History Exam 2
Ramon Lull
Attempting to preach christianly to the islamic world
42. Which of the following architectural features became common during the Renaissance, but was lacking in the great Gothic Cathedrals? A) Flying buttresses B) Pointed arches C) Domes D) Stained glass windows.
C) Domes
72. Ultimately the Crusades A) Permitted the Byzantine Empire to regain the power that it had prior to the Turkish invasion B) Destroyed Mecca, delivering a major blow to the Islamic world C) Failed in their purpose, with the last Crusader state conquered by the Moslems in 1291 D) Established permanent Christian control over Jerusalem
C) Failed in their purpose, with the last Crusader state conquered by the Moslems in 1291
63. In spite of its name, the Medieval Holy Roman Empire was based not in Italy, but in A) England B) France C) Germany D) Poland
C) Germany
61. Choose the correct statement about daily life in the Islamic world A) The Syrian Christian practice of women wearing veils was discarded B) A great part of its commerce was the export of fine wines to both Europe and China C) Moslem men were limited to four wives D) Slavery was nonexistent in the Islamic world
C) Moslem men were limited to four wives
36. Watermills A) Did not exist in the Middle Ages B) Replaced windmills C) Provided a form of power that was rare or nonexistent in classical antiquity D) None of the above
C) Provided a form of power that was rare or nonexistent in classical antiquity
46. The Byzantine Empire A) Was founded by Justinian B) Ended when its capital, Constantinople, was sacked by the Visigoths C) Was an eastern continuation of the Roman Empire D) None of the above
C) Was an eastern continuation of the Roman Empire
35. During the Renaissance, the city of Florence A) Maintained a large population because it was spared from the bubonic plague B) Was epitomized by Savanarola, a Renaissance humanist noted for his nude sculptures C) Was controlled by the Medici family, who were major patrons of the arts. D) All of the above
C) Was controlled by the Medici family, who were major patrons of the arts.
36. In contrast with Florence, Venice A) Suffered from constant domestic political violence B) Had no naval force to speak of C) Was ruled by a merchant oligarchy D) Changed from a republic to a monarchy
C) Was ruled by a merchant oligarchy
Witan
Circle of "wise men" of the realm. Full assembly was called the Witenagemot.
36. The Clunaic Order was A) A decree by Charlemagne raising taxes B) A famous book by Bede C) An administrative system developed by Haroun al-Rashid D) A reformed group of Benedictine monks who were accountable only to the pope
D) A reformed group of Benedictine monks who were accountable only to the pope
48. The adjective used by historians to describe the political and social relationships among the nobility in the early Middle Ages is A) Manorial B) Capitalistic C) Imperialistic D) Feudal
D) Feudal
34. The city considered to be the birthplace of the Renaissance was A) Venice B) Milan C) Mantua D) Florence
D) Florence
44. After numerous wanderings, the Germanic Visigoths, who had started in Eastern Europe, settled in A) North Africa B) Italy C) France D) Spain
D) Spain
50. Thomas Aquinas believed A) That there was no point in studying the physical world B) That all Aristotelian ideas should be rejected by Christians C) That faith and reason are incompatible D) That Christian faith and reason, the latter exemplified by Aristotelian philosophy, were compatible
D) That Christian faith and reason, the latter exemplified by Aristotelian philosophy, were compatible
Thomas Aquinas
(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology. argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument.
Battle of Tours
European armies defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe
Johannes Gutenberg
Inventor of the printing press, Gutenberg Bible and movable type.
Petrarch
Italian poet and scholar
Harun al-rashid
Promising relation with Charlemagne.
Parliament
Started by Edward i, first representative government of England, composed of 2 knights from every town, and all the noble and bishops throughout england
Humanism
a way of thinking and learning that stresses the importance of human abilities and actions.
Vladimir of Kiev
Grand prince of Kiev (978 - 1015 CE) whose conversion to Orthodox Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy
Louis XI
called the Prudent, was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1461 to 1483
Renaissance
means "rebirth", an era which emphasizes education, art and critical thinking.
John Ball
was an English Lollard priest who took a prominent part in the Peasants' Revolt of 1381
Benedict of Nursia
(480 - 550) Italian abbot who founded the monastery at Monte Cassino and the Benedictine order based on his teachings.
Gregory the Great
(509-604) first Pope to assume the title "Servant of the Servants of God"; introduced the Gregorian Chant; reformed liturgy; secured the position of the papacy; advanced missionary activity in Europe
Machiavelli
Italian Reniassance writier and politician; observed political events that lead to the essay he wrote called "The Prince".
Wergeld
"Man Gold". In Germanic law, the relative price of individuals that established the fee for compensation in case of injury.
Constantinople
"New Rome"- A city in the east founded by Constantine. Was the basis for the eastern Roman empire, known later as the Byzantine empire.
Gregory VII
One of the great reforming popes. Decided that popes, not kings or emperors, should guide Christendom. This lead him in to conflict with Henry IV. Died in exile after his mercenaries devastated Rome and the outraged citizens forced him out.
Otto I
Otto I, traditionally known as Otto I the Great, was German king from 936 and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 962 until his death in 973. He was the oldest son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda.
Peter Abelard
Peter Abelard was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician. His love for, and affair with, Héloïse d'Argenteuil have become legendary.
Clovis
5th century Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity
Abbasid
A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250.
35. For seventy years, the popes lived, not in Rome, but in A) Avignon B) Venice C) Paris D) Florence
A) Avignon
33. The printing press was developed by A) Gutenberg B) Petrarch C) Salutati D) Giotto
A) Gutenberg
Champagne Fairs
Annual cycle of trading fairs
64. The Shi'ites A) Are the majority sect among Moslems B) Believe that the right to govern the Islamic world belongs to the descendants of Ali, the son in law of the Prophet C) Overthrew the Abassids D) Erected their capital in Damascus
B) Believe that the right to govern the Islamic world belongs to the descendants of Ali, the son in law of the Prophet
52. The victorious Ottoman sultan, Mehemed II, conquered A) The Mongol Empire B) The Byzantine Empire C) The Crusader States D) The Holy Roman Empire
B) The Byzantine Empire
52. The medieval castle A) Was always built of stone B) Was usually erected in harmony with its environment C) By the 13th century was designed for comfort as well as for defense D) None of the above
C) By the 13th century was designed for comfort as well as for defense
38. In his famous book, The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli argued that A) Princes must always show the virtues of charity and generosity B) Princes must be educated humanists in order to rule well C) Princes must be ready to discard ethical principles to succeed D) None of the above
C) Princes must be ready to discard ethical principles to succeed
39. The tale of Dhuoda, a lady of Carolingian times, illustrates A) The problems of the decay of Carolingian monasticism B) The horrors accompanying the Viking attacks C) The fate of aristocratic families caught up deeply in the civil wars among the grandsons of Charlemagne D) The scholarly achievements of the Carolingian age
C) The fate of aristocratic families caught up deeply in the civil wars among the grandsons of Charlemagne
Ufila
the missionary who spread Christianity to fed tribes in the form of Arianism.
Investiture
the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their office
Isabelle D'Este
was Marchesa of Mantua and one of the leading women of the Italian Renaissance as a major cultural and political figure.
