history exam 2

What advance did Arab merchants bring with them to East Africa after 1820?

Literacy and administrative skills Arab merchants and adventurers began exploring East Africa after 1820 and brought literacy and other skills with them.

What was one the weaknesses of liberalism in Latin America in the nineteenth century?

It created pressures on rural workers and indigenous communities in favor of foreign investment and economic growth. The liberal order in the Americas created stable conditions for economic development, but reforms intended to create a dynamic class of rural farmers were not always successful.

This image is an 1880 campaign advertisement for the California Workingmen's Party. Given the context, it is likely that the Chinese were opposed because they

competed with whites for jobs. As the Workingmen's Party distributed this advertisement, likely labor issues catalyzed its circulation.

After African slavery ended, thousands of South Asians and Chinese came to the Caribbean, Mexico, and South America to work as

indentured servants. Between 1850 and 1880, 144,000 South Asian laborers went to Trinidad, 39,000 to Jamaica, and smaller numbers to the islands of St. Lucia, Grenada, and St. Vincent as indentured servants. Perhaps one-third returned to India, but the rest stayed, saved money, and bought small businesses or land. When slavery was abolished in Cuba in 1886, some of the work in the sugarcane fields was done by Chinese indentured servants, who followed the same pattern as the South Asian migrants who had gone to Trinidad. Likewise, the abolition of slavery in Mexico led to the arrival of thousands of Chinese bonded servants.

How did the Lerdo Law (1856) bring liberal reform to Mexico?

t prevented groups or institutions from owning large tracts of land. Under the Lerdo Law, "corporate lands" were banished and large groups such as the Catholic Church were not allowed to own land.

During La Reforma, one thing liberals like Benito Juárez attacked was

the Catholic Church. The 1855 Juárez Law abolished old privileges of the clergy. The Lerdo Law of the following year attacked church lands.

At what point in the Industrial Revolution did real wages in Britain begin to rise substantially?

1830 Only after 1830, and especially after 1840, did real wages rise substantially.

When did Uruguay abolish slavery?

1842 Uruguay abolished slavery in 1842.

What was the Isthmian Canal Convention of 1904?

A U.S.-Panamanian treaty to give the United States permanent control over the canal and surrounding territory With the 1904 Isthmian Canal Convention, the new Panamanian government gave the United States permanent control over the canal and the land upon which it was built, which became known as the Canal Zone.

What is the meaning of the term "caudillismo"?

A form of leadership characterized by strong charismatic leaders who ruled through personal power and loyalty Caudillos filled a power vacuum left by rival political factions who did not trust others to govern within the framework of the constitution.

Which factor led to Louis Napoleon being proclaimed Emperor Napoleon III?

A national plebiscite granted him that title. In 1851 French president Louis Napoleon dismissed the National Assembly and seized power in a coup d'état. A year later he called on the French to make him hereditary emperor, and 97 percent of the French electorate voted to do so in a national plebiscite.

What was one of the revolutionary changes to the middle-class family by the late nineteenth century?

A reduction in family size Women in industrializing countries began to limit the number of children they bore. Parents could now give the children they had greater advantages.

Socialist parties often had clear-cut nationalist characteristics. Those from Spain and Italy tended to lean toward what belief?

Anarchism Socialists from Spain and Italy leaned toward anarchism and sought to smash the state rather than the bourgeoisie.

About how many Asians left China, Japan, India, and the Philippines in the nineteenth century and up to 1920 to settle elsewhere?

About 3 million A substantial number of Asians—mainly Chinese, Japanese, Indians, and Filipinos—also responded to population pressure and rural hardship with temporary or permanent migration. At least 3 million Asians moved abroad before 1920.

