History Chapter 1-3 quizlet

Of the six large mammals used for meat, milk, labor, and protein, which was first domesticated outside Southwest Asia? a. Cattle b. Pigs c. Sheep d. Horses

horses

What characterized the Code of Hammurapi? a. The role of the priestly class to represent divine order b. Equal punishments for all social classes c. A clear relationship between crimes and the severity of punishments d. The role of the king as the kind but firm father figure

A clear relationship between crimes and the severity of punishments

What was a major consequence of the agricultural revolution? a. The extinction of hunter-gatherer societies b. Greater diversity of plants and animals c. A wider variety of foods for humans d. A large increase in human population

A large increase in human population

Which of the following typifies Mesopotamian urban design? a. A strong defensive wall encircling the entire population b. A ziggurat at city center, with neighborhoods marking different occupational specialties on both sides of a central canal c. King's palace at city center, representing permanent secular, military, and administrative authority d. Houses showing little distinction between social classes

A ziggurat at city center, with neighborhoods marking different occupational specialties on both sides of a central canal

How did the Vedic people's entrance into the weakened Indus Valley differ from that of other pastoralist migrations into Egypt, Mesopotamia, or Anatolia? a. Aryans abandoned their religion and adopted that of the Indus people. b. Aryans did not use horses or wheeled carts. c. Aryans did not immediately establish a large territorial state. d. Aryans destroyed the culture of Indus societies.

Aryans did not immediately establish a large territorial state.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia? a. Both were strongly shaped by the unpredictability of river flooding. b. Both granted their rulers immense authority to build irrigation networks. c. Both were surrounded by vast desert lands, which held nothing of value. d. Both were ruled by priesthoods that controlled many city-states along their respective rivers.

Both granted their rulers immense authority to build irrigation networks

Which of the following are innovations brought to Egypt by migrants such as the Hyksos? a. Bow and arrow, donkey-pulled chariots, and use of slings b. New agricultural products such as hemp, rice, and barley c. New deities such as Amun, Aton, and Isis d. Bronze-working techniques, the vertical loom, and an improved potter's wheel

Bronze-working techniques, the vertical loom, and an improved potter's wheel

In what way did ancient Egyptian villagers learn to exploit the Nile River? a. By developing elaborate trade networks along its many western tributaries. b. By building irrigation systems that stored water in underground cisterns for use during dry seasons. c. By building irrigation systems to constantly supply water to fields. d. By building basins that trapped rich silt as the Nile overflowed its banks.

By building basins that trapped rich silt as the Nile overflowed its banks.

How did priests monopolize communication with spiritual powers and the people in ancient Egypt? a. By creating a special divine language that only they could use b. By creating elaborate rules for selecting and training priests, and by forbidding nonpriests from entering the temples' inner sanctuaries c. By undercutting the ceremonial role of the local rulers d. By using the tithes sent by worshippers to launch a campaign against practitioners of competing religions

By creating elaborate rules for selecting and training priests, and by forbidding nonpriests from entering the temples' inner sanctuaries

In what way did China's social and political system diverge from those of other Afro-Eurasian societies? a.China's political and social system was not centralized. b. China's political and social system relied on strong female rulers as well as males. c. China's political and social system emphasized an idealized past and rule by sage kings. d. China's political and social system was hierarchical

China's political and social system emphasized an idealized past and rule by sage kings.

Which of the following was a political innovation of the territorial state? a. The creation of written taxation lists b. Clearly defined borders c. The abandonment of centralized power d. People identified themselves by ethnic group

Clearly defined borders

Which of the following was essential to Harappan economic power? a. Control of trade routes through northern India b. Control of the extraction and trade in gemstones c. Control of navigational techniques used by sailors along the Indian Ocean coast d.Control of salt deposits in the Indus River basin

Control of the extraction and trade in gemstones

Which of the following were agricultural improvements encouraged by the Shang dynasty? a. Growing wheat and rice in the northern portion of the kingdom b. Building cisterns and aqueducts c. Draining low-lying fields and clearing forested lands d. Forging iron and bronze agricultural implements

Draining low-lying fields and clearing forested lands

Why was Egypt said to have been the most river-focused of the early cultures? a. Egypt relied heavily on its strong navy to conquer territory along the Nile. b. Egyptian religion focused exclusively on the role of the Nile in sustaining life. c. Egypt had many internal divisions as the Nile River created multiple isolated geographical regions. d. Egypt had no fertile hinterland, since settlement was limited to the narrow Nile flood plain.

Egypt had no fertile hinterland, since settlement was limited to the narrow Nile flood plain.

Which of the following describes an effect of the mastery of fire for Homo erectus? a. Fire helped hominids to expand their diets, leading to still larger brain size. b. Fire created a focus for new religious ideas, leading to new cultural development. c. Fire provided a gathering point for small communities, leading to more complex social structures. d. Fire permitted the creation of bronze tools, allowing the hunting of large animals.