Jan Hus
was a Czech priest, philosopher, Master at Charles University in Prague, church reformer and a key predecessor to Protestantism.
Black Death
was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe in the years
Inquistans
- During Isabel and Ferdinand rule--> This was the harsh and violent conversion of Spain to Catholicism. They used several versions of torture and fear tactics to convert people back to Catholicism
Phillip II Augustus
- King Philip II of France: robbed the Plantagenets much of their lands - fickle relationships with the kings of England (traitor) - Pledged alliances - Fought the Crusades with king Richard I - Attacked king John and claimed rule over much of England's landings in France
William the Conqueror
1027-1087 Norman king in 1066 he defeated Harold, the Anglo-Saxon king, to become the first Norman king of England
Hildegard of Bingen
1098-1178, German nun, healer, writer, and com
Concordat of Worms
1122. Developed to separate church and state. Henry V negotiated a compromise in the investiture controversy. Popes could present the bishops with their symbols of office, showing church priority, yet the emperor was present and had an influence on the election. This was a victory for the popes.
Justinian
6th century Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constatinople; codified Roman law
Ostrogoths
A Germanic tribe that attacked Rome in 476 AD. The Leader was Odoacar, who kicked out the last Roman Emperor.
Tacitus
A Roman historian who presented the facts accurately. He wrote about the good and the bad of imperial Rome in his Annals and Histories.
Iconoclasm
A belief that the practice of worshiping and honoring objects such as icons was sinful
Hanseatic League
A commercial and defensive confederation of the free towns in northern germany association of trading cities in northern euorpe, traded extensively in baltic (including coasts of prussia, newly conquered by german knights)
Guilds
A medieval organization of craft workers or trades people such as silversmiths, or of merchants that regulated business practices of its members
Vandals
A member of a Germanic people that overran Gaul, Spain, and northern Africa in the fourth and fifth centuries A.D. and sacked Rome in 455.
Shi'ite
A member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs
Visigoths
A member of the western Goths that invaded the Roman Empire in the fourth century A.D. and settled in France and Spain, establishing a monarchy that lasted until the early eighth century.
Cluniac
A new monastery at Cluny. Founding charter refined the Benedictine Rule by insisting that the monastery was exempt from local control - owing only prayers for the donor. Established to be directly subordinate to the pope, and all subsequent Cluniac foundations were to be accountable to the abbot at Cluny and through him, the pope. Helped increase papal authority.
Scholasticism
A philosophical and theological system associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the 13th century. Theologians sought to synthesize the newly rediscovered philosophical works of Aristotle.
Islam
A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.
Crusades
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. - Not successful but led to an INCREASE TRADE
Three Field System
A system of farming developed to be a more productive way of farming during medieval europe in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size. 2/3 of the land was used to grow crops and the 3rd field was used to grow oats. the oats rejuvenated the soil and could be used to feed the plow horses
22. All of the following were part of customary German legal procedure except A) A fixed number of honorable men could testify to the character of the accused B) Trial by battle in which the victor was judged innocent C) Picking up a red-hot iron to see if the accused's hand was damaged D) A trial conducted by professional judges
A) A fixed number of honorable men could testify to the character of the accused
29. The major problem faced by Alfred the Great in Anglo-Saxon England was A) A major Danish invasion that overran half of England B) The resurgence of paganism among a partially Christianized population C) The lack of officials to carry out royal policies D) The growth of serfdom, which left the peasants discontent
A) A major Danish invasion that overran half of England
38. Which of the following was not a result of the spread of the three-field system? A) A major development of industry B) A doubling of European population C) An expansion of European settlements D) A growth of freedom in agricultural areas, with the lessening of serfdom
A) A major development of industry
33. An important immediate result of the Black Death was A) A major shortage of labor B) The end of the Hundred Years' War C) The transfer of the papacy to Avignon D) The Renaissance
A) A major shortage of labor
44. The Hanseatic League A) Acquired a monopoly on the Baltic trade B) Was centered in Flanders C) Was ruined by the economic competition of the Champagne fairs D) All of the above
A) Acquired a monopoly on the Baltic trade
47. Ramon Lull A) Attempted to preach Christianity to the Islamic world B) Opposed Abelard's theological methods C) Was a founder of the University of Paris D) Was an early opponent of slavery
A) Attempted to preach Christianity to the Islamic world
40. The most famous of the Merovingian kings of France was A) Clovis B) Theodoric C) Odovacar D) Pepin
A) Clovis
52. Cyril and Methodius A) Converted many of the Slavic tribes to Christianity B) Were the first great rulers of Kievan Russia C) Were the originators of the iconoclast controversy in Byzantium D) Were responsible for the schism of 1054 between the Latin and the Greek churches
A) Converted many of the Slavic tribes to Christianity
54. The Kievan Rus A) Converted to Eastern Christianity under its ruler Vladimir B) Converted to Latin Christianity as a deliberate snub to Byzantium C) Was also known as the kingdom of the Bulgars D) None of the above
A) Converted to Eastern Christianity under its ruler Vladimir
70. The First Crusade A) Did not start after the initial Moslem conquest of Jerusalem, but four hundred years later, when the Turks defeated the Byzantines, causing some chaos in the Middle East B) Was entirely a movement of knights; the peasants refused to participate C) Succeeded because of the close cooperation between the Byzantines and the Crusaders D) Failed to take Jerusalem, thus occasioning the Second and Third Crusades
A) Did not start after the initial Moslem conquest of Jerusalem, but four hundred years later, when the Turks defeated the Byzantines, causing some chaos in the Middle East
34. Carolingian diplomacy A) Finally led to an 813 agreement with Byzantium that permitted him to use his imperial title B) Led to an irreparable breach with Haroun al-Rashid C) Led to the first Crusade D) Led to a breach with the Pope
A) Finally led to an 813 agreement with Byzantium that permitted him to use his imperial title
64. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Emperor A) Focused his rule in Italy and Sicily, viewing Germany only as a source of revenue B) Dictated Church policy by appointing several popes C) Neglected Italy in order to establish dictatorial power in Germany D) Suppressed all traces of Moslem culture in his dominions
A) Focused his rule in Italy and Sicily, viewing Germany only as a source of revenue
37. Pope Gregory the Great enhanced the position of the papacy by doing all of the following except A) Formally ending the Arian heresy through his theological arguments B) Taking over the day to day administration of the city of Rome C) Sending missionaries to begin the conversion of Anglo-Saxon England D) Negotiating a truce with the Lombards to prevent a sack of Rome
A) Formally ending the Arian heresy through his theological arguments
68. The Investiture struggle became especially bitter in Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, because A) German bishops served as secular administrators for the Emperor, so he could not see his power of appointment fall into the hands of the popes B) The kings of France and England, gave the popes all they wanted, leaving the Emperor isolated and weak C) During the struggle the Emperor actually called on Moslem forces to invade Rome D) The popes succeeded in assassinating the Emperor, but the new Emperor exercised equal ruthlessness against the pope
A) German bishops served as secular administrators for the Emperor, so he could not see his power of appointment fall into the hands of the popes
57. After becoming king of England, William the Conqueror A) Imposed a highly centralized feudal system in England B) Retained all the Anglo-Saxon governmental institutions C) Returned to France because he was only interested in looting, not in permanent occupation D) Proclaimed himself Emperor, successor to Charlemagne