The leaders of the Meiji Restoration were particularly impressed with what aspect of the Franco-Prussian War? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Active participation of French citizens in the defense of Paris Several leaders of the Meiji Restoration, in France on a fact-finding mission during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, were impressed by the active participation of French citizens in the defense of Paris. For Japan to survive in the hostile international environment, they concluded, ordinary people had to be trained to fight. Challenge this Question

Why did the first cotton factories turn to children as workers?

Adults did not want to work in bad conditions. Working conditions in the early cotton factories were less satisfactory than those of cottage weavers and spinners, and adult workers were reluctant to work in them. Therefore, factory owners often turned to young children who had been abandoned by their parents and put in the care of local parishes.

What action by Tsar Alexander I gave Napoleon an excuse to attack Russia in 1812?

Alexander traded with Britain. Alexander openly violated the prohibition Napoleon had enacted against trade with Britain. Napoleon turned on Alexander, launching an invasion of Russia in June of 1812.

Which of the following statements best reflects Britain's social welfare system?

Although extensive social welfare was slow to come to Britain, it passed in a rush between 1906 and 1914. The ruling Liberal Party raised taxes on the rich to pay for national health insurance, unemployment benefits, old-age pensions, and a host of other social measures.

What is the best explanation for the areas identified as "contested areas"?

Areas of sharply split allegiance Both Patriots and Loyalists could be found in the contested areas, making them likely to be the sites of fierce fighting.

What argument did the British government use in response to complaints by American colonists that they were being taxed without representation?

Americans were represented in Parliament indirectly, just like most people in Britain. The British government asserted that Americans were represented in Parliament, albeit indirectly.

Which of the following statements reflects liberalism in the United States in the late eighteenth century?

An ideology that mainly served and protected oligarchs Liberalism preserved slavery and allowed the wealthy landowners and industrialists to concentrate power.

Where was settlement of Africans as slaves (in the Americas) typically the greatest? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Areas that relied on plantation agriculture Plantations were an unusual type of farming, sustained by African slavery, in which large tracts of land were devoted to a single crop, especially sugar, coffee, tobacco, and cotton.

How did the migrations of Asians in the nineteenth century differ from the migration of Europeans in the same period?

Asians migrated as indentured servants; Europeans migrated as workers. Most Asians migrated as indentured laborers to work on the plantations or in the gold mines of Latin America, southern Asia, Africa, California, Hawaii, and Australia.

Of the following, which country was the first to grant all white women the right to vote in national elections?

Australia By 1914, there was universal male suffrage across Europe. Women also began to demand the right to vote and a few notable successes were made, including the right of women to vote in national elections in Australia and Finland in 1902 and 1906, respectively.

Which states were most likely to come in conflict over control of the German Confederation?

Austria and Prussia Both Austria and Prussia had lands in the German Confederation, suggesting the possibility of future conflict over control of that grouping of states.

What does the figure illustrate about worldwide growth of average income?

Average income in nonindustrializing regions remained constant at about $100 U.S. dollars per year during this period. The figure shows that average income in nonindustrializing regions remained constant while average income in the industrializing countries rose dramatically.

Which statement best reflects the circumstances on the European continent just before the onset of the revolutions of 1848?

Bad harvests and slow industrialization worsened living conditions for the working class. Similar conditions prevailed across Europe and combined with the ruling classes' resistance to reform to fuel insurrection.

What event led Napoleon to abandon his plan to invade Britain?

Battle of Trafalgar Napoleon tried to restrict British trade with all of Europe. He then plotted to attack Britain, but his Mediterranean fleet was destroyed by Lord Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar on October 21, 1805.

What contributed to the growing sense of class consciousness in nineteenth-century Europe?

Belief that distinct class interests existed The growth of new occupational groups in industry led to the development of new ideas about social relationships, including the argument that individuals were members of economically determined classes that had conflicting interests. Conflicting classes existed, in part, because many individuals came to believe they existed and developed an appropriate sense of class feeling—what Marxists call "class-consciousness."