Fire helped hominids to expand their diets, leading to still larger brain size

What evidence did scientists use to decide that hominids were more diverse than had been suggested by the early australopithecine finds such as Lucy? a. Fossil finds indicate that some groups of hominids prior to australopithecines made bone tools. b. Fossil finds in East Africa showed that several different kinds of early hominids were living in isolated societies and evolving separately. c. Some fossils indicated that different hominids were evolving in Southwest Asia, and had remarkably modern teeth and hands. d. Fossil finds in southern Africa indicated that some groups of hominids had begun to use fire.

Fossil finds in East Africa showed that several different kinds of early hominids were living in isolated societies and evolving separately.

In the ancient Aegean world, why was urban development slow, despite contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia? a. Crops from the Fertile Crescent did not produce surpluses in the Aegean world. b. Geographical obstacles led to scattered settlements. c. Societies were dominated by priests and sages. d. Everyday life was dominated by weaponry rather than writing and palaces.

Geographical obstacles led to scattered settlements.

Which of the following accurately describes pastoral communities in Afro-Eurasia around 3500 BCE? a. Herders traded meat and animal products for grains, pottery, and tools with settled agricultural communities. b. Oxen became a crucial component of survival so that nomadic pastoralists could move their villages. c. People settled in small mountain valleys where they could more easily keep watch over their herds. d. People lived in the coastal lands where water supplies were easily available for their herds.

Herders traded meat and animal products for grains, pottery, and tools with settled agricultural communities.

Which of the following was among the new elements that the Shang added to Longshan culture? a. Walled towns built on a grid b. A copper metal industry c. Hereditary rulers who derived power from their relationship to the gods d. Divination using pottery shards

Hereditary rulers who derived power from their relationship to the gods

For what reason did new Mesopotamian rulers encourage traditional stories such as Gilgamesh about rulers of ancient Uruk? a. Heroic tales about legendary founders helped legitimize the new rulers. b. Transcribing traditional tales helped the new kings to learn cuneiform script. c. Transcribing traditional tales was a way to teach Amorite scribes. d. Gilgamesh was descended from pastoralists such as the Amorites.

Heroic tales about legendary founders helped legitimize the new rulers.

Which of the following kingdoms controlled much of the territory between Mesopotamia and the Nile in the second millennium BCE? a. Hittites b. Shang c. Harappans d. Hyksos

Hittites

What happened when early humans arrived in the Americas? a. Humans experienced rapid population growth as they abandoned hunting and gathering in favor of settled agriculture. b. Humans developed extensive traditions of watercraft on the coast of Peru to promote trade along the coast. c. Humans domesticated bison. d. Humans adapted to different ecological niches and created

Humans adapted to different ecological niches and created

Around 12,000 years ago, what was the main effect of population pressure and changing climate conditions on modern humans? a. Humans discovered fire. b. Humans created music and art. c. Humans learned to domesticate plants and animals. d. Humans migrated out of Africa to Eurasia.

Humans learned to domesticate plants and animals.

What was the evolutionary survival trait shared by all successful early hominids? a. Opposable thumbs b. Completely upright posture c. Continuous fertility d. Intelligence and ability to adapt

Intelligence and ability to adapt

In Mesopotamia around 2000 BCE, what caused political and economic power to move away from the delta region? a. Invasions of nomads from the Iranian plateau b. Earthquakes destroying city walls c. Intensive cultivation for a millennium combined with drought d. Loss of control of the priestly class over trade

Intensive cultivation for a millennium combined with drought

What is the significance of the battle of Qadesh between Egypt and the Hittites? a. It showed that war chariots could not fight effectively in hilly terrain. b. It determined where the demarcation would be between Egyptian and Hittite expansion into the Fertile Crescent. c. It demonstrated the military superiority of crossbow technology. d. It demonstrated that an army wielding iron weapons and armor could easily defeat an army relying on bronze technology.

It determined where the demarcation would be between Egyptian and Hittite expansion into the Fertile Crescent.

What was a consequence of the development of cuneiform? a. It replaced graphic arts in religious architecture and ornamentation. b. It created an upsurge in literacy among all social classes. c. It enhanced urban elites' ability to control trade, property, and sacred and political ideas. d. It helped kings take control from priests.

It enhanced urban elites' ability to control trade, property, and sacred and political ideas.

What was a change to human language when humans spread out of Africa? a. It expanded into nineteen separate language families. b. It was unchanged, as the vocal chords of humans were unchanged. c. It differed only marginally from the language systems of other primates. d. The number of phonemes became more limited.

It expanded into nineteen separate language families.