A) Imposed a highly centralized feudal system in England
43. The world raided and settled by the Vikings was vast. What is the only area on this list that was not affected by them? A) India and Arabia B) Russia and Constantinople C) Iceland, Greenland, and North America D) England and France
A) India and Arabia
66. According to the text, the two greatest scientific advances in the Islamic world were in A) Mathematics and medicine B) Medicine and physics C) Chemistry and mathematics D) Biology and chemistry
A) Mathematics and medicine
50. A new Moslem empire of the 14th century and beyond, based in Asia Minor and conquering much of the Balkans was that of the A) Ottomans B) Mongols C) Arabs D) Abbasids
A) Ottomans
41. The Black Prince A) Probably received that title because of the color of his armor B) Was the eldest son of the king of France C) Was killed fighting in Spain D) Ultimately ruled England as Edward IV
A) Probably received that title because of the color of his armor
28. Alfred the Great A) Ruled England, developed a strong administration, and promoted scholarship B) Wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People C) Conquered Denmark D) Succeeded Charlemagne as Emperor
A) Ruled England, developed a strong administration, and promoted scholarship
40. The economy of the Renaissance A) Saw a very profitable banking business develop B) Saw major declines in the wool and silk industries C) Saw the trade of Venice decline and shift to Milan D) All of the above
A) Saw a very profitable banking business develop
36. The popes began to claim spiritual authority over the Christian church because A) Some New Testament texts could be cited in support of this idea B) The Germanic invasions were so destructive that for a time the bishop of Rome was the only bishop remaining in the west C) Constantine, when he moved to Constantinople, left the government of Rome in the hands of its bishop D) None of the above
A) Some New Testament texts could be cited in support of this idea
51. The importance of Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon in the Middle Ages was A) That they demonstrated that it was possible to develop an idea of experimental science in the Middle Ages B) That they developed trade links with the Moslem world C) That they formulated the ideas of feudalism D) That they demonstrated that there was no intellectual progress during the Middle Ages
A) That they demonstrated that it was possible to develop an idea of experimental science in the Middle Ages
47. The obligations of serfs to the lords included all of the following except A) The duty to defend the manor house from attack B) Up to three days a week of work on the lord's land C) A portion of the cloth and garden vegetables produced by the women D) Erect buildings and dig ditches at the lord's command
A) The duty to defend the manor house from attack
60. The Islamic world created a unified culture in the areas of conquest for all of the following reasons except A) The elimination of all non-Islamic religions B) The spread of Arabic as the language of rule and commerce as well as religion C) The uniform enforcement of laws based on the Qur'an and the traditions attributed to the Prophet D) A vigorous trade network that stretched from the Mediterranean to India
A) The elimination of all non-Islamic religions
29. During the Late Middle Ages A) The population of Europe was seriously reduced by the Black Death B) A good food supply spurred population growth C) England an France were at peace D) The papacy was extraordinarily stable, threatened by neither schism nor heresy
A) The population of Europe was seriously reduced by the Black Death
56. Muhammad declared that he was A) The proper prophet of God, rescuing the divine message from Christian and Jewish distortions B) The founder of an entirely new religion C) An angel sent from God D) None of the above
A) The proper prophet of God, rescuing the divine message from Christian and Jewish distortions
49. The goal of Scholastic philosophy in the Middle Ages was A) To reconcile faith and reason B) To provide employment for professors C) To refute the ideas of Abelard D) To provide justification for monarchy
A) To reconcile faith and reason
47. The Byzantine emperor Justinian A) Undertook a major codification of laws that has influenced law to the present B) Was overthrown in the Nika revolt C) Tore down the Hagia Sophia because it was a center of heresy D) All of the above
A) Undertook a major codification of laws that has influenced law to the present
69. Pope Innocent III A) Was able to reprimand kings of England, Aragon, France, Norway, and Poland and insist that they obey him B) Preached the First Crusade C) Was deposed because he embraced the Albigensian or Cathar heresy D) Was murdered during the Investiture struggle by orders of the Emperor
A) Was able to reprimand kings of England, Aragon, France, Norway, and Poland and insist that they obey him
43. The great dome of the cathedral of Florence A) Was designed by Brunelleschi B) Was a reproduction of the dome of the Pantheon in Rome C) Collapsed because of poor design D) Was the only one built during the Renaissance
A) Was designed by Brunelleschi
37. During the Renaissance the papacy A) Was dominated by popes who were often great patrons of the arts, though not always very religious or moral B) Attempted to dominate the Holy Roman Empire C) Opposed the Renaissance, burning several important Florentine intellectuals at the stake D) Was virtually a satellite of France
A) Was dominated by popes who were often great patrons of the arts, though not always very religious or moral
26. The Renaissance A) Was known for major new trends in literature, painting, sculpture, and architecture B) Came to an end because of the bubonic plague C) Was the era in which Medieval chivalry reached its peak D) Rejected the culture of the Greek and Roman worlds as not worth knowing
A) Was known for major new trends in literature, painting, sculpture, and architecture
50. William Shakespeare A) Was strongly influenced by the Renaissance in his plays B) Took advantage of Renaissance English social mobility in his rise to prominence C) Performed some of his plays at the Globe theater D) All of the above
A) Was strongly influenced by the Renaissance in his plays
41. The Merovingian kings of France A) Were converted to Roman rather than to Arian Christianity B) Were brutal, murdering warriors in spite of their Christianity C) Lost their real power to "Mayors of the Palace" D) All of the above
A) Were converted to Roman rather than to Arian Christianity
40. The medieval guilds A) Were organizations of tradesmen within the towns B) Were the name for the governing bodies of the towns C) Were organizations of runaway serfs D) Were associations of vassals intending to fight their lord
A) Were organizations of tradesmen within the towns
30. The Roman historian Tacitus A) Wrote his book on Germany to urge Romans to adopt more virtuous customs B) Wrote a history of his captivity by the Germans C) Denounced German men for oppressing German women D) None of the above
A) Wrote his book on Germany to urge Romans to adopt more virtuous customs
Saladin
An-Nasir Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, known as Saladin, was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.
Bedouin
Arab nomads
Muhammad
Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.
Qur'an
Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.
Avicenna
Arabian philosopher and physician
42. The Jewish communities of the early Middle Ages A) Were almost exclusively rural B) Began to engage in money lending C) Were usually organized into guilds D) Were systematically expelled from almost all medieval cities
B) Began to engage in money lending
38. The founder of Western Christian monasticism that had great influence on the Middle Ages was A) Patrick of Ireland B) Benedict of Nursia C) Augustine D) Gregory the Great
B) Benedict of Nursia
44. Michelangelo's sculpture of David A) Was noted for its realistic depiction of action B) Carried a political message, upholding the Florentine republic against the attempt of the Medici to dominate it C) Was intended as a column, rather than as a free-standing statue D) None of the above
B) Carried a political message, upholding the Florentine republic against the attempt of the Medici to dominate it
46. Renaissance painters A) Rejected realism and the full range of human expression B) Developed the technique of linear perspective so that the viewer was drawn into the painting that he viewed. C) Regarded mathematical and optical accuracy as unworthy of a great artist's attention D) None of the above
B) Developed the technique of linear perspective so that the viewer was drawn into the painting that he viewed.