One of the effects of the War of the Pacific (1879-1883) was that

Bolivia lost access to the ocean and became a landlocked state. Chile's nitrate-mining industry expanded through the War of the Pacific (1879-1883), a conflict in which Chile seized territory in bordering Peru and Bolivia. As a result, Bolivia lost its access to the Pacific and became a landlocked nation.

Why did it take Argentina and Brazil five years (1865-1870) to defeat tiny Paraguay? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Both Argentina and Brazil were economically and politically weak states. The Brazilian monarchy could not enlist volunteers, and in Argentina, regional power remained strong and, as a result, political authority remained weak.

What does this image of representative foreign troops who put down the 1900 Boxer Rebellion tell the viewer about the nature of that military force?

Both whites and nonwhites make up the military force. While Europeans and Americans made up most of the force, non-Europeans—Indians (likely fighting under the British flag) and the Japanese—are clearly evident in this image.

Which of the following nations was a nonindustrialized region in the late nineteenth century?

Brazil In Africa, Asia, and Latin America, nonindustrialized nations, including Brazil, remained dependent on agriculture rather than industry throughout the 1800s.

Which country had the largest Japanese community outside of Japan in 1920?

Brazil Large numbers of Japanese arrived in Brazil in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Who did Paraguay fight in the War of the Triple Alliance? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay Paraguay declared war against these three neighboring countries after political competition between Argentina and Brazil threatened Paraguay's use of Uruguay's port in Montevideo.

Which European state instituted universal male suffrage by 1884 through a series of laws?

Britain Britain passed a series of voting rights bills between 1832 and 1884 that culminated in universal male suffrage.

What feature characterized Brazil's culture in the nineteenth century, after the country won independence?

Continued reliance on slavery Brazil achieved independence in 1822, but slavery remained legal there until 1888.

What allowed Britain and France to dominate the Egyptian government in the late nineteenth century? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Britain and France took over the Egyptian debt. By 1876, the Egyptian government could not pay the interest on its colossal debt. Rather than let Egypt go bankrupt, France and Britain intervened to protect the European investors who held the Egyptian bonds. They forced Egypt to appoint French and British commissioners to oversee Egyptian finances so that the Egyptian debt would be paid in full. This meant that Europeans were going to determine the state budget and in effect rule Egypt.

Where and when did a broad campaign to abolish slavery first emerge?

Britain in the 1770s After 1775 a broad campaign to abolish slavery, in which British women played a critical role, developed in Britain and grew into one of the first peaceful mass political movements based on the mobilization of public opinion in British history.

How did Great Britain's per capita level of industrial goods compare with those of continental Europe and the United States in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

Britain opened up a noticeable lead over all countries by 1800, and that gap increased throughout most of the nineteenth century. By 1800, Britain had opened up a noticeable lead over all countries in terms of their relative per capita levels of industrialization, and that gap progressively widened as the British Industrial Revolution accelerated to 1830 and reached full maturity by 1860. While the gap was closed by a few countries by the time of the First World War, it was still substantial in 1900.

In this image of a wooden model of a colonial courtroom in British India, the judge sitting far right is most likely

British. Given the skin color and dress, it is likely that this man is British, most likely an officer for the British East India Company.

In addition to tariff protections, what did continental European governments do to help promote industry in the nineteenth century?

Built roads and canals and helped to build railroads After 1815 continental governments bore the cost of building roads and canals to improve transportation. They also bore the cost of building railroads to a significant extent.

How did British agriculture in the eighteenth century contribute to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution there?

By creating low food prices, freeing income for other kinds of consumer spending Large harvests and low food prices meant that the ordinary English family no longer had to spend almost everything it earned just to buy bread, allowing for more spending on manufactured goods. Moreover, in the eighteenth century, the members of the average British family were redirecting their labor away from unpaid work for household consumption toward work for wages that they could spend on goods.

In what ways did France's National Assembly act radically in 1789?