What indicated that the citadel in Mohenjo Daro was a center of political and ritual activities? a. It housed well-made public facilities, such as the great bath. b. It lacked fortification and was open to all people. c. It contained long inscriptions describing rituals performed there. d. It was built of sun-dried brick.

It housed well-made public facilities, such as the great bath.

Why was copper one of the most sought-after raw materials imported into riverine cities from the hinterland? a. It was used in the making of pottery. b. It was easy to smelt and shape, and could be used to create bronze. c. It was needed to make plows. d. It was considered to be the "tears of the sun," a sacred metal.

It was easy to smelt and shape, and could be used to create bronze.

Which of the following contributed to the fall of the Old Kingdom in Egypt? a. Invasion from the people of the Nubian regions of the Nile River b. The bureaucracy introduced too many changes into water management methods c. The divide between rural and urban settings d. Local magnates assumed control of the provinces

Local magnates assumed control of the provinces

What led many Egyptian villagers to pray at local shrines and believe in the power of magical amulets? a. The priesthood in Egypt was weak and did not satisfy the needs of the local villagers. b. Villagers had a different set of gods and beliefs from those of the temples and court. c. Since villagers were illiterate, they could not participate in temple rituals. d. Local villagers were physically far removed from temple life, and so turned to other means of satisfying their religious needs.

Local villagers were physically far removed from temple life, and so turned to other means of satisfying their religious needs.

What evidence supports the wide-spread economic influence of Longshan culture? a. Longshan iron tools made their way to Japan. b. Longshan black pottery has been found as far away as Taiwan and Manchuria. c. Longshan kings forced tributary trade ties with steppes nomads. d. Longshan silk scrolls have been found in the Indus Valley.

Longshan black pottery has been found as far away as Taiwan and Manchuria.

Which of the following were first domesticated in the Americas? a. Maize, potatoes, and guinea pigs b. Sorghum, bananas, and cattle c. Rice, millet, and chickens d. Wheat, barley, and horses

Maize, potatoes, and guinea pigs

With whom did the Amorite kings in Mesopotamia ally themselves in order to bolster their political power? a. A council elected by influential members of the community b. Priests of Marduk c. Merchants and nobles d. Tribal and clan leaders

Merchants and Nobles

How do modern scientific understandings about the origin of the universe compare with traditional creation narratives? a. Creation narratives and modern science indicate that divine beings had a role in creating all life. b. Modern science indicates that the origin of the universe was much longer ago than do traditional creation narratives. c. Modern science indicates that humans first appeared suddenly as do traditional creation narratives. d. Neither modern science nor traditional creation narratives have an answer for how the universe began.

Modern science indicates that the origin of the universe was much longer ago than do traditional creation narratives.

Which of the following is a way new territorial states differed from city-states? a. States were linguistically and ethnically homogeneous. b. Monarchs of territorial states ruled distant hinterlands through widespread bureaucracies and elaborate legal codes. c. Large territorial states were in constant conflict with each other. d. Once the state was established, monarchs ceased ambition for further expansion.

Monarchs of territorial states ruled distant hinterlands through widespread bureaucracies and elaborate legal codes.

Which statement best characterizes the average Mesopotamian family? a. Monogamous and patriarchal b. Egalitarian relations between husbands and wives c. Equal inheritance of property between sons and daughters d. Polygamous, with most men having several wives as well as concubines

Monogamous and patriarchal

Which of the following is an example of the shift away from the city-state's domination of economic activity in Mesopotamia? a. New rulers allowed their generals to control all long-distance trade. b. New rulers forced individuals to donate large amounts of labor to support the maintenance of the city's defensive walls. c. New rulers designated private entrepreneurs to collect taxes and allowed them to keep a portion of tax revenues for their profits. d. New rulers allowed farmers to purchase land from the state in order to obtain economic independence.

New rulers designated private entrepreneurs to collect taxes and allowed them to keep a portion of tax revenues for their profits.

Which of the following reactions to climate change by both pastoral and transhumant nomads impacted riverine societies around 2200 BCE? a. Nomads descended on river-valley population centers in large numbers to find food and water for their drought-stricken herds. b. Nomads were unable to provide trade links between urban centers because of prolonged rains and flooding. c. Nomads withdrew from population centers in search of better grazing, leaving cities without supplies of meat. d. Impoverished nomads, who had lost their herds to drought, developed new types of boats and turned to piracy.

Nomads descended on river-valley population centers in large numbers to find food and water for their drought-stricken herds.

Which of the following is a way that pastoralist nomads helped contribute to the rise of new territorial states in Afro-Eurasia around 2000 BCE? a. Nomads introduced new ways to recruit and train bureaucracies. b Nomads introduced writing, which was essential to record-keeping in larger, territorial states. c. Nomads introduced new siege technologies for attacking walled cities. d. Nomads introduced military technologies such as faster horse-drawn chariots.