37. During the early Middle Ages A) Viking invasion caused the collapse of agriculture B) Developments such as the three-field system and the horse collar meant that agriculture was actually improved from classical time C) Crop rotation was abandoned D) None of the above
B) Developments such as the three-field system and the horse collar meant that agriculture was actually improved from classical time
71. The Third Crusade A) Was led by peasants B) Failed to retake Jerusalem, which had been captured by the Kurdish Moslem leader, Saladin C) Was led by Charlemagne D) Ended the Investiture controversy
B) Failed to retake Jerusalem, which had been captured by the Kurdish Moslem leader, Saladin
33. The tribe whose movement seems to have triggered the invasion of the Roman Empire was the A) Ostrogoths B) Huns C) Franks D) Vandals
B) Huns
49. Medieval Manorialism and feudalism were based on a hierarchy of mutual obligations. Which of the following relationships was not feudal or manorial? A) King and nobles B) Husband, wife, and children C) Lord and vassal D) Serf and lord of the manor
B) Husband, wife, and children
54. The medieval concept of courtly love A) Was also applied to the peasants B) In literature, if not necessarily in fact, enhanced the position of women C) Tended to strengthen the bonds of matrimony D) All of the above
B) In literature, if not necessarily in fact, enhanced the position of women
35. An important way in which the medieval world differed economically from the classical Greek and Roman world was A) Its population was far smaller, about ten percent of that of ancient times B) It was able to make better use of technology with its water mills and windmills C) Its agricultural system was far less productive D) None of the above
B) It was able to make better use of technology with its water mills and windmills
40. The Hundred Years' War A) Led to an English triumph over France because of the crushing English military victories at Crécy and Agincourt B) Led to a major French triumph, with the English confined only to the coastal city of Calais C) Led to the Great Schism because France and England deliberately set up favorable popes in their own territories D) Led to the development of religious heresies because the war disrupted Church life, making the Inquisition ineffective
B) Led to a major French triumph, with the English confined only to the coastal city of Calais
48. Justinian's efforts to reconquer the western Mediterranean A) Led to the complete restoration of the Roman Empire throughout the Mediterranean B) Led to the reconquest of North Africa and a temporary reconquest of Italy C) Failed because he was defeated by the Ostrogothic queen, Theodora D) None of the above
B) Led to the reconquest of North Africa and a temporary reconquest of Italy
47. The figure who, more than anyone else, personified the "Renaissance Man" was A) Michelangelo B) Leonardo da Vinci C) Machiavelli D) Brunelleschi
B) Leonardo da Vinci
55. Before Muhammad A) Camels were unknown in Arabia B) Mecca was already an important trading city with connections to Egypt C) Most of the Arabian peninsula was controlled by Persia D) The Bedouin tribes had accepted Christianity
B) Mecca was already an important trading city with
48. The Scholastic theologians of the Middle Ages A) Refused to study the works of Arab thinkers such as Avicenna and Averroës B) Often relied on the logic developed by Aristotle C) Believed that faith and reason were quite separate D) Condemned the ideas of Thomas Aquinas
B) Often relied on the logic developed by Aristotle
40. The Carolingian empire was shaken by a major wave of invaders. Choose the one group that was not among the invaders. A) North African Moslems B) Ostrogoths C) Magyars D) Vikings
B) Ostrogoths
42. Theodoric was king of the A) Visigoths B) Ostrogoths C) Franks D) Vandals
B) Ostrogoths
34. John Ball and Wat Tyler were A) Physicians who wrote about the Black Death B) Preachers who led the English peasant revolts in the late 14th century C) Important late medieval theologians D) None of the above
B) Preachers who led the English peasant revolts in the late 14th century
27. Anglo-Saxon England A) Remained pagan until well after 1000 AD B) Produced several remarkable intellectuals, such as Bede. C) Was the original home of the Vikings D) Was the original home of the Visigoths
B) Produced several remarkable intellectuals, such as Bede.
27. The Renaissance has been controversial among historians because A) Historians have made major chronological errors in their narrative of events, casting the whole concept into doubt B) Renaissance intellectuals overstated their case, underestimating Medieval interest in the classics C) Some Renaissance intellectuals actually rejected classical literature D) None of the above
B) Renaissance intellectuals overstated their case, underestimating Medieval interest in the classics
41. The society of the Vikings A) Differed radically from Germanic society B) Resembled early Germanic society, but tended to be more violent C) Was that of peaceful fishermen D) Was influenced by Islamic society
B) Resembled early Germanic society, but tended to be more violent
51. Which of the following was not part of the feudal, as opposed to the manorial, hierarchy? A) Lords B) Serfs C) Kings D) Vassals
B) Serfs
57. During his lifetime, Muhammad A) Destroyed Mecca because it would not accept him as the prophet of God B) Spread his religious beliefs to the Bedouin tribes from his headquarters in Medina C) Rejected the Julian Calendar in favor of the Gregorian calendar D) Made Jerusalem the center of the Islamic faith
B) Spread his religious beliefs to the Bedouin tribes from his headquarters in Medina
59. The English Parliament A) Was established by the Magna Carta B) Started to take shape with lords, bishops, knights, and townsmen under Edward I C) Was quickly dominated by the House of Commons D) None of the above
B) Started to take shape with lords, bishops, knights, and townsmen under Edward
25. The most important legacy of early Germanic law in the Middle Ages was A) That it entirely displaced Roman law, which became completely forgotten B) That it helped establish the principles of rule of law and representative assemblies C) That it created a great gulf between king and subject D) It insured that German would be that language of all of Europe
B) That it helped establish the principles of rule of law and
48. Genghis Khan was A) The Ottoman leader who conquered Constantinople B) The Mongol leader who united many tribes and conquered large parts of Asia C) The founder of the Moscow state D) A late Medieval heretic
B) The Mongol leader who united many tribes and conquered large parts of Asia
62. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) was A) The first caliph, or successor to Muhammad B) The author of a medical text that became standard both in the Islamic and Western worlds for six centuries C) The leader of the Shi'ites after the assassination of Ali D) The greatest of all Arab mathematicians
B) The author of a medical text that became standard both in the Islamic and Western worlds for six centuries
53. As feudal society became more complex A) The complexities destroyed the feudal kingdoms B) The concept of the liege lord, to whom ultimate obedience was owed, developed C) It became illegal for a vassal to have multiple lords D) No vassal could create a vassal beneath him
B) The concept of the liege lord, to whom ultimate obedience was owed, developed
32. Of the societies studied in the first five chapters, Germanic society had the most parallels with A) The urban society of Sumer B) The heroic society described in Homer's epics C) The monumental society of Egypt D) The republican society of Rome
B) The heroic society described in Homer's epics
42. By 1428, England seemed to be on the verge of complete victory in the Hundred Years' War because A) Joan of Arc had defected from the French to the English side B) The king of France, defeated at Agincourt, had promised that the son of Henry V of England should be the next king of France C) The duke of Burgundy, the most powerful supporter of the king of France, had been killed in battle D) None of the above
B) The king of France, defeated at Agincourt, had promised that the son of Henry V of England should be the next king of France
42. The age of the invasions of the Magyars, the Vikings, and North African Moslems had all of the following results except A) Learning suffered when the attacks ended the "Carolingian Renaissance" B) The physical area of Western Civilization contracted C) The church structure deteriorated, as local lords often seized church lands or placed bishops and priests under their control D) The notion of a Christian Europe headed by emperors and popes collapsed as the empire fragmented
