to farmers because they were being harmed by the forces of industrialization and by the rise of big businesses.Farmers felt this was a major problem for them. During the late 1800s, farmers had serious economic problems. Most of their problems were actually caused by the fact that they were becoming too productive. They were producing too much, which cause prices to go down.One of the earliest populist political parties in America was the Know Nothings in 1849. Opposed to immigrants and Catholics, the Know Nothings used the beliefs of white Christian supremacy to seize political power over minority populations.Women played a large role in the Populist Party, doing everything from organizing meetings to speaking at rallies and writing articles about the party platform in newspapers. The Populists were supporters of temperance and focused on anti-corruption efforts. But as Populist leaders were wary of courting the black vote for fear of appearing anti-white, the party focused on economic issues shared by the races, assuring white supporters that they were not implying equality. Some in the party were known to support Jim Crow laws and white supremacy.

When Creek Native Americans volunteered to fight alongside the US army against the Seminoles of Florida, as they were promised by the US government that their families would be allowed to remain in Alabama, the following event(s) actually followed upon their return from battle:

Their families had been robbed by a White mob, Their women had been raped by White men, The promise was not kept, Their families had been attacked by a White mob, Answer: ALL OF THESE

Which of the following statement(s) best illustrates the sentiment of the Black U.S. citizen in regards to World War II and their treatment by the government?

There was a sense of disenfranchisement, There was anger and resentment about their treatment in the armed forces, There was widespread indifference, There was a sense of being "jim-crowing" in the armed forces, ANSWER:ALL OF THESE

Which of the following statement(s) best illustrates the sentiment of the Black U.S. citizen in regards to World War II and their treatment by the government? (FINAL)

There was anger and resentment about their treatment in the armed forces

When Black in Montgomery, Alabama rejected using public transportation in 1955, and when college students in Greensboro, North Carolina decide to sit in on an a Whites only Woolworth's lunch counter, the following reactions by White segregationists and vigilantes ensued:

They beat Freedom Riders, They bombed the homes of their leaders of the boycott, They attacked them physically, ANSWER ALL OF THESE

Which of the following statements is/are true of White servants in New England during the colonial period?

They were often sexually abused

What was the primary purpose of the Stamp Act of 1765, as far as the English Parlament was concerned?

To pay for the Seven Year's War with the French

What was the purpose of Patrick Henry's oratory in Virginia?

To unite upper and lower classes against the British

Explain how the women's struggle for equality in the 1840's is indirectly tied in to the anti-slavery movement.

Women were pushed to the sidelines as dependents of men, without the power to bring suit, make contracts, own property, or vote. during the era of the "cult of domesticity," a woman was seen merely as a way of enhancing the social status of her husband. by the 1830s and 40s, however, the climate began to change when a number of bold, outspoken women championed diverse social reforms of prostitution, capital punishment, prisons, war, alcohol, and, most significantly, slavery. two influential southern sisters, Angelina and Sarah Grimke, called for women to "participate in the freeing and educating of slaves." around 1840 the abolitionist movement was split over the acceptance of female speakers and officers. ultimately snubbed as a delegate to a world anti-slavery convention in London, Elizabeth cady Stanton returned to America in 1848 and organized the first convention for women's rights in Seneca falls, New York. under the leadership of Stanton, Mott, and Susan b. Anthony, the convention demanded improved laws regarding child custody, divorce, and property rights. they argued that women deserved equal wages and career opportunities in law, medicine, education and the ministry. first and foremost, among their demands was suffrage — the right to vote. the women's rights movement in America had begun in earnest. as with the civil war, the seeds of the quest for women's rights were sown in the declaration of independence, claiming that "all men are created equal." Sarah Grimke wrote in 1837 that "men and women were created equal ... whatever is right for men to do is right for women." that language was mirrored in the Seneca falls declaration.women became health reformers. they formed movements against double standards in sexual behavior and the victimization of prostitutes. they joined in religious organizations. some of the most powerful of them joined the antislavery movement. so, by the time a clear feminist movement emerged in the 1840s, women had become practiced organizers, agitators, speakers. women, after becoming involved in other movements of reform- antislavery, temperance, dress styles, prison conditions-turned, emboldened and experienced, to their own situation. Angelina Grimke, a southern white woman who became a fierce speaker and organizer against slavery, saw that movement leading further. women, after becoming involved in other movements of reform- antislavery, temperance, dress styles, prison conditions-turned, emboldened and experienced, to their own situation. Angelina Grimke, a southern white woman who became a fierce speaker and organizer against slavery, saw that movement leading further. in America, both the women's rights movement and the black rights movement had their roots in the abolitionist organizations of the early 1800s, and they shared many members, goals, and methods. despite these early commonalities, though, in the latter half of the century the two movements faced each other as adversaries.

Richard Hofstadter states that president Woodrow Wilson saw that joining World War I in April 1917 was: " ______ . "

an economic necessity

According to Howard Zinn, author of the text A People's History of the United States, women were simply regarded as ______ .

bearers of children

During World War II, the War Manpower Commission employed women in the defense industry throughout the war. Besides, we were fighting fascist regimes that saw the role of women in the home. We were also protecting minorities in Fascist Europe. So, at the onset of the war the United States became close to which of the following realities?:T

duplicating Fascism

Which of the following statements best describes George Washington's views about slaves during the War of Independence?

he feared them if they were freed

In order to contain the Volshevik revolution with Russia proper, the United States and its Allies did the following in 1918, just one year before the end of the war:

invade several Russian ports

When president Henry Truman appointed a Commission on Civil Rights to stop lynchings and discrimination, the Committee's rationale was simple:

it made economic sense

The Continental Congress that governed the colonies during the war of independence was composed primarily of:

landed rich

Even though women were barred from higher education in the fort part of the 1700's, by the end of that century and the beginning of the XIX, they were becoming prominent in the field of education primarily as a result of:

monopolizing primary school teaching

Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968 because it believed that

the Black man would be protected from violence

According to her own account, when Rosa Parks refused to obey the bus driver to cede her seat to a White person, she was simply

tired from working all day

According to historian John Shy, a one third of the New England population (about one fifth according to John Adams), could be regarded as:

treasonous

Which statement best describes Howard Zinn premise on the central role wars have played in the US social and economic landscape?

war is necessary to sustain our economy

Which of the following sentences best describes the way the Zuñi and other Native Americans treated women:

women formed the core of a family clan