Nomads introduced military technologies such as faster horse-drawn chariots.

Which of the following accurately describes an environmental cause and effect for riverine societies around 2200 BCE? a. Excessive monsoon rains flooded many of the fields needed to produce food, which led to the downfall of ruling elites. b. A series of earthquakes leading to the destruction of walled cities such as Troy and Jericho. c. Cooling temperatures led to the destruction of crops needed to support urban populations. d. Prolonged drought led to famine, which caused the downfall of ruling elites.

Prolonged drought led to famine, which caused the downfall of ruling elites.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between Egyptian pyramids and Mesopotamian ziggurats? a. Both were created to project the might and grandeur of the territory's secular ruler. b. The ziggurat of Marduk was larger than the Great Pyramid. c. Both were designed as temples, and housed an elaborate bureaucracy. d. Pyramids were primarily tombs for the semi-divine pharaoh, while ziggurats were temples.

Pyramids were primarily tombs for the semi-divine pharaoh, while ziggurats were temples.

What suggests to scientists that Harappan civilization was centralized and structured? a. The royal palace was an administrative center for entire realm. b. Regional uniformity in urban planning; standardized weights and measures. c. Written language was used to provide a common culture throughout the Indus valley. d. Royal tombs contained frescos and records that showed the existence of regional laws.

Regional uniformity in urban planning; standardized weights and measures.

What ecological change contributed to the development of agriculture in Japan? a. A land bridge from the Korean peninsula allowed the migration of agriculturalists to Japan. b. Sinking sea levels meant that there was more land available for settled agriculture. c. The cooling climate froze out the fishing societies spread out along the coasts and rivers. d. Rising sea levels created islands and limited the range of large game animals, leading to their extinction.

Rising sea levels created islands and limited the range of large game animals, leading to their extinction.

What led to the development of Shang writing? a. Bureaucratic officials needed to find a method to record tribute payments. b. Rulers needed to record laws and edicts. c. Merchants needed to communicate over long distances in order to trade goods. d. Scribes inscribed queries to ancestors on oracle bones.

Scribes inscribed queries to ancestors on oracle bones.

Which is an accurate comparison about the development of scribal cultures in both Mesopotamia and Egypt? a. Scribes' status was increased by the small number of people who were literate. b. Literacy immediately became important for all members of society. c. Scribes were usually members of lower artisan classes. d. Scribes at first had little concern with trade and commerce.

Scribes' status was increased by the small number of people who were literate

What do scientists use to infer that Troy, Crete, and the Greek mainland participated in a trading system linking the Aegean and Southwest Asia? a. Similarities in citadel construction b. Similarities in grave goods c. Similarities in writing systems d. Similarities in religious artifacts

Similarities in grave goods

Which of the following resulted from the domestication of animals? a. Some communities developed pastoralism to provide sufficient food supplies for their growing herds. b. Relationships between pastoralists and agriculturalists worsened, as they competed for the same land. c. Farming was more difficult, since food had to be grown not only for humans but also for their animals. d. Humans gave up hunting to obtain protein

Some communities developed pastoralism to provide sufficient food supplies for their growing herds

For what reason were political developments in South Asia fundamentally different from those of Southwest Asia? a. The lack of state religions in South Asia undermined efforts to create religious justifications for kingly rule. b. South Asian populations became so large that they could not be easily conquered. c. The lack of horse-powered chariots in South Asia diminished the ability of ruling classes to expand their territorial control. d. South Asia had fewer territorial states and thus fewer rivalries that prompted ruling classes to integrate their dominions.

South Asia had fewer territorial states and thus fewer rivalries that prompted ruling classes to integrate their dominions.

Which of the following is an accurate reason for the rise of trade between cities and their hinterlands? a. Groups who migrated to the cities sought to sustain cultural contacts with their ancestors who remained in rural settings. b. Transhumant herders produced goods such as jewelry and pottery, which they traded to urban dwellers. c. Specialized crafts workers required raw materials to produce finished products. d. Interference by nomadic pastoralists in the borderlands prevented long distance trade.

Specialized crafts workers required raw materials to produce finished products.

Why did people in Sumer trade with distant regions such as Lebanon, Turkey, and Iran? a. Sumerians wanted to cement political alliances by tying potential enemies to them in mutual trade. b. Sumerians needed to trade for food to support their growing population. c. Sumerians lacked natural resources apart from fertile soil, mud, and water. d. Sumerian religions required sending missionaries to foreign lands.

Sumerians lacked natural resources apart from fertile soil, mud, and water.