By nationalizing church land and property The National Assembly imposed a radical reorganization on religious life by granting religious freedom to the small minority of French Jews and Protestants, nationalizing the Catholic Church's property, and abolishing monasteries.

How did tariff protection help to spur the industrialization of countries in continental Europe in the nineteenth century?

By protecting new industries from competition with British goods Tariffs prevented cheaper and better-made British goods from entering continental markets and encouraged other countries to industrialize the manufacture of their own goods.

Although it failed to industrialize in the nineteenth century, in what way did Russia participate in Europe's industrial economy?

By supplying raw materials to the West The advances Russia made in acquiring steamships and railroads did not lead to overall industrialization of the country. Instead, Russia confirmed its role as a provider of raw materials, especially timber and grain, to the West.

After the October Manifesto, why did Russia remain dependent economically on the peasantry?

By the eve of World War I, Russia had only partially industrialized. Following the October Manifesto, the tsar retained most of the power in the government, but the middle class dominated the Duma (parliament); as that coalition failed to work together, Russia failed to industrialize and remained economically dependent on peasant-based agriculture.

What was the main dispute between the United States and Spain in 1898?

Control over Cuba and the Philippines The U.S. Navy and Marines fought Spanish forces in the Pacific and the Caribbean, with a focus on control of Cuba and the Philippines.

This painting, by Peter Johann Nepomuk dating from 1850, shows Pasha Halim of the Ottoman Empire entertaining Archduke Maximilian of Austria. What message is the painter attempting to relay with this work? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

By the middle of the nineteenth century, Ottoman leaders began to master European power politics. As this painting suggests with its use of traditional European diplomatic activity, Ottoman leaders became well versed in European languages and culture. They also mastered the game of power politics, playing one European state against another and securing the Ottoman Empire's survival.

How did conservative political leaders in Europe manipulate new imperialism for their own advantage?

By using the pursuit of colonies to distract from domestic issues Conservative political leaders often manipulated colonial issues in order to divert popular attention from domestic conflicts and to create a false sense of national unity.

Which of the following contributed to the failure of the Tanzimat to revitalize the Ottoman Empire?

Continued growth of nationalism among Christian subjects in the Balkans The Ottoman state and society failed to regain its earlier strength in part because the liberal reforms failed to halt the growth of nationalism among Christian subjects in the Balkans, which resulted in crises and defeats that undermined all reform efforts.

After the signing of the Opium War treaties, what Chinese policy continued to frustrate Europeans?

China's refusal to allow foreign diplomats into China The treaties satisfied neither side. China continued to refuse to accept foreign diplomats at its capital in Beijing, and the expansion of trade fell far short of Western expectations.

Who became the dominant ethnic group in British Singapore?

Chinese After Singapore was founded by the British in 1819, the Chinese rapidly poured in, soon to become the dominant ethnic group.

What prompted the 1839-1842 war between Britain and China?

Chinese efforts to limit British opium sales in China The 1839-1842 Opium War between the British and the Chinese was fought over limitations on trade and the importation of opium into China.

Which group in society was at the forefront of the 1911 Revolution in China? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Chinese student revolutionaries Sun Yatsen spent time abroad organizing student revolutionaries and then joined forces with them, and together they sparked the 1911 Revolution.

Which cause of the new imperialism was signified by Rudyard Kipling's call on Westerners to "take up the White Man's Burden"?

Civilizing mission In 1899 Rudyard Kipling, who wrote extensively on Anglo-Indian life and was perhaps the most influential British writer of the 1890s, exhorted Westerners to unselfish service in distant lands in his poem "The White Man's Burden," reflecting the belief that Westerners had a "civilizing mission."

How did Australia gain its independence from Britain?

Colonial legislatures were created and then a constitution was framed. In 1850 the British Parliament passed the Australian Colonies Government Act, which allowed the four most populated colonies to establish colonial legislatures, determine franchise, and frame their constitution.