B) The physical area of Western Civilization contracted
36. During the Avignon papacy A) The popes became far more religious, modeling themselves on the Franciscans B) The popes, cut off from their Roman revenues, made their tax collection more efficient and acted more like secular than spiritual rulers C) The popes completed their control over Europe, deposing several monarchs and raising new ones D) None of the above
B) The popes, cut off from their Roman revenues, made their tax collection more efficient and acted more like secular than spiritual rulers
39. Growing antisemitism in the 14th and 15th centuries was expressed by all of the following except A) Laws restricting Jews to specific parts of cities B) The refusal of Poland and Russia to admit Jews C) The expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492 D) Laws requiring Jews to wear clothing that identified them as Jews
B) The refusal of Poland and Russia to admit Jews
56. The development of France and England in the Middle Ages were clear instances of A) The growth of religious heresy B) The rise of centralized monarchies C) The growth of Scholastic theology D) The development of commerce in the Mediterranean world
B) The rise of centralized monarchies
30. The core of Renaissance Humanism was A) Systematic theological study B) The study of history, literature, and philosophy, especially that of the Greeks and Romans C) A conscious attempt to imitate the virtues of the Germanic invaders of the Roman Empire D) A great admiration for the cultural achievements of Mesopotamian civilization
B) The study of history, literature, and philosophy, especially that of the Greeks and Romans
75. The Waldensians and the Albigensians were A) Two major orders of crusading knights B) Two very different, but important sets of Medieval religious dissidents, or heretics C) The followers of the Pope in the Investiture crisis D) The followers of the Emperor in the Investiture crisis
B) Two very different, but important sets of Medieval religious dissidents, or heretics
35. The Carolingian intellectual revival included all of the following except A) Establishing schools in the hope of obtaining an educated clergy B) Undertaking scientific research C) Developing a curriculum that became a foundation of liberal arts studies D) Developing a standardized handwriting that is the ancestor to the modern printed alphabet
B) Undertaking scientific research
51. Unlike the imperial government in Rome, the imperial government in Constantinople A) Banned chariot races B) Used eunuchs in both civil and church administration C) Forbade luxurious display D) Continued Diocletian's persecution of Christians
B) Used eunuchs in both civil and church administration
30. Which of the following was not a cause for the famines that struck Europe in the early 14th century A) An excessive growth of population B) Wars that killed peasants, destroyed grain, prevented harvests C) Too much reliance on marginal, poor-yielding lands for food D) Cold, damp weather that prevented proper plowing, planting, and harvesting
B) Wars that killed peasants, destroyed grain, prevented harvests
46. The peasants who lived on the medieval manor A) Could not use the forests as these were reserved for the lord's use B) Worked the land in long narrow strips rather than in large blocks C) Had much livestock, which provided a good amount of meat for their diet D) Did not use their livestock as a source for clothing
B) Worked the land in long narrow strips rather than in large blocks
Pope
Bishop of Rome; head of the Catholic church in western Europe.
Cyril and Methods
Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic.
58. Which of the following is not one of the Pillars of Islam? A) The pilgrimage to Mecca B) Prayer five times a day C) A long guided study of Islamic theology before one could become a Moslem D) Fasting during the Islamic month of Ramadan and almsgiving
C) A long guided study of Islamic theology before one could become a Moslem
23. Wergeld meant A) Trial by battle to determine guilt or innocence B) The process by which a person took an oath testifying to the good character of the accused C) A system of monetary fines for every offense from murder to insult D) None of the above
C) A system of monetary fines for every offense from murder to insult
39. Medieval towns A) Were often feudal fiefs B) Always excluded Jews from residency C) Became important centers of trade and manufacturing D) Were larger than their Roman counterparts
C) Became important centers of trade and manufacturing
34. All of the following were true of the Roman Empire in the era of invasion except A) Germanic tribes were often permitted to settle in Roman lands as federates B) Many of the invaders were Christian, though of the Arian variety C) Britain was able to hold out against the Germanic invaders D) The empire lost the rich and productive North African lands to the Vandals, who once lived in Eastern Europe
C) Britain was able to hold out against the Germanic invaders
76. The Medieval Inquisition A) Was established by the Holy Roman Empire as a result of the Investiture controversy B) Inquired about conditions in the Holy land from returning Crusaders C) Came about because it was then believed that incorrect religious views could threaten not only the salvation of the individual but also of the community D) Demonstrated decisively that the Albigensians were not heretics
C) Came about because it was then believed that incorrect religious views could threaten not only the salvation of the individual but also of the community
32. The effectiveness of the Carolingian administration rested primarily upon A) Charlemagne's renunciation of military campaigns in favor of a large bureaucracy B) Copying the Anglo-Saxon institution of sheriffs as the major local officials C) Charlemagne's designation of traveling inspectors, called missi dominici, to keep him informed D) All of the above
C) Charlemagne's designation of traveling inspectors, called missi dominici, to keep him informed
47. Of the following literary and artistic figures of the Late Middle Ages, choose the only correct match of person and work A) Dante-a great Flemish painter, known for portrayals combining amazing realism with Medieval symbolism B) Boccaccio-Author of the Divine Comedy, a literary masterpiece influenced by Scholastic theology and Aristotelian philosophy C) Chaucer-English author of the Canterbury Tales, which provide a revealing look at Fourteenth Century society D) Jan van Eyck-author of the Decameron, a collection of tales told by Florentines living in a rural villa to escape the Black Death
C) Chaucer-English author of the Canterbury Tales, which provide a revealing look at Fourteenth Century society
39. The monastic movement founded by Benedict of Nursia A) Encouraged fasting and asceticism among the monks B) Permitted abbots to exercise authority over bishops C) Established through its rule a balanced daily regime of work and prayer D) Rejected education as unnecessary for salvation
C) Established through its rule a balanced daily regime of work and prayer
62. According to the text, by the end of the 13th century, the wealthiest and best governed monarchy in Europe was A) Spain B) England C) France D) Holy Roman Empire
C) France
66. Medieval church reform A) Was opposed by the kings of France and England because it strengthened the power of the Holy Roman Emperor B) Was demanded by the Roman aristocracy to prevent Imperial intervention in the election of the popes C) Had as an important background, the intervention of Emperor Henry III who deposed three rival popes and strengthened the papal court D) Was undertaken without the support of the Clunaic monks because they believed that monasteries, not the papacy, should be the heart of church reform
C) Had as an important background, the intervention of Emperor Henry III who deposed three rival popes and strengthened the papal court
44. Which of the following is not true about the Nominalist philosophy of William of Ockham? A) It became the most popular philosophy taught in the universities, the self-proclaimed "modern way" of thinking B) It argued that the existence of God could not be proved by reason and that God was not bound to act in a logical manner C) It arose in support of the heretical ideas of Wycliffe and Hus D) It rejected scholastic philosophy as a waste of time