How did temples and their priests function differently in Mesopotamian society from earlier, village-based societies? a. Temple priesthoods rejected long-distance trade as bringing "foreign" elements into the community, whereas earlier societies eagerly sought trade. b. Temple priesthoods maintained a strict separation of state and religion, whereas earlier societies were ruled by priest-kings. c. Workers in a temple were required to focus solely on spiritual activities to maintain their ritual purity. d. Temples supported all sorts of economic

Temples supported all sorts of economic

Why did early agricultural settlements arise in the Indus Valley before the Ganges Valley? a. The Ganges Valley, unlike the Indus Valley, was surrounded by inhospitable deserts. b. Annual floods replenished the soil in the Indus Valley but not in the Ganges valley. c. The Indus River, but not the Ganges River, brought plentiful water from its source in the Himalayas. d. The Indus Valley suffered less from the yearly monsoons than did the Ganges Valley.

The Indus Valley suffered less from the yearly monsoons than did the Ganges Valley.

In what way did the Shang state in China differ from states in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley? a. The Shang rulers centralized quickly to protect themselves from rival territorial states on its borders. b. The Shang rulers did not align themselves with the gods to support their right to rule. c. The Shang rulers did not create an educated bureaucracy. d. The Shang did not have clearly defined borders or a permanent capital.

The Shang did not have clearly defined borders or a permanent capital.

How did Shang chariot use differ from that of the rest of Afro-Eurasia? a. The Shang used chariots primarily as symbols of wealth instead of for warfare. b. The Shang used iron fittings for their chariots. c. The Shang made chariots lighter and more maneuverable. d. The Shang developed horseshoes so that horses suffered fewer leg and foot injuries.

The Shang used chariots primarily as symbols of wealth instead of for warfare.

Which of the following gave the Vedic people military superiority over the Indus dwellers? a. The Vedic people had mastered iron metallurgy and the use of the phalanx. b. The Vedic people used their simpler written language to send messages during battles. c. The Vedic people brought large flocks of cattle with them, which consumed the crops of the Indus Valley people. d. The Vedic people were horse charioteers and masters of copper and bronze metallurgy.

The Vedic people were horse charioteers and masters of copper and bronze metallurgy.

What advantage did larger brains give to early hominids? a. The ability to learn, remember, and pass on information to the next generation b. The ability to identify friends from foes c. The ability to walk upright with the head as a balancing point d. The ability of children to be self-sufficient at a young age

The ability to learn, remember, and pass on information to the next generation

What was the adaptive advantage of bipedalism for early hominids? a. The ability to outrun predators b. The ability to climb trees c. The ability to migrate away from hostile environments d. The ability to see farther than other mammals

The ability to migrate away from hostile environments

Which of the following accurately describes an effect of the dissemination of agricultural crops and techniques from Southwest Asia to Europe? a. Long periods of time were required to adapt Southwest Asian crops to southern European climates. b. The first European domesticated crops included Southwest Asian crops—wheat and barley. c. The first European domesticated crops included Southwest Asian crops—maize and potatoes. d. The similarities in the climates made adaptation of Southwest Asian crops relatively easy throughout Europe.

The first European domesticated crops included Southwest Asian crops—wheat and barley.

What led to the rise of the first major city-states in Southwest Asia? a. The need to defend against foreign invaders by banding together b. The presence of lush forests with many navigable rivers c. The presence of active religious pilgrimage sites for ceremonies and rituals d. The local availability of large domesticable animals and a variety of cereal grains

The local availability of large domesticable animals and a variety of cereal grains

How was the role of the pharaoh different from that of Mesopotamian rulers? a. The pharaoh had the primary responsibility of ensuring that scribes were properly trained, but in Mesopotamia, that was the role of the priests. b. Unlike Mesopotamian kings, the pharaoh did not need to establish a military since Egypt was protected by natural borders of deserts. c. The pharaoh's most important role was as a bridge to the gods to ensure the regular flooding of the Nile, but in Mesopotamia, kings organized irrigation projects to control floods. d. Unlike Mesopotamian kings, the pharaoh created monumental architecture and tombs.

The pharaoh's most important role was as a bridge to the gods to ensure the regular flooding of the Nile, but in Mesopotamia, kings organized irrigation projects to control floods.

Which of the following was true in both sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas before 2000 BCE? a. Population growth increased in both places after the importation of cereal agriculture. b. The population in both places declined because of persistent drought. c. The population in both places grew slowly, but did not lead to the development of urban centers. d. The population in both places grew rapidly, given the large number of animals that could be hunted.

The population in both places grew slowly, but did not lead to the development of urban centers.

Where is the region known as the Fertile Crescent? a. The region of Southwest Asia with rich soils and regular rainfall in which the agricultural revolution first appeared b. The Andes Mountains, in which tool fabrication first appeared c. The region of Southeast Asia, where scholars found evidence of rice cultivation d. The regions of southern France and northern Spain, where many cave paintings have been discovered

The region of Southwest Asia with rich soils and regular rainfall in which the agricultural revolution first appeared

What is the primary reason nomadic pastoralism instead of transhumant pastoralism flourished in the northern area of Eurasia? a. The steppes were unable to support large agricultural settlements, but could support large herds of grazing animals. b. The superior numbers and military strength of settled agriculturalists forced the nomadic pastoralists northward. c. The superior military techniques of nomadic pastoralists could keep transhumant pastoralists out of their territory. d. Nomadic pastoralists could trade with more settled agricultural villages in northern China.

