History Chapter 2

Salem Witch Trials

1692 several females claimed the devil took control of them, accused 3 of being witches

Legislature

A lawmaking assembly

Conquistadors

A spanish conquerer

Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson did not accept Puritan authority. She believed that it was wrong to obey the church if by doing so a person felt he or she was disobeying God. Her home in Boston soon became a center for those in the colony who wanted to think for themselves. Critics of John Winthrop and the Massachusetts government gathered there, as did women interested in studying the Bible. The Puritan authorities called Hutchinson to trial in November 1637 to explain her actions. At the trial, Hutchinson skillfully defended herself with references to law and the Bible. She proved to be more than a match for her chief accuser and judge, the learned Governor Winthrop. Still, the judges rejected her claim that her own beliefs about God could override the authority of Puritan laws and leaders. The court declared Hutchinson "unfit for our society" and banished her from the colony.

Rhode Island

He started a settlement called Providence on Narragansett Bay, which is south of Massachusetts. In 1644, Providence joined with several other Separatist communities to become the colony of ________. Roger Williams's colony was remarkable because it guaranteed religious tolerance to all settlers. After being banished from Massachusetts, the Hutchinsons left for land on Narragansett Bay in present-day Rhode Island.

John Calvin

Martin Luthers successor- Christian

Pilgrams vs. puritans

Pilgrams- separatists wanted to separate from the church of England. Puritans- wanted to purify/ improve practices of the church

John Winthrop

Puritan Leader

Slavery

The majority of blacks living in the Chesapeake worked on tobacco plantations and large farms. Since the cultivation of tobacco was extremely labor-intensive, African slave labor was used, despite questions of whether slavery was morally right. For slaves working on farms, the work was a little less tedious than tobacco cultivation, but no less demanding. The variety of food crops and livestock usually kept slaves busy throughout the year. Despite the difficult labor, there were some minor advantages to working on a plantation or farm compared to working in an urban setting or household. Generally, slaves on plantations lived in complete family units, their work dictated by the rising and setting of the sun, and they generally had Sundays off.

New France

The territory of New France changed over time, but the colony was initially established in the St. Lawrence River valley. New France was at its largest in the early 18th century when it also included Hudson Bay, Labrador, Newfoundland, Acadia, the Great Lakes region and Louisiana. As French explorers searched for the Northwest Passage, they came upon what is now known as the St. Lawrence River in Canada. Cartier made three voyages to Canada: in 1534, 1535-1536, and again in 1541-1542. On the basis of Cartier's explorations, the French king claimed a region called New France for his nation. New France included not only land covered by present-day Canada, but also parts of the present-day northern United States. Although he explored the St. Lawrence River as far as the modern-day city of Montreal, he did not succeed in establishing a permanent colony in North America.

Cash Crops

Tobacco- amy crop grown for direct sale rather than livestock feed

Pocahontas

Virginia indian notable for her association with the colonial settlement in jamestown -married John Rolfe

Charter/Charter Colony

Virginia- granted declaration from King to create a colony- meant that they could make decisions for themselves

Columbian Exchange

What Europe got from the New World, and what the New World got from Europe

Royal Colony

a colony ruled/administered by officials appointed by and responsible to the reigning sovereign of the parent state.

Proprietary Colony

any colony that was granted an individual or group by the british crown and that were granted full rights of self government

Roger Williams

banned for Mass. because he said that land could only be rightly owned through direct purchase with a native american, believe gov shouldn't interfere/punish settlers over religion -against puritan

Jamestown 1607

chartered by London company, settlers came in hopes of finding treasures like the spanish did in south america

John Smith

english adventurer/solider one of the founders of Jamestown, led expeditions exploring Chesapeake Bay and New England coast- captured by chief of Powhatan tribe-daughter of chief Pocahontas saved him

Henry Hudson

explored for english and dutch- explored hudson

Tobacco, rice and indigo

export products- needed access to transport/costal ports, European demand for these crops were high

Samuel de Champlain

french explorer/navigator who mapped much of Northeastern North America, founded Quebec and New France

