History and Systems ch 1

has been described as a sequence of failed paradigms and may be more fragmented than at any time in its history

Currently, psychology ____.

naturalistic

Darwin and Wallace developed similar theories of evolution independently; Newton and Leibnitz developed the calculus independently; Twitmyer discovered "Pavlovian" conditioning before Pavlov did. Such independent discoveries are attributed to which theory?

26

Division ____ of the American Psychological Association is concerned with the study of the discipline's history.

All of the choices are correct- being barred from some laboratory facilities, being prevented from using graduate library facilities, being unable to eat in graduate cafeterias, not being allowed to participate in some seminar topics

Even when some women were admitted to graduate programs in psychology, they still encountered many barriers to their success, such as ____.

free association

Freud's idea "Einfall" was translated to English into the term ____ which means something other than what Freud implied in the original German.

All of the choices are correct

Greek philosophers studied issues involving ____.

all psychologists

History ignores the work of the majority of ____.

All of the choices are correct.- Ebbinghaus, Fechner, Darwin

Important personal papers by ____ have been misplaced for decades or more.

scientific revolution

In Kuhn's philosophy of science, when Einstein's theory of relativity replaced Galilean-Newtonian physics, a(n) ____ occurred.

naturalistic

The editors and editorial boards of journals in psychology are composed of people eminent in their specialty areas and likely to subscribe to tradition and their own viewpoints. Thus, new knowledge may not be published if it is revolutionary. This situation illustrates which theory?

methodology

The feature of modern psychology that distinguishes it from its antecedents is its ____.

Kenneth Clark

The first African American president of the APA was ____.

experimentation

The hallmark of psychology's separation from philosophy was its reliance on ____.

many of his papers and letters will not be publicly available until later in the 21st century

The historical treatment of Freud's impact upon psychology is still incomplete because ____.

philosophy and physiology

The new discipline of psychology was the product of the union of ____.

behaviorist

The school of thought that deals solely with observable behaviors that can be described in objective terms is the ____ school.

structuralist

The school of thought that deals with conscious experience as it is dependent on the experiencing person is the ____ school.

functionalist

The school of thought that deals with how the conscious mind enables and facilitates one's adaptation to one's environment is the ____ school.

humanistic

The school of thought that emphasizes the study of conscious experience and the wholeness of human nature is the ____ school.

Gestalt

The school of thought that focuses on learning and perception and emphasizes the combination of elements to produce new patterns is the ____ school.

cognitive

The school of thought that focuses on the processes of knowing and thus represents a return to the study of conscious processes is the ____ school.

psychoanalytic

The school of thought that is distinct in its focus on the role of the unconscious in determining behavior is the ____ school.

preparadigmatic

The stage in the development of a science when it is still divided into schools of thought is called ____.

the intellectual and cultural climate of the times

The term "Zeitgeist" refers to ____.

the techniques, principles, and issues involved in historical research

The term historiography refers to ____.

data distorted by translation

The terms ego and id, which do not precisely represent Freud's ideas, are examples of ____.

economic opportunities, wars, and discrimination

The three contextual forces in the history of psychology were ____.

a new school of thought

The various schools of thought in psychology have served well as systems to be opposed. In each case, ____ was the consequence.

collect data from other observers

To guard against self-serving data and to assess the truth of a person's recollections and reports of events in the history of psychology, the historian should, whenever possible, ____.

All of the choices are correct.- speculation. intuition, generalizations

Until the last quarter of the 19th century, philosophers studied human nature using which of the following methods?

It is difficult for people to pay attention to more than one stimulus at a time

What conclusions can be drawn from the study of the Invisible Gorilla?

study the history of psychology

What conclusions can be drawn from the study of the Invisible Gorilla?

Francis Sumner

When ____ enrolled as a graduate student at Clark University, the administration arranged a separate dining table for her/him.

Demands generated by the world wars

Which contextual influence on psychology lead to the growth of psychology in the areas of personnel selection, psychological testing, and engineering psychology?

Thomas Kuhn

Which eminent historian called the process of replacing one paradigm with another a scientific revolution?

