History Chapters 8.1 - 8.3 RECONSTRUCTION

How did the Freedman's Bureau and African American churches help African Americans build new lives in the South?

- Helped them achieve economic stability and secure political freedoms. - Gained land ownership - Helped provide education

14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) No former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Reject confederate debts

What three significant issues did the federal government have to address during Reconstruction? KNOW THIS ONE

1) How to return the eleven southern states to the Union 2) Rebuild the South's ruined economy 3) Promote the rights of former slaves

Discuss Ida B. Wells contributions to the efforts to protect the rights of African Americans.

1) anti-lynching campaign 2) work tirelessly against segregation 3) supported women's suffrage.

What three farming systems came to dominate agriculture in the South following the Civil War?

1) sharecropping 2) share-tenancy 3 tenant farming.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the United States Famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states - was the most corrupt election in US history

Carpetbaggers

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for white Southerners who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War.

poll tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote

Tenant Farming

A system in which farm workers supply their own tools and rent farmland for cash

Ida B. Wells

African-American journalist who led the fight against lynching (hanging)

Why did Reconstruction policies split the women's suffrage movement?

After the Civil War, the issue of women's right to vote resurfaced during Reconstruction. The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution proposed granting the right to vote to African American males. They got to vote, but women still didn't.

How did the Plessy v. Ferguson affect segregation in the U.S.?

After this ruling, Jim Crow laws, which were a system of laws meant to discriminate against African Americans, spread across the U.S.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Also called The Enforcement Act Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. It was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

How was land distributed in the South both before and just after the Civil War?

Before the war: The wealthiest owned half the region's land. While a large number of citizens had no or little land. After the war: poor white men and freedman started fighting for land

Who were the so-called carpetbaggers and what characteristics did they commonly share?

Carpetbaggers were Northerners who came seeking to improve their economic or political life, or help the AA life in the South. The Characteristic they all shared was that they all carried carpet-cloth suitcases.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Federal law granting citizenship to former slaves; passed over Johnson's veto.

Discuss Johnson's political difficulties and impeachment

Johnson did not agree with anyone and thought the states should have more power. When he tried to fire the last Radical Republican out of office, Stanton barricaded himself in there. The House (congress) was so angry they decided to impeach him, but the senate failed to.

Why did Congress impeach President Johnson?

Johnson tried to fire Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, the last Radical Republican in his Cabinet

Black Codes (1865-1866)

LAWS THAT RESTRICTED FREE BLACKS Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.

Compare the strengths and weaknesses of the Reconstructionist plans of Johnson, Lincoln and Congress

Lincoln made the "Ten Percent Plan": as soon as ten percent of a state's voters took a loyalty oath to the Union, the state could set up a new government, and finally he promised forgiveness. Radical Republicans in his party opposed the Ten Percent Plan, rejecting his 10% plan congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill- it required the majority of a state's prewar voters swear loyalty to the Union before the process of restoration could begin, but Lincoln killed the plan with a "pocket veto" Finally he made the Freedmen's Bureau- provided care, education, healthcare, food, clothes for both white and black

How did Lincoln and the Radical Republicans' plan for Reconstruction differ?

Lincoln said that as soon as ten % of a state's voters took a loyalty oath to the Union, the state could set up a new government and that if the state abolished slavery and provided education for African Americans and the state would regain representation in Congress. The Radical Republicans favored punishment and harsh terms for the South.

What were some of the new social opportunities for African Americans in the South after the Civil War and how were African Americans prevented from taking advantage of these opportunities?

Many AA men and women could legalize and celebrate their marriages, build homes, have families, and make choices about where they would live. When they worked as laborers they had poor food and not that great housing. Schools and churches started turning up in the South.

W.E.B. DuBois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP.

Radical Republicans

Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society Was head of the Tuskegee Institute

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction that required 50% of a state's 1860 voters to take an "iron clad" oath of allegiance and a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.

The Compromise of 1877

Resulted in : the withdrawal of federal troops and ignored of black rights in the South.

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Set up to help freed men and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for blacks to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help. Lasted from 1865-72. Attacked by KKK and other southerners as "carpetbaggers" Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, etc

How did African American citizens take advantage of their newly granted political rights and what affect did they have on American politics?

Some AA took the roles of school superintendents, sheriffs, mayors, coroners, police chiefs, representatives in state legislatures, and lieutenant governors in the South. Some voted, became speakers of house, senators, and congressmen

Jim Crow Laws

State laws in the South that legalized segregation.

Success and Failures of Reconstruction

Successes: former confederate states rejoined the union and we added 13, 14, 15 amendments Failures: lack of equality for blacks (Jim Crow laws) and lack of a stable economy in the south, didn't fix all tension between north and south

Identify Main Ideas What were the Ku Klux Klan's main goals and what methods did they employ to achieve them?

The KKK wanted didn't want the AA to have power They started burning schools, homes, and churches. They also beating people, and took aim at black teachers, politicians, ministers, politicians and more.

What strategy did the politicians known as Redeemers have to gain political power? What was the outcome?

The Redeemers were people who aimed to repair the south in congress's eyes. Their strategy was to redeem/ reclaim the south from northern domination, they had some success.

Why was a plan needed for Reconstruction of the South?

The constitution provided no guidance on secession or readmission of States

Why did the Presidential election of 1876 signal the end of Reconstruction?

The intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era.

How did Politics in the South change during Reconstruction?

The purpose of the Reconstruction was to help the South become a part of the Union again. Federal troops occupied much of the South during the Reconstruction to ensure that laws were followed and that another uprising did not occur.

Impeach

To accuse government officials of misconduct in office

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from VOTING because of race, color, or creed

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties

Literacy Test

a method used to prevent African Americans from voting by requiring prospective voters to read and write at a specified level

Grandfather Clause

allowed people to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction

How did the U.S. Supreme court rulings allow Southern states to deprive African Americans of newly acquired rights?

in 1883, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation laws were a matter for local and state governance.

Explain how Reconstruction changed the lives of African Americans in the South.

it provided a way for whites and blacks to live together in a nonslave society.

What were the Slaughterhouse Cases, and what was their effect on southern states?

legal dispute that resulted in a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1873 limiting the protection of the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Enforcement Act of 1870

passed by Congress to ban the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent black people from voting

share-tenancy

similar to sharecropping, but the farmer decided the crop and bought his own supplies

Sharecropping

system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops

Integration

the act of uniting or bringing together, especially people of different races

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Redeemers

white Democrats who used their political power to oppress the Black community