Religious Tolerance

idea that people with different beliefs could live together in peace

Christopher Columbus

italian explorer who discovered the New World in 1492

Powhatan

leader of the Powhatan federation of the Indians that occupied Virginia

Iroquois

lived in present day NY, (hudson-lake erie) pushed rivals out of their homeland forcing them to migrate west

Migration

many were puritans who wanted to worship as they wanted, most didn't believe in religious tolerance- had to attend puritan church and pay taxes to it

New World

one of the names used for the Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas, certain Atlantic and Pacific oceanic islands to which the closest continental shelf is that of the Americas Columbus discovered this--New World, whose riches over the next century would help make Spain the wealthiest and most powerful nation on earth

Ferdinand Magellan

portuguese explorer who organized the spanish expedition of the East Indies that result in the first circumnavigation of the Earth Emma's ancestors killed him

Hernan Cortes

spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire

Francisco Pizzaro

spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire

Indentured Servants

to pay for crossing to Virginia they had to work for a master for a certain amount of time (7 Years) under contract called Indentured- in return master payed for voyage, food, shelter

Privateers

wanted a base in America to attack from- were Queen Elizabeths private "army"

Mayflower Compact

was an attempt to establish a temporary, legally-binding form of self-government until such time as the company could get formal permission from the Council of New England

William Penn

young Englishman named William Penn received a huge land grant from King Charles II of England. The king, who had owed debts to Penn's father, repaid the debts in the form of a land grant to Penn after the elder Penn had died. Penn called this land Pennsylvania, which means "Penn's woods." Like the Puritans, he saw his colony as a "holy experiment," but unlike the Puritans, he wanted his colonists to practice religious tolerance. Penn made agreements with the Native Americans about land use and then brought over the first of many settlers from England. Penn made it a point to establish good relations with Indians in his colony. He managed to coordinate a series of treaties with the Lenni Lenape Indians in the area, which were based on mutual respect and trust. Like Roger Williams, Penn believed that the English should compensate Native Americans for their land—that the English could not simply take this land. For many years, almost no major conflicts occurred between Indians and European settlers in Pennsylvania. Most of these settlers, like Penn, were Quakers, members of a Protestant group that had suffered persecution in England. Quakers believed firmly that all people should be treated as equals, not only in church but also in society and government. Along with Delaware and West New Jersey, which Penn also owned at that time, Pennsylvania became a haven, or safe place, for people of every faith. Soon Pennsylvania was drawing Quakers from other American colonies, as well as from Wales, Germany, and other lands. The colony also invited non-Quakers. Protestant groups such as German Lutherans, Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, and Swiss Mennonites built large settlements in Pennsylvania. So many Germans settled in the colony that they came to be known as the Pennsylvania Dutch, after the German word Deutsch, which means "German." The Dutch, under Peter Stuyvesant, captured this trading village from the Swedes, and the Duke of York captured it from the Dutch. In 1682, he turned it over to William Penn, who allowed Delaware to become a separate colony in 1704

Quebec

Champlain founded the first successful French colony in North America in 1608. The site he chose was at Quebec, on high ground above a narrow stretch of the St. Lawrence River in present-day Canada. Champlain also mapped the Atlantic shores as far south as Massachusetts, and traveled inland to the lakes now known as Lake Champlain in 1609 and Lake Huron in 1615. Cartier made three voyages to Canada: in 1534, 1535-1536, and again in 1541-1542. On the basis of Cartier's explorations, the French king claimed a region called New France for his nation. New France included not only land covered by present-day Canada, but also parts of the present-day northern United States. Although he explored the St. Lawrence River as far as the modern-day city of Montreal, he did not succeed in establishing a permanent colony in North America. As French explorers searched for the Northwest Passage, they came upon what is now known as the St. Lawrence River in Canada.

Joint Stock Company

Company funded/run by a group of investors that share company's profits and losses

New Amsterdam

Dutch began building a trading station they called New Amsterdam, located at the mouth of the Hudson River. New Amsterdam became a port where Dutch, Swedish, French, German, English, and many other people carried on peaceful business together. Some 18 different languages were spoken in its streets. Religious tolerance was a firm rule. The town even boasted the first synagogue, or house of Jewish worship, on the North American continent. The Duke of York sent a fleet of four ships and several hundred soldiers to New Amsterdam. The town had no fort or other defenses, and the Dutch realized at once that they could do nothing to stop the English.