The steppes were unable to support large agricultural settlements, but could support large herds of grazing animals.

Which of the following best describes Homo erectus' children? a. They could not feed or care for themselves for many years, requiring prolonged maternal care. b. They were largely ignored by other clan members until they could contribute to clan survival. c. They had larger brain capacity than earlier hominids because their mothers had wider pelvises. d. They were closely guarded by their mothers who feared attacks from other females in the clan.

They could not feed or care for themselves for many years, requiring prolonged maternal care.

Which of the following characterized the large territorial states of Southwest Asia and North Africa between 1400 and 1200 BCE? a. They eliminated the small kingdoms that sought to exist between the major states. b. They created durable foundations of power by extracting taxes from the middle class. c. They engaged in constant warfare for dominance in the region. d. They created a balance of power based on international treaties and diplomacy.

They created a balance of power based on international treaties and diplomacy.

Which of the following is true of nomadic pastoralists? a. They were more numerous than agriculturalists because their diets consisted of more protein. b. they tended to have little influence on world history because their migratory lives left little time for artistic or intellectual expression. c. They were less sophisticated culturally than their agriculturalist neighbors because they did not build social networks and religious structures. d. They domesticated horses, which gave them decisive advantages in transportation and warfare.

They domesticated horses, which gave them decisive advantages in transportation and warfare.

What can scientists infer about Homo sapiens hunter-gatherers by studying contemporary hunter gatherer societies? a. They formed small bands that were relatively egalitarian. b. They spent nearly every hour of the day foraging for food. c. Since most of the food was obtained by hunting, the role of women was limited to child-bearing. d. They avoided social behaviors such as friendly competitions.

They formed small bands that were relatively egalitarian.

Around 1300 BCE, what actions did the Shang take to prevent their rivals from challenging their legitimacy? a. They created a new state religion. b. They prevented their rivals from getting access to tin and copper to forge bronze weapons. c. They created strong regional networks through tribal clan relations and trade. d. They poisoned the leaders of all opposing groups.

They prevented their rivals from getting access to tin and copper to forge bronze weapons.

Why were pastoralists important to settled agriculturalists? a. They served as a buffer between agricultural communities and outside enemies. b. They transmitted ideas, products, and people across long distances, linking villages with a wider world. c. They left important records that influenced agricultural innovation. d. They had so little interaction with villages that farmers came to think of them as powerful mythological beings.

They transmitted ideas, products, and people across long distances, linking villages with a wider world.

For Homo sapiens, which of the following was an effect of the development of complex language? a. They were able to defeat wandering bands of australopithecines. b. They were able to coordinate hunting efforts for the first time. c. They were no longer able to communicate with other hominids. d. They were able to form large, long-lasting communities.

They were able to form large, long-lasting communities.

How did technologies such as bronze working first arrive in China? a. Through pastoralist nomad migrations in the Mongolian steppes b. Through shipping lanes from the Korean peninsula c. Through indigenous invention in the Yangshao culture d. Through the overland caravan routes from the Indus Valley

Through pastoralist nomad migrations in the Mongolian steppes

In early riverine China, which of the following best describes the rate of urbanization and the factors that contributed to it? a. Urbanization in China was slower than in Egypt and Mesopotamia, because China did not have outside trade. b. Urbanization in China took place more rapidly than in Egypt and Mesopotamia, because China's open geography allowed for the rapid diffusion of intellectual and cultural breakthroughs from other parts of Afro-Eurasia. c. Urbanization took place more rapidly in China than in Egypt and Mesopotamia, as the rice-growing regions in the south shared information with the millet-growing regions in the north. d. Urbanization in China was slower than in Egypt and Mesopotamia, because of geographic barriers and less easily domesticated plants and animals.

Urbanization in China was slower than in Egypt and Mesopotamia, because of geographic barriers and less easily domesticated plants and animals.

What is the characteristic that sets Homo habilis apart from prior hominids? a. Creating simple musical instruments b. Development of simple language c. Bipedalism d. Using tools to create tools

Using tools to create tools

Which of the following is an accurate description of the exchange that took place between the Vedic people and the Indus Valley people? a. Indus Valley people found horse breeding to be a major source of wealth and Vedic people adopted the social structure of the Indus people. b. Indus Valley people added beef to their diets and Vedic people relinquished their elaborate religious rituals. c. Vedic people adopted the local religious culture of the people of South Asia and the South Asians adopted iron working from the newcomers. d. Vedic people adopted the agricultural skills of the people of South Asia and the South Asians adopted the newcomers' language.