How did Napoleon deposing King Ferdinand VII of Spain and placing his own brother on the Spanish throne affect Spain's claim to power over its empire?

Colonists argued that the removal of the legitimate king shifted sovereignty to the people. Because everything in Spanish America was done in the name of the king, the Creoles in Latin America argued that the removal of the legitimate king shifted sovereignty to the people—that is, to themselves.

What agricultural product ended the putting-out system in Britain and brought about industrialization in the middle of the 1700s?

Cotton The spinning wheels could not work traditional raw materials like wool and flax, but they could work cotton.

What is considered to be the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

Creation of the first large cotton factories The creation of the world's first modern factories in the British cotton textile industry in the 1770s and 1780s, which grew out of the putting-out system of cottage production, was a major historical development. Both symbolically and substantially, the big new cotton mills marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain.

After the Java War, what system of agricultural production did the Dutch introduce in the East Indies?

Culture System In 1830, after the bloody Java War, the Dutch established a particularly exploitative policy called the Culture System. Under this system, Indonesian peasants were forced to plant a fifth of their land in export crops, especially coffee and sugar, to turn over to the Dutch as tax.

How did Toussaint L'Ouverture respond to Spain's entry into the slave revolt on Saint-Domingue in 1793?

He joined the Spanish army as an officer. In early 1793 the Spanish began to bring slave leaders and their soldiers into the Spanish army. Toussaint L'Ouverture, a freed slave who had joined the revolt, was named a Spanish officer.

Which political group joined forces with the liberals in the nineteenth century but was more radical and willing to endorse violence?

Democrats Both democrats who called for universal male suffrage and republicans who wanted to replace monarchical rule with republics were more radical than liberals and more willing to endorse violence to achieve their goals.

Which statement best reflects the position of women in the American Revolution?

Despite their contribution to the revolution, women did not win the vote for themselves in return. Despite their contributions to the war for independence, women did not receive the right to vote.

What spurred British colonial expansion in southern Africa in the late nineteenth century? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Discovery of vast amounts of gold and diamonds The discovery of incredibly rich deposits of diamonds in 1867 and of gold in the 1880s revolutionized the economy of southern Africa, making possible large-scale industrial capitalism and transforming the lives of all its peoples. The mining bonanza whetted the appetite of British imperialists led by the powerful Cecil Rhodes.

What negative impact did the growth of a transportation infrastructure have on India during British colonial rule in the nineteenth century?

Diseases spread more quickly across India. As Indians traveled more widely by rail, disease spread, especially cholera, which is transmitted by exposure to contaminated water. Pilgrims who bathed in and drank from sacred pools and rivers worsened this problem.

Which of the following led to the opening of Japan by the United States?

Display of American military power The United States decided to force the Japanese to share their ports, and so in 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry steamed into Edo Bay and demanded diplomatic negotiations with the emperor. Under threat of gunboat diplomacy, the Japanese signed a treaty with the United States that opened two ports and permitted trade.

What weakened the coalition of revolutionary forces in the Austrian Empire in 1848?

Each minority nationalist group wanted more authority. The revolutionary coalition in the 1848 revolution in Austria was weakened and ultimately destroyed by conflicting national aspirations.

Which of these was true of the composition of the industrialists in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution?

Early industrialists came from both the merchant and artisanal classes. Many early industrialists were from well-established merchant families with rich networks of contacts and support. Others were of modest means, especially in the early days. Artisans and skilled workers of exceptional ability had unparalleled opportunities.

Which of these was an important proponent of revisionism?

Eduard Bernstein Bernstein wrote a book called Evolutionary Socialism in 1899 in which he suggested that Marx's prediction of greater poverty for workers was proven false and, therefore, socialists should reform their doctrines.

As factories grew larger by the mid-nineteenth century, what personal merits allowed industrialists to succeed?

Education Often expensive, formal education became more important for young men as a means of success.

The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 established what principle upon which Europeans claimed African territory?