Dutch in New York

Dutch began building a trading station they called New Amsterdam, located at the mouth of the Hudson River. They quickly realized that the best spot for their homes was the beautiful island of Manhattan. The director of the colony, Peter Minuit, traded goods with the local Native Americans for the right to use the island. Meanwhile, the company also built Fort Orange upstream from the mouth of the Hudson and not far from the site of Albany, the modern capital of New York State. The Dutch established connections with Native American trade in much the same way the Europeans linked up with existing trade in West Africa. The Dutch were less interested in conquering or transforming the countryside than in simply obtaining furs by trade. The settlers soon built up a prosperous trade in furs and other goods with Europe. In 1655, the Dutchman Adriaen Van der Donck gave three reasons for Dutch trading success in New Netherland: "First, it is a fine fruitful country. Secondly, it has fine navigable rivers extending far inland, by which the productions of the country can be brought to places of [sale]. [Thirdly,] the Indians, without our labor or trouble, bring to us their fur trade, worth tons of gold, which may be increased, and is like goods found" Farmers also grew wheat and rye on their Manhattan lands, and increased production of more crops as their holdings expanded along the Hudson and Delaware rivers. The settlers shipped most of these products to other colonies. New Amsterdam became a port where Dutch, Swedish, French, German, English, and many other people carried on peaceful business together. Some 18 different languages were spoken in its streets. Religious tolerance was a firm rule. The town even boasted the first synagogue, or house of Jewish worship, on the North American continent. Although Dutch rule was generally mild, the last governor, Peter Stuyvesant, was often at odds with the colonists. They wanted more self-government, and the hot-tempered Stuyvesant yielded little. he English looked on the prosperity of the Dutch colony with envious eyes. In 1664, the English king, Charles II, decided to make a move. He declared that the entire region of the Dutch colonies belonged to his brother, the Duke of York. The Duke of York sent a fleet of four ships and several hundred soldiers to New Amsterdam. The town had no fort or other defenses, and the Dutch realized at once that they could do nothing to stop the English. Although Stuyvesant stormed and raged, the Dutch would not fight, and in the end he was forced to give up the town. New Amsterdam was immediately renamed New York and became an English colony. Soon the rest of New Netherland surrendered to the English.

Characteristics of Middle colony

English colonies of New York, NJ, Penn., and Delaware NY=the Dutch began building a trading station they called New Amsterdam, located at the mouth of the Hudson River. They quickly realized that the best spot for their homes was the beautiful island of Manhattan. The director of the colony, Peter Minuit, traded goods with the local Native Americans for the right to use the island. Meanwhile, the company also built Fort Orange upstream from the mouth of the Hudson and not far from the site of Albany, the modern capital of New York State--great trade Nj=The Duke of York's charter included land in present-day Maine, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. He signed some of it over to two English noblemen. This land was divided into East Jersey and West Jersey. East Jersey was closely linked to New York, while West Jersey developed close ties to Pennsylvania. In 1702, both East and West Jersey became a single royal colony called New Jersey Pennsylvania=religious tolerance, good relationship with natives--quakers--open to most

Characteristics of Southern colony

English colonies of Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia. All of these settlements began as proprietary colonies. Maryland=Roman Catholic haven, protection of all Catholics. Maryland Toleration Act--tobacco growth, slaves Carolinas=The large area called Carolina was first split into North and South Carolina in 1712, when two different governors were appointed. In 1719, South Carolina became a royal colony. North Carolina became a royal colony in 1729. Despite threats from the Spanish and Native Americans, both colonies thrived on tobacco profits and trade with Native Americans. Georgia= proprietary but run by trustees---wanted to make a haven for people who had been in jail in England because they could not pay their debts, and protected people from Spanish attackers--no slaves/liquor=changed over the years

Characteristics of New England colony

English colonies that became the states of Connecticut, RI, Mass., Vermont, New Hampshire, and Main Plymouth colonies, puritans/separatists, Mass. Bay Colony (Great Migration),

Cape Cod; cod fish

European fishermen had begun to make the annual trip to the "New Found Land" to catch cod. The French Atlantic seaports that were conveniently located to take advantage of the new discovery had already become skilled at cod-fishing in the North Sea. What is more important, they already had developed markets for cod in northern and eastern France.