Vedic people adopted the agricultural skills of the people of South Asia and the South Asians adopted the newcomers' language.

Which of the following were first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent? a. Rice and millet b. Wild barley and wheat c. Millet and sorghum d. Maize and beans

Wild barley and wheat

In return for protecting allies from invaders, the Shang expected tribute in the form of: a. precious metals and gems. b. foodstuffs, soldiers, and workers. c. horses and cattle. d. silk and bronze.

foodstuffs, soldiers, and workers.

What was the most important consequence of the large-scale ecological changes in Africa two hundred thousand years ago? a. Retreating ice sheets created the savannas, which favored Homo habilis. b.Larger-brained, quicker, more adaptable Homo sapiens survived and spread out of Africa. c. Neanderthals and Cro Magnons fought a war over resources which led to the extinction of Neanderthals. d. Australopithecines survived by building structures to store water

.Larger-brained, quicker, more adaptable Homo sapiens survived and spread out of Africa.

Which of the following accurately describes societies in the Aegean world? a. Political centralization was quickly established due to the large common plain that dominated the landscape. b. Polities struggled to recover lost grandeur after the droughts of the second millennium BCE. c. A number of islands flourished within a seaborne trading network focused on the exchange of tin and copper. d. There was little trade, as all valued commodities were close at hand.

A number of islands flourished within a seaborne trading network focused on the exchange of tin and copper.

In what ways did the societies of the Aegean initially resemble those of Polynesia? a. Both were fragmented and decentralized. b. Both integrated chains of islands into mainland culture. c. Both were conquered by the territorial states. d. Both failed to develop craft specialization.

Both were fragmented and decentralized.

Around 2300 BCE, because of its rich reserves of copper: a. A large number of independent palace centers emerged in Cyprus. b. Cyprus was able to conquer Crete and Sicily. c. Cyprus became a focal point of trade between Egypt, Crete, and the Euphrates river. d. Minoan Crete colonized the islands of the Aegean Sea.

Cyprus became a focal point of trade between Egypt, Crete, and the Euphrates river.

Which two riverine societies shared the most intense diplomatic interaction during the second millennium BCE? a. The Yellow River and the Tigris and Euphrates rivers b. The Nile Delta and the Tigris and Euphrates rivers c. The Yellow River and the Indus Valley d. The Indus Valley and the Nile Delta

The Nile Delta and the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Which of the following best explains the relative lack of communication between the people of the Americas and Afro-Eurasia after around 12,500 BCE? a. Melting glaciers covered the land bridge between East Asia and the Americas with water, physically separating the continents. b. The peoples of these two regions pursued fundamentally different strategies for finding food, so they had little desire for communication. c. The peoples of Afro-Eurasia refused to adapt to changing environments. d. A new Ice Age created massive impassable glaciers separating the Americas from Afro-Eurasia.

Melting glaciers covered the land bridge between East Asia and the Americas with water, physically separating the continents.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between people in the Americas and those in Afro-Eurasias? a. People in the Americas were unable to adapt to local ecozones. b. Populations in the Americas did not create villages and settled life. c. Populations in the Americas were more widely scattered and isolated from each other. d. People in the Americas did not develop refined agricultural techniques.

Populations in the Americas were more widely scattered and isolated from each other.

What characterized Austronesian settlements in the South Pacific? a. Pottery, written scripts, and rice cultivation b. Written scripts, ritual human sacrifice, and domesticated pigs c. Pottery, stone tools, and domesticated pigs d. Ritual human sacrifice, rice cultivation, and stone tools

Pottery, stone tools, and domesticated pigs

Which of the following was a long-term effect of Hyksos rule on New Kingdom rulers? a. Rulers learned to use bronze as part of their regalia. b. Rulers used new writing systems created by the Hyksos. c. Rulers began to build elaborate pyramids to prepare for the afterlife. d. Rulers could no longer rely upon deserts as barriers and had to maintain armies to watch their borders.

Rulers could no longer rely upon deserts as barriers and had to maintain armies to watch their borders.

Where were sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle first domesticated? a.North Africa b. The Yellow river valley c. The Nile valley d. Southwest Asia

SW Asia

Which of the following is a consequence of the first agricultural revolution? a. Egalitarian gender roles b. Religious art works c. Social stratification d. Maritime trade

Social stratification

In contrast to Minoan society, which of the following accurately depicts Mycenaean society? a. The main palace centers were the hulking fortresses of warlords. b. Colonies were not created because rulers did not want to delegate authority to other officials. c. Record-keeping was unnecessary because of the close and direct contact between the rulers and the people. d. The rulers ruled directly over their people with the aid of a few chief advisers.

The main palace centers were the hulking fortresses of warlords.