C) It arose in support of the heretical ideas of Wycliffe and Hus
43. Which of the following is not true about the Ostrogothic kingdom? A) It had the most vigorous intellectual life of the Germanic successor states, with philosophers, historians, and the development of the BC/AD system of counting years B) It was short lived, falling into disarray after the death of its great ruler, Theoderic C) It rulers briefly united the entire Roman Empire D) It shared a weakness with several other Germanic states because its people were Arian rather than Roman Christians
C) It rulers briefly united the entire Roman Empire
53. All of the following are true about the rise of Moscow except A) Ivan I made himself wealthy by collecting the Mongol tribute within Russia B) Ivan III by a victory over the Mongols in 1480, effectively ended Mongol domination over most of Russia C) Ivan III extended his dominions into central Europe D) Ivan III married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor and regarded himself and the successor of the Byzantine emperors
C) Ivan III extended his dominions into central Europe
43. The Wars of the Roses A) Took place in France after the Hundred Years' War B) Led to the triumph of the feudal nobility over the crown C) Led to Henry Tudor becoming king of England as Henry VII D) All of the above
C) Led to Henry Tudor becoming king of England as Henry VII
50. To defend the empire, Byzantine rulers did all of the following except A) Divide the empire into themes, or military districts, raising local troops to defend each province B) Develop a new weapon, Greek fire, for naval combat C) Prefer to use force rather than diplomacy to solve international relations D) Maintain a strong armored cavalry as the backbone of its army
C) Prefer to use force rather than diplomacy to solve international relations
28. The Renaissance is often considered the beginning of a modern secular spirit because A) Renaissance scholars were so impressed by the works of Greece and Rome that they abandoned the Christian religion B) Renaissance artists with their emphasis on the nude, began a cult of the body that eventually denied the existence of the soul C) Renaissance scholars, though religious, were usually not men of the churches, monasteries, or universities-institutions dominated by religious thought D) None of the above
C) Renaissance scholars, though religious, were usually not men of the churches, monasteries, or universities-institutions dominated by religious thought
60. During the Middle Ages, the Iberian peninsula A) Remained completely under Moslem control B) Saw the conversion of most Moslems in Spain to Christianity C) Saw the gradual "Reconquest" of most of the peninsula by Christian kingdoms D) All of the above
C) Saw the gradual "Reconquest" of most of the peninsula by Christian kingdoms
45. Renaissance sculpture A) Was entirely confined to churches B) Never had a political message C) Shows an exuberant praise of anatomical realism, such as in Michelangelo's David D) None of the above
C) Shows an exuberant praise of anatomical realism, such as in Michelangelo's David
51. The Ottoman Empire ruled over a large area that included all or most of the territory of several previous empires. Choose the incorrect empire on this list A) The Assyrian Empire B) The Byzantine Empire C) The Holy Roman Empire D) The Egyptian Empire
C) The Holy Roman Empire
50. The essence of the feudal relationship was A) The ability of the lords to exploit the serfs B) The monetary payments made by the lords to their vassals C) The linking of loyal military service with the possession of land that would support that service D) All of the above
C) The linking of loyal military service with the possession of land that would support that service
53. In what important way did the Byzantine world and the West separate themselves from each other? A) The language of Byzantium was Latin, but the language of the west was Greek B) The Byzantine world adopted Arian Christianity. C) The west rejected the iconoclastic religious ideas of the Emperor Leo III, leading to long-lasting religious disputes D) None of the above
C) The west rejected the iconoclastic religious ideas of the Emperor Leo III, leading to long-lasting religious disputes
61. The most important achievement of the Capetian kings of France was probably A) The defeat of the pope in the Investiture crisis B) A successful invasion of England that overthrew William the Conqueror C) Their expansion of royal authority by gaining control of most French provinces from the great feudal princes D) None of the above
C) Their expansion of royal authority by gaining control of most French provinces from the great feudal princes
33. The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor A) Led him to move his capital to Constantinople B) Was performed against the will of the pope C) Took place when there was an Empress, but no Emperor, in Constantinople D) Was the major reason for the campaign against the Saxons
C) Took place when there was an Empress, but no Emperor, in Constantinople
53. Medieval chivalry A) Required sexual purity B) Rejected the violence of tournaments C) Was a code of ethics that to some extent tamed the violence of medieval warriors D) None of the above
C) Was a code of ethics that to some extent tamed the violence of medieval warriors
38. The Conciliar Movement A) Was an attempt to increase the level of spirituality in a declining Medieval Church B) Was an attempt to restore papal power to the levels achieved by Innocent III C) Was an attempt to end the chaos of the Great Schism, with its three rival popes D) Was an attempt to exalt the authority of the English Parliament above the king
C) Was an attempt to end the chaos of the Great Schism, with its three rival popes
73. Valdes of Lyon A) Was the leader of the Fifth Crusade B) Became pope Innocent III C) Was declared a heretic for criticizing the wealth of the medieval church D) Sided with Henry IV in the Investiture conflict
C) Was declared a heretic for criticizing the wealth of the medieval church
32. Isabella d'Este A) Was one of the last female Medieval intellectuals in France B) Was a major Renaissance artist, a rival of Michelangelo C) Was duchess of Ferrara, and a major patron of Renaissance literature and art D) None of the above
C) Was duchess of Ferrara, and a major patron of Renaissance literature and art
31. The society of early Germans A) Was led by strong kings with virtually dictatorial powers B) Was very nomadic with wars occurring only when tribes were wandering C) Was often very warlike and occasionally nomadic D) None of the above
C) Was often very warlike and occasionally nomadic
26. The Venerable Bede A) Was the first Archbishop of Canterbury B) Was the most important intellectual at the court of Charlemagne C) Was the author of the best medieval history, the Ecclesiastical History of the English People D) Successfully defeated the Danish invasion of England
C) Was the author of the best medieval history, the Ecclesiastical History of the English People
67. The Investiture controversy was the question of A) Whether the pope should invest William with the title King of England after the Norman conquest B) Whether the pope should invest Louis IX of France with the title of Emperor because of his obvious saintliness C) Whether it was the right of the pope or the Emperor to invest German bishops with the symbols of religious office D) None of the above
C) Whether it was the right of the pope or the Emperor to invest German bishops with the symbols of religious office
Merovingian
Clovis and his successors
31. A major patron of Renaissance art and humanism was A) The church B) Renaissance cities C) Wealthy individuals D) All of the above
D) All of the above
31. The Black Death A) Originated in Manchuria B) Killed a third to a half of the European population C) Was transmitted by fleas D) All of the above
D) All of the above
31. Which of the following was not a characteristic of the Carolingian monarchy under Charlemagne A) A vigorous warrior-king who fought fifty-three campaigns, most of them successful B) An administrator who tried but ultimately failed to establish an effective mode of governing C) A monarch who promoted intellectual life, attracting some of the best scholars of his day to his court D) An attempt to conquer Constantinople to make Charlemagne a universal emperor
D) An attempt to conquer Constantinople to make Charlemagne a universal emperor
43. The place where medieval trade fairs were held between the northern and the southern trade zones was A) Flanders B) Spain C) Italy D) Champagne