"A City Upon a Hill"

First attempt at a Utopian Society

House of Burgesses (in Virginia)

First elected legislature assembly in the new world- made by Virginia company

Massachusetts

In 1630, a thousand English settlers braved a voyage across the Atlantic to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony, located north of the Plymouth Colony in New England. These were the first of a flood of colonists who came to New England in a movement called the Great Migration. By 1643, the Massachusetts Bay Colony had grown to roughly 20,000 people living in 20 towns, including its capital, Boston. Many of these new settlers were Puritans hoping to live where they could worship as they wanted. However, they did not believe in religious tolerance—the idea that people of different religions should live in peace together. They had no desire to live among people who held beliefs different from their own. By law, everyone in the Massachusetts Bay Colony had to attend the Puritan church and pay taxes to support it. For the Puritans, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was more than an opportunity to make a living on new farmland. They wanted to reform, or purify, the Protestant church from within. They disliked the Church of England's reliance on a hierarchy of bishops, highly decorated churches, and elaborate worship ceremonies. They preferred to study the Bible, listen to sermons, and closely examine their lives and their world for clues to God's will.

Plymouth

The Pilgrims started their colony at a harbor they called New Plymouth, or simply Plymouth, after the English port from which they had sailed. Like the Jamestown settlers in Virginia, the Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony endured tremendous hardships. Half of them died in the first winter alone. The next summer the colonists had the help of a Native American named Squanto who taught them how to plant corn. They harvested plenty of corn and held a great feast of thanksgiving in the fall of 1621.

Spanish Armada

The defeat of the Spanish Armada is one of the most famous events in English history. It was arguably Queen Elizabeth's finest hour. England was a Protestant country, and Spain was a Roman Catholic one. The Spanish made no secret of their hostility to the English Queen, who they believed was illegitimate and had no right to the English throne, and had been involved in plots to dethrone her. As early as 1585, Philip had begun to prepare a great fleet that, under the Spanish commander Santa Cruz, would invade England. At first the aim of the Armada was to liberate the captive Queen of Scots, but when Mary was executed for conspiring Elizabeth's death in 1587, Philip planned to invade England in the name of his daughter, the Infanta Isabella. Queen Elizabeth had heard mutterings of the intended invasion of England by Spain for some time. She was not, however, at first concerned about the rumours. She had heard such rumours for almost 30 years, and easily dismissed them. Her Councillors were not so dismissive. It eventually became clear to Elizabeth, however, that this time, the Spanish were really going to send a fleet against England. Although the Queen had spent considerable amounts of money funding the Netherlands campaign, she now employed all her efforts in raising funds to ensure that when the Spanish fleet came, England would be prepared. But the English were waiting. On the cliffs of England and Wales, men watched the seas day and night, waiting for the first sighting of the great Armada. When at last the great ships appeared on the horizon, beacons were lit on the hillsides, which sent the message over the cliffs and throughout the country, that the Spanish were coming. The beacons sent the message quicker than any horseman could ever ride, and by morning, London and the Queen knew that the day of reckoning had come. As soon as the ships began to make their way up the channel, the fighting began. She was not going to sit trembling inside a guarded Palace while her people fought, but was going to go to the coast of the battle and "live or die" with them. Like a true warrior Queen, Elizabeth, upon a White Horse, inspected her soldiers, and made what was possibly her most famous speech of all.

Fort Orange (Albany)

The director of the colony, Peter Minuit, traded goods with the local Native Americans for the right to use the island. Meanwhile, the company also built Fort Orange upstream from the mouth of the Hudson and not far from the site of Albany, the modern capital of New York State.