Which of the following formed the basis of a common material culture in the northern European plain? a. The creation of corded ware pots b.Slash and burn agriculture c. The creation of megalithic structures d. The use of the plough and wheeled cart for farming

The use of the plough and wheeled cart for farming

For what reason did Mesopotamian rulers such as Hammurapi commission public art and support artisans and scribes? a. To prove they understood the region's core values b. To force their language and culture on the conquered peoples c. To create work for unemployed soldiers and renew prosperity d. To show the superiority of Amorite kings over effete Sumerians

To prove they understood the region's core values

What city became the 1st lrg commercial and administrative center in the world? a. Uruk b. Harappa c. Catal Hoyuk d. Liangzhu

Uruk

Amenemhet I's elevation of the minor god Amun to prominence: a. raised the standing of the merchant class, who had adopted Amun as their patron. b. was criticized after several poor rainy seasons led to drought conditions. c. angered the priestly class and caused a civil war that destroyed the Twelfth Dynasty. d. contributed to greater unification of the kingdom and power for the pharaoh.

contributed to greater unification of the kingdom and power for the pharaoh.

Around 8000 BCE, people in the Sahel region of Africa: a. lived exclusively as hunter-gatherers. b. established the use of camels to convey goods across hot, arid territories. c. borrowed the idea of settled agriculture from Southwest Asia via the Nile River valley. d. developed agriculture with sorghum as the principal food crop.

developed agriculture with sorghum as the principal food crop.

By studying modern hunter-gatherer societies such as the San and !Kung, scholars can infer that early Homo sapiens' art works were used to: a. mark important ritual sites. b. reinforce gender roles. c. improve tool making techniques. d. create portraits of leaders.

mark important ritual sites

The first cities in Mesopotamia: a. developed in a haphazard manner without planning or organization. b. grew very rapidly when new crops were introduced into the region. c. were dominated by the central city of Eridu. d. were elevated over the countryside by their status as devotional and economic centers.

were elevated over the countryside by their status as devotional and economic centers.

What led to European social development being dominated by warfare? a. Lack of sufficient agricultural resources to support urban life b. Need to control stone resources for the construction of megaliths c. Fragmentation of the region's peoples and the type of agriculture they pursued d. Religious emphasis on ritual combat

Fragmentation of the region's peoples and the type of agriculture they pursued

Which crops formed the basis of village agriculture in China? a. Millet and sorghum b. Wheat and rice c. Maize and potatoes d. Rice and millet

Rice & Millet

Which of the following accurately characterizes the relationship between pastoralists and urban centers in Sumerian Mesopotamia? a. Transhumant herders sought to maintain economic independence from the cities. b. Transhumant herders paid taxes to and labored on public works projects for the Sumerian cities. c. Transhumant herders repeatedly attacked the Sumerian cities. d. Transhumant herders prevented order from being restored after the collapse of the Third Dynasty of Ur.

Transhumant herders paid taxes to and labored on public works projects for the Sumerian cities.

Which of the following was an important difference between Harappan and Egyptian societies? a. Unlike the Egyptians, there is no indication that the Harappans had kings or built royal tombs. b. Harappan farmers' cultivation yielded surpluses, while Egyptian farmers struggled to avoid famine. c. Egyptian writing was limited to religious purposes, while Harappans composed epic poems. d. Unlike the Egyptians, Harappans built no monumental structures for their communities.

Unlike the Egyptians, there is no indication that the Harappans had kings or built royal tombs.

When Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa between 50,000 and 12,000 BCE: a. they sailed from island to island in the Pacific Ocean until they arrived in South America around 30,000 BCE. b. few moved into central or eastern Asia because there were no large mammals to hunt in these regions. c. many moved into what is now Europe, where they merged with Homo erectus. d. distinct regional cultures developed as a response to different environments.

distinct regional cultures developed as a response to different environments.

Sargon the Great, in creating the first territorial state, relied heavily on: a. earlier Mesopotamian innovations in irrigation, record-keeping, and urban development. b. the might of Sumerian cavalry. c. negotiating a peace between the independent city-states of Sumer and Uruk. d. excluding foreign influence that might undermine his authority.

earlier Mesopotamian innovations in irrigation, record-keeping, and urban development.

What was one effect of ag surpluses on early riverine urban societies? a. people relied in councils of the elders to organize complex societies b. people became isolated from those living in the countryside c. people could specialize in making goods for the consumption of others d. people abandoned trade as they were now self sufficient

people could specialize in making goods for the consumption of others

The most significant way in which modern science challenged Asian creation narratives was that none of the Asian creation narratives recognized: a. the existence of multiple planetary systems. b. that planets were first joined together and would rejoin at the end of time. c. that humans descended from apes and originated in Africa. d. million-year time frames.

that humans descended from apes and originated in Africa.