D) Champagne
30. The dominant ruler of Western Europe in the late 8th century was A) Clovis B) Bede C) Alcuin D) Charlemagne
D) Charlemagne
41. Pick out the incorrect statement about Renaissance families A) Most classes of society emphasized family loyalty B) Men tended to outnumber women, reversing the Medieval sex ratio C) Marriages were very important in establishing alliances between families D) Children were usually spoiled, especially in the wealthier families
D) Children were usually spoiled, especially in the wealthier families
38. The Treaty of Verdun A) Temporarily reunited the Carolingian empire under Charles the Bald B) Established peace between Charlemagne and the Byzantine emperor, who had been upset by Charlemagne's coronation C) Provided for the independence of the papal states D) Confirmed the division of the Carolingian empire
D) Confirmed the division of the Carolingian empire
49. The capital of the Byzantine Empire was A) Mecca B) Rome C) Alexandria D) Constantinople
D) Constantinople
45. The first great vernacular author of the Middle Ages, Dante, composed the A) Decameron B) Summa Theologica C) Canterbury Tales D) Divine Comedy
D) Divine Comedy
29. The bulk of the tribes that invaded the Roman Empire after 400 A.D. were A) Turkish B) Slavic C) Mongolian D) German
D) German
49. Which of the following was not a policy of Kublai Khan? A) He proclaimed himself emperor of China, founder of the Yuan Dynasty B) He employed non-Chinese officials, including Marco Polo C) He established his capital at what is now Beijing, then called Ta-tu or Khanbalik D) He promoted the cultural assimilation between his Chinese subjects and their Mongol overlords
D) He promoted the cultural assimilation between his Chinese subjects and their Mongol overlords
41. Pick out the incorrect statement about Medieval trade A) Europeans traded with Moslems B) Numerous trade routes developed between northern and southern European countries C) The Baltic Sea became a center of prosperous trade, monopolized by the Hanseatic League D) It was mostly trade in necessities rather than trade in luxuries
D) It was mostly trade in necessities rather than trade in luxuries
39. A late Medieval English critic of both the doctrines and practices of the Church was A) Geoffrey Chaucer B) Richard the Lion-Hearted C) Thomas Aquinas D) John Wycliffe
D) John Wycliffe
48. The French king known as the "Spider" by his contemporaries was A) Francis I B) Henry VIII C) Charles VI D) Louis XI
D) Louis XI
58. The English barons' rebellion against king John's abuse of feudal custom resulted in the A) Norman Conquest B) Investiture crisis C) Parliament D) Magna Carta
D) Magna Carta
45. The medieval serf was A) A slave, usually from outside Europe, purchased to do menial work on the manor B) A person who had no obligation to any other person in the social hierarchy C) A servant, specifically of the village priest D) Not a slave, but was bound to the land, forbidden to leave it without permission
D) Not a slave, but was bound to the land, forbidden to leave it without permission
32. Which of the following is not true of the Bubonic Plague and its consequences A) It showed that devastating diseases can move from animals to humans B) The disease also caused a breakdown of law and order C) It resulted in persecution of Jews D) Once the plague ended, it never returned to Europe
D) Once the plague ended, it never returned to Europe
49. The so-called "New Monarchies" of Northern Europe during the Renaissance did all of the following except A) Bypass the nobility by appointing bureaucrats to government and by raising taxes to pay for the army B) Bring in artists from Italy to provide new and more beautiful residences for their kings C) Promote humanistic studies in their universities D) Reject war and Machiavellian diplomacy as instruments of their policies
D) Reject war and Machiavellian diplomacy as instruments of their policies
29. The text calls the Renaissance a multifaceted movement. Which of the following ideas is not one of the facets? A) Realism B) A secular spirit C) Activism D) Romanticism
D) Romanticism
55. The Norman conquest of England A) Had little real effect because it was only a change of rulers B) Led to the Investiture crisis C) Led to the rise of universities D) Ultimately remade England by making it feudal under French-speaking kings
D) Ultimately remade England by making it feudal under French-speaking kings
45. Gothic architecture A) Was started by the Goths B) Was noted for its dark, dreary spaces C) Was a form of Castle building D) Used such architectural features as pointed arches and flying buttresses
D) Used such architectural features as pointed arches and flying buttresses
74. The Franciscans and the Dominicans A) Were medieval heretics who believed that the church should own no property B) Were orders of crusading knights C) Were orders of monks who followed the Clunaic reforms D) Were orders of mendicant friars who lived among the people rather than retire from society
D) Were orders of mendicant friars who lived among the people rather than retire from society
63. A major political question that divided Moslems after the death of the Prophet was A) Whether toleration should be extended to Christians and Jews B) Whether the political capital should be in Mecca, which had ceased to be the political center of the Islamic world C) Whether commercial trade with non-Moslems should be permitted D) Whether the caliphate should belong to the descendants of the Prophet and Ali, his son in law
D) Whether the caliphate should belong to the descendants of the Prophet and Ali, his son in law
Treaty of Verdun
Division of the lands established this. Effectively destroyed Charlemagne's creation of a united Western Europe.
Frederick II Hohenstaufen
Frederick II was a Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily in the Middle Ages, a member of the House of Hohenstaufen. His political and cultural ambitions, based in Sicily and stretching through Italy to Germany, and even to Jerusalem, were enormous.
Alcuin
Head of the library at York and a product of the same training that had encouraged the genius of Bede. Visited Charlemagne's court and helped him reform the education there.
Liege Lord
In the feudal system, a lord who has many vassals, but owes allegiance to no one.
Vassal
In the feudal system, a noble who binds himself to his lord in return for maintenance. Lords owed vassals maintenance and military protection. Vassals owed lords aid (military service and monetary) and counsel.
Fief
In the feudal system, the portion - usually land - given by lords to vassals to provide for their maintenance in return for their service
Leonardo De Vince
Italian Renaissance artist that painted The Last Supper and Mona Lisa, he was also an engineer, architect, sculptor, and scientist.
Leone Batista Alberti
Italian Renaissance artist that painted The Last Supper and Mona Lisa, he was also an engineer, architect, sculptor, and scientist.
Michalangelo
Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect; famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the sculpture of the David
Michelangelo
Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect; famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the sculpture of the David
Florence
Italian city-state was the birthplace of the Renaissance, center of Renaissance banking
Milan
Italian city-state- manufactured weapons and silk in Renaissance Italy
Venice
Italian city-state- port city and manufactured glass in Renaissance Italy
25. The Renaissance began in A) Italy B) France C) England D) Germany
Italy
Theodoric
King of Ostrogoths, opposed odacer, raised imperial court and made goths and romans live together, moved capital to Ravenna
Universities
Latin West was 1st part of world to establish modern universities; they are degree gaining corporations specializing in multidisciplinary research and advances teaching
Franciscans
Lived on the Continent. A monarch first dynasty was the Merovingians, then the Carolingians. These people were not Romanized.
Louis IX
Louis IX (25 April 1214 - 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached maturity. During Louis's childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and put an end to the Albigensian crusade which had started 20 years earlier.
Serf
Medieval peasants who were personally free, but bound to the land. They owed labor obligations (plant his crops, build roads, erect walls or buildings, dig ditches, & anything else the lord ordered) as well as fees.