Effective occupation The principle of effective occupation meant that European powers could push relentlessly into the interior and guaranteed that no single European power could claim the entire continent.

In the nineteenth century, oceangoing trade using steam engines was facilitated by the creation of canals in Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Egypt and Panama. Intercontinental trade was facilitated by the building of the Suez and Panama Canals. Investment in modern port facilities made loading and unloading cheaper and faster.

Why did Egypt's efforts at industrialization fail?

Egypt could not compete with Europe's cheap prices for manufactured goods. Egypt industrialized its textiles manufacturing and other industries, but these industries could not compete with lower-priced European imports. Like Russia, Egypt fell back on agricultural exports, such as sugar and cotton, to European markets.

According to this chart, which demonstrates the income effects of industrialization, by the start of World War I in 1914, the average per capita income for a person living in an industrialized country exceeded the average per capita income for a person living in a nonindustrialized country by what factor? .

Eight By 1914, the average per capita income for a person living in an industrialized country was about $800 (in 1960s dollars). In that same year, the average per capita income for a person living in a nonindustrialized country was about $100 (in 1960s dollars).

What step did the Meiji Oligarchs take in order to centralize the Japanese government in the Meiji Restoration?

Elevated the position and status of the emperor Japan under the shoguns had been decentralized, with most of the power over the population in the hands of the daimyo. The samurai who led the 1867 coup that ousted the Tokugawa shogunate declared a return to direct rule by the emperor. By elevating the emperor, the Meiji Oligarchs were able to centralize the government.

What step did the Meiji Oligarchs take in order to centralize the Japanese government in the Meiji Restoration? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Elevated the position and status of the emperor Japan under the shoguns had been decentralized, with most of the power over the population in the hands of the daimyo. The samurai who led the 1867 coup that ousted the Tokugawa shogunate declared a return to direct rule by the emperor. By elevating the emperor, the Meiji Oligarchs were able to centralize the government.

What belief was promoted by proponents of the Taiping Rebellion in mid-nineteenth-century China?

Equality of men and women From their base at Nanjing, the Taiping rebels set about creating a utopian society based on the equalization of landholdings and the equality of men and women.

Which of the following African regions was able to remain independent by 1914?

Ethiopia Other than the free state of Liberia, established by freed slaves from the United States in the 1820s, Ethiopia was the only major region to have resisted European colonization by 1914, though it would succumb to Italian forces in the 1930s.

What part of the world experienced the most rapid population growth in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries?

Europe As the most industrialized region, with the most diverse food crops available, Europe experienced the most rapid population growth in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

Why did European colonial powers lift, or give preference to, some native groups over others

Europeans needed help governing the colonies. The process of maintaining domination through providing advantages to a select few is referred to as hegemony, and it explains why relatively small numbers of Europeans were able to maintain control over much larger populations without constant rebellion and protest.

As the Industrial Revolution progressed in Europe during the nineteenth century, what did European powers want from Asia? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Export markets for European goods The Industrial Revolution made it possible for countries that industrialized early, such as Britain, to produce huge surpluses of goods for which they had to find markets, shifting their interest in Asia from it being a place to buy goods to it being a place to sell them.

Most immigrants to Canada in the late nineteenth century settled into what occupation? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Farming Canada remained a predominantly agricultural country, with less than 10 percent of its population engaged in manufacturing. Most immigrants from continental Europe flooded the midwestern plains and soon transformed the prairies into one of the world's greatest grain-growing regions.

What was the result of the treaties that followed the Opium War between Britain and China?

Five Chinese ports were opened to international trade. The treaties that ended the Opium War opened five Chinese ports to international trade, fixed the tariff on imported goods at 5 percent, imposed an indemnity on China to cover Britain's war expenses, and ceded the island of Hong Kong to Britain. Through the clause on extraterritoriality, British subjects in China became answerable only to British law, even in disputes with Chinese.