John Watson

Which psychologist burned his/her own letters, manuscripts, and research notes before s/he died?

naturalistic

Which theory suggests that "the times make the person"?

Kenneth and Mamie Clark

Who conducted a research program on racial identity and self-concept issues for Black children that was cited in the 1954 Supreme Court decision to end racial segregation in public schools?

social, economic, and political factors that influenced the field.

the intellectual and cultural climate of the times

personalistic

"The man makes the times," reflects which view of history?

a group shares a theoretical orientation and investigates similar problems

A school of thought emerges whenever ____.

economic context of the United States

A surge in the practice of applied psychology occurred in response to the lack of jobs in academic settings for PhDs. Thus, the development of applied psychology was a direct consequence of the ____.

700% increases in public school enrollment

A wave of employment possibilities in applied psychology in the first two decades of the 20th century was partly due to ____.

All of the choices are correct

According to Schultz & Schultz, a course in the history of psychology is useful because ____.

engaged in the discriminatory practices that mark American culture as a whole

According to the textbook, psychology as a discipline has ____.

changing their name to something that didn't seem Jewish

According to your text, it was so difficult for Jewish psychologists to get a job that some resorted to ____.

altered and/or deleted some of Jung's writings to present him in a manner suiting his family and followers

An "autobiography" of Jung was evidently written not by Jung but by an assistant who ____.

one of the newest and one of the oldest

As a scientific discipline, psychology is ____.

Their personal lives, in terms of marriage and becoming pregnant, were viewed as obstacles that reduced the likelihood of completion of graduate school and, in the opinion of some influential psychologists, some women would never amount to anything.

As recently as the 1960s, why were some universities reluctant to admit women to their graduate programs in psychology?

a misrepresentation intended to protect Freud's reputation

At least one of Freud's biographers downplayed the extent of Freud's cocaine use. This is an example of ____.

personalistic

The _____ theory would support the claim: "Freud was instrumental in discovering psychoanalysis. If not for Freud, no other psychologist would have been able to undercover the human psyche."

archaeologists

The approach of the historian of psychology is similar to the approach taken by ____ in the study of their field.

data fragments

The data of history are most accurately depicted or described as ____.

understood

In contrast to the events that are studied in science, historical events cannot be ____.

his findings challenged the prevailing view in stimulus-response (S-R) learning theory

In the 1970s, the publication of the research of John Garcia was significantly delayed because ____.

Wilhelm Wundt

In the first years of psychology's emergence as a new discipline, which man determined its direction?

1892

In what year was the American Psychological Association founded?

Jews

Julian Rotter, a leading personality theorist was told that "____ simply could not get academic jobs, regardless of their credentials."

could not tolerate Blacks working closely with Whites

Kenneth Clark was rejected by the graduate program in psychology at Cornell because the university ____.

an instance of agreement on theory and methodology by the science's practitioners.

Kuhn (1970) defines a paradigm as ____.

Modern psychology uses objective methods to study questions. Philosophy depends upon speculation and intuition in order to answer questions.

Modern psychology differs from philosophy in which of the following ways?

200

Modern psychology emerged from philosophy approximately ____ years ago.

An interest in the same kinds of questions about human nature

Modern psychology shares which of the following characteristics with ancient Greek philosophy?

humans have an instinct for aggression

On the basis of the destruction associated with World War I, Freud proposed that ____.

relationships among psychology's ideas, theories, and research strategies

Perhaps the most valuable outcome of the study of the history of psychology is that one will learn the ____.

last quarter of the nineteenth century

Psychology became an independent discipline during the ____.

history

Psychology is marked by diversity and divisiveness. The one aspect of the discipline that provides cohesiveness and a common ground for discourse is its ____.

contextual forces of the time

Regardless of how objective a science and its practitioners are alleged to be, that science will be influenced by the ____.

naturalistic

Simultaneous discovery favors which view of history?

participants may themselves produce biased accounts

Skinner's self-discipline as a student and Freud's being ignored and rejected early in his career indicated that ____.