Knights Templars
Men who fought. Warrior Aristocracy. Usually were horsemen. Took the code of chivalry. they were to defend the church, the poor and help women in need. They were expected to possess military prowess but had to be loyal, generous, courteous and of noble bearing.
Corpus Juris Civilis
New code of the Roman Law decided by Justinian I in 529 CE that made Orthodox Christianity the law of the land. It means the "body of civil law".
Magyars
Now known as Hungarians. Invaded Eastern Europe.
Innocent III
One of the most powerful and influential popes in history. He exerted leadership over all of Europe's Kings, insisting they obey him. He was a staunch opponent of heretics and to clarify christian believes he called the Fourth Lateran Council which identified seven sacraments and reaffirmed their essential role in reach in salvation. He was part of the new and improved Catholic church. He organized the Fourth Crusade.
Alfred the Great
Only English king who has been called "the Great." Had been shaken by a wave of outside invaders - the Danes. Reorganized the military to confront invaders and he built the first English navy to patrol the coast against the raiders. Entered into the treaty Danelaw with the Danish king Guthrum.
Bede
Primarily a teacher who wrote a number of works intended as educational tracts. Wrote "The Nature of Things." This attempted to explain the orbits of the earth, heavens, stars, and planets. Described earth as a globe and discussed its geography and this tract was counted among the most important scientific texts of the early Middle Ages. Most famous work, "Ecclesiastical History of the English People."
Charlemagne
Represented the high point in the process of the combining of classical, Germanic, and Christian cultural elements. Established himself as a leader and reformer of the church. Carolingian Renaissance - emphasize the rebirth of learning that he initiated. Put noblemen in charge of the various provinces he controlled and tried to use laws to bring order to his lands. Missi Dominici. Issued an edict describing the high expectations he had for his officials who were sent "throughout his whole kingdom, and throughout them he would have all the various classes of persons...live in accordance with the correct law...and let no one, through his cleverness or craft, dare to oppose or thwart the written law, as many won't to do. Required his nobles to attend two assemblies a year. Surmised that only by forcibly Christianizing the Saxons could he make them permanent members of his kingdom. Served to stimulate trade. Issued an edict ordering that the priests shall open schools and that the clergy must accept all interested children without charging them fees.
Henry II
The French king, who's death in a jousting tournament contributed to France's civil war because he left only young sons to inherit the throne, was
100 year wars
The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, over the succession of the French throne
Waldensians
The Waldensians are a Christian movement founded by Peter Waldo circa 1173. Waldensians merged into the larger Protestant movement with the outbreak of the Reformation, and became a part of the wider
Vikings
The invaders who wreaked the most violence, and ultimately settled the most widely, came from the north - bands of Scandinavian warriors known as Vikings. Worshiped gods similar to those of ancient Greeks and Romans, but with different names - Wodin, Thor, and Freya are three deities whose name shave been preserved in the English days of the week: Wodin's Day (Wednesday), Thor's Day (Thursday), and Freya's Day (Friday). Had a passion for revenge.
Dominicans
Theologians who conduct weekly discussions on questions, in pursuit of the divine truth and to correct errors about Catholicism
Magna Carta
This Document, signed by King John of England in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the kind and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England
Thomas Becket
Thomas Becket was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion.
Missi Dominci
Traveling agents that Charlemagne sent throughout his territory to examine conditions in his name and to redress certain abuses. These royal representatives traveled in pairs - a bishop and a nobleman - representing both the secular and religious arms of Charlemagne's realm.
Danelaw
Treaty between Guthrum and Alfred the Great.
Avignon
a city in southeastern France's Provence region, is set on the Rhône River. From 1309 to 1377, it was the seat of the Catholic popes. It remained under papal rule until becoming part of France in 1791. This legacy can be seen in the massive Palais des Papes (Popes' Palace) in the city center, which is surrounded by medieval stone ramparts.
Courtly Love
a highly conventionalized medieval tradition of love between a knight and a married noblewoman, first developed by the troubadours of Southern France and extensively employed in European literature of the time. The love of the knight for his lady was regarded as an ennobling passion and the relationship was typically unconsummated.
Gothic Architecture
a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries - flying buttresses, pointed arch, and windows
Linear Perspective
a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon.
Brunelleschi
an Italian designer and a key figure in architecture, recognised to be the first modern engineer, planner and sole construction supervisor. He was one of the founding fathers of the Renaissance
Giotto
an Italian painter and architect from Florence in the late Middle Ages. He is generally considered the first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Renaissance
Mongols
are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. They also live as minorities in other regions of China, as well as in Russia.
The canterbury tales
is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387-1400
The Decameron
is a collection of novellas by the 14th-century Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio
Joan of Arc
is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint.
Geoffrey Chaucer
is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages and was the first poet to be buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey
Dante Alighieri
simply called Dante, was a major Italian poet of the Late Middle Ages. His Divine Comedy, originally called Comedìa and later christened Divina by Boccaccio, i
Umayyad
the first dynasty of Arab caliphs whose capital was Damascus
Hijra
the journey that Muhammad, faced with the threat of murder, took from Mecca to Medina
Chivalry
the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code.
Thomas More
venerated by Roman Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist.
Henry VIII
was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII.
Councilor Movement
was a Christian reform movement in the 14th and 15th centuries in the Roman Catholic Church which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with the Church as a corporation of Christians, embodied by a general church council, not with the Pope.
Jan Van Eyck
was a Flemish/Netherlandish painter active in Bruges. He is often considered one of the founders of Early Netherlandish painting school and one of the most significant representatives of Northern Renaissance art.
Agincourt
was a major English victory in the Hundred Years' War. The battle took place on Friday, 25 October 1415 in the County of Saint-Pol, Artois, some 40 km south of Calais
William of Ockham
was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey. Wikipedia
William Shakespeare
was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet, and the "Bard of Avon".
John Wycliff
was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, Biblical translator, reformer, and seminary professor at Oxford. He was an influential dissident within the Roman Catholic priesthood during the 14th century.
Savonarola
was an Italian Dominican friar and preacher active in Renaissance Florence. He was known for his prophecies of civic glory, the destruction of secular art and culture, and his calls for Christian renewal.
Cosimo de Medici
was an Italian banker and politician, the first of the Medici political dynasty, de facto rulers of Florence during much of the Italian Renaissance.
Raphael
was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.
Boccaccio
was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Boccaccio wrote a number of notable works, including The Decameron and On Famous Women.
Great Schism
was the break of communion between what are now the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, which has lasted since the 11th century. It is not to be confused with the Western Schism (which is also sometimes called the "Great" Schism).
The Black Prince
was the eldest son of King Edward III and Philippa of Hainault, and the father of King Richard II of England. He was the first Duke of Cornwall, the Prince of Wales and the Prince of Aquitaine.
Ghengis Khan
was the founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia.
Wars of the Roses
were a series of wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster, and the House of York
Huns
Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome
Henry IV
Was from the Salian dynasty. His mother Agnes was regent until he became of age. While his mother was in power the church took back their power that had been reformed by the Ottonians. He had a dramatic conflict over who should be the bishop of milan with Pope Gregory VII.
Flagellant
a person who subjects themselves or others to flogging, either as a religious discipline or for sexual gratification.