What is Rammohun Roy, an early Indian nationalist, notable for? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Founding a college and formulating a modern Hinduism Rammohun Roy founded a college that offered instruction in Western languages and subjects. He also founded a society to reform traditional customs and espoused a modern Hinduism founded on the Upanishads, the ancient sacred texts of Hinduism.

What serious production imbalance inhibited the growth of the British textile industry until the 1780s?

Four or five spinners were needed to keep one weaver steadily supplied with thread. There was always a serious imbalance in textile production based on cottage industry: the work of four or five spinners was needed to keep one weaver steadily employed. Cloth weavers constantly had to try to find more thread and more spinners.

How did the industrial growth of France differ from that of Germany and the United States?

France's industrial production developed gradually, whereas Germany and the United States saw a spectacular rise in industry after 1860. France's slow but steady growth was overshadowed by the spectacular rise of Germany and the United States after 1860.

What social change did the liberals of the revolutionary era of the late eighteenth century encourage?

Freedom of worship Supporters of the cause of individual liberty demanded an end to censorship as well as freedom from arbitrary laws and freedom to worship according to the dictates of one's conscience.

What impact did the French Revolution have on Spain's Latin American colonies?

French occupation of Spain isolated it from its colonies. The French Revolution and Napoleonic wars, which involved France's occupation of Spain and Britain's domination of the seas, isolated Spain from Latin America. As Spain's control over its Latin American colonies diminished, foreign traders, especially from the United States, swarmed into Spanish-American ports.

Which of the following inventions helped change life considerably in the late nineteenth century?

Gaslight Gaslights greatly expanded the possibility for nighttime activity.

As shown on this postcard, the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires modernized its urban infrastructure, broadening its streets and installing large monuments, for instance, in the late nineteenth century. Such modernization was akin to whose work in which city?

Georges Haussmann/Paris More effective urban planning after 1850 improved the quality of urban life. Baron Georges Haussmann, whom Napoleon III placed in charge of Paris, destroyed the old medieval core of Paris to create broad tree-lined boulevards, long open vistas, monumental buildings, middle-class housing, parks, and improved sewers and aqueducts.

Which European country created the first national social security system?

Germany Bismarck urged the Reichstag to create a national health insurance program, accident insurance, old-age pensions, and retirement benefits. Together, these laws created the first national social security system.

Which country led the way in the "Second Industrial Revolution" after 1860?

Germany Germany industrialized very rapidly after 1860, in the Second Industrial Revolution.

After the United States, which nation had the most railroad track mileage in 1890?

Germany In 1890, Germany had the second-most railroad mileage, second to the United States.

While this image shows Jews being expelled from Russia at the end of the nineteenth century, into which country does it infer they will be welcomed?

Germany The inset in the upper right corner shows the Jews being welcomed in Deutschland, that is, Germany.

Which statement can be justified by this map? 2

Germany expanded in the mid-1860s at the expense of Denmark. As shown on this map, Bismarck took advantage of the Austro-Prussian War to wrest Schleswig from Denmark.

What did the Meiji leaders use as a model for the new political system they devised for Japan?

Germany's constitutional monarchy In 1889 Japan became the first non-Western country to adopt the constitutional form of government. A commission sent abroad to study European constitutional governments had come to the conclusion that the German constitutional monarchy would provide the best model for Japan, rather than the more democratic governments of the British, French, and Americans.

What was the legacy of U.S. military rule in places like Haiti and Nicaragua in the early twentieth century?

Government by dictatorship not popular consent During repeated occupation, the U.S. military ruled like dictators, and as the forces departed, they left power in the hands of dictators who served U.S. interests.

Which factor was a cause of the outbreak of revolution in France in 1789?

Government financial crisis The French Revolution had its immediate origins in the financial difficulties of the French government.

Which of the following statements represents early nineteenth-century liberal economic theory?

Government should not interfere in the economy. Liberals believed in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy. This philosophy was popularly known as the doctrine of laissez faire.

Parliament repealed a law prohibiting import of which commodity into Britain in 1846, thereby transforming Britain into a leading importer?

Grain After Parliament repealed laws restricting the importation of grain in 1846, Britain became the world's leading importer of foreign goods. Free access to Britain's market stimulated the development of mines and plantations in Africa and Asia.

Based on this map, which was the first area in the Americas to abolish slavery?

Haiti Haiti abolished slavery in the Americas first, in 1804.

How does King Moshoeshoe explain his early attitude toward the Boer settlement on his borders?

He assumed that the white settlers (Boers) would respect Sotho laws and customs. Moshoeshoe stated that he believed the Boers would respect his leadership and friendship.

What role did Garibaldi play in the unification of Italy in 1860?

He led a guerrilla army to conquer Sicily and united the peasants behind the movement. Landing on the shores of Sicily in May 1860, Garibaldi's guerrilla band of a thousand Red Shirts inspired the Sicilian peasantry to rise in rebellion. Outwitting the royal army, Garibaldi captured Palermo, crossed to the mainland, and prepared to attack Rome and the pope; Garibaldi thus united the south at the same time Cavour was uniting the north.

Which of the following statements describes Napoleon's domestic policy after taking power in France?

He reached agreements with powerful groups whereby the groups received favors in return for loyalty. The essence of Napoleon's domestic policy was to use his personal popularity and charisma to maintain order and end civil strife; he did so by working out unwritten agreements with powerful groups in France whereby the groups received favors in return for loyal service.

What did nineteenth-century India have in common with nineteenth-century Japan? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

High population density India was just as densely populated as China, Japan, and Korea, but less politically unified.

What role did religious beliefs play in the Great Mutiny (also called the Great Revolt) of 1857 in India?

Hindu and Muslim soldiers objected to the use of cow or pig fat on religious grounds. Hindu soldiers objected to the use of cow fat and Muslim soldiers objected to the use of pig fat in loading muskets; both violated Hindu or Muslim religious beliefs.

The mayor of Austrian Vienna, Karl Lueger, became known for what?

His fierce anti-Semitism Lueger's rhetoric appealed especially to the German-speaking lower middle class, from which would emerge a young Adolf Hitler.

According to scholars, why did working-class women accept the late-nineteenth-century "separate spheres" ideology?

Housework and child rearing were time-consuming. A female factory worker could no longer pace herself through pregnancy or breast-feed her baby on the job or mind the behavior of older children, as she could in the putting-out system. Thus a working-class woman had strong incentives to concentrate on child care within her home if her family could afford it. Also, shopping and feeding the family required a great deal of work.

What was the significance of the Ten Hours Act, enacted in Britain in 1847?

It allowed Britain to evolve politically by showing that Tories and the middle class would compete for working-class support. Passage of the act demonstrated that Tory aristocrats were willing to compete vigorously with the middle class for working-class support. This healthy competition was a crucial factor in Great Britain's peaceful evolution in the nineteenth century.

What was the Roosevelt Corollary?

It asserted the United States had the right to intervene to correct wrongdoings in its neighboring countries. The United States, the corollary declared, would correct the "chronic wrongdoing" of its neighbors, including the failure to protect U.S. investments.

What was the 1902 Platt Amendment to the Cuban constitution?

In return for a U.S. withdrawal, it granted the United States veto power over the Cuban congress and limited the rights of its executive. The Platt Amendment granted the United States veto power over the Cuban congress and limited the rights of its executive, especially in the conduct of foreign affairs.

How did industrialization in Japan affect the lives of farmers and factory workers?

Incomes failed to keep up with prices and tax burdens. During the late nineteenth century, workers were known to strike. Gradually, rice production increased along with health, and there was a rise in the standard of living.

What problem arose in nineteenth-century China as a result of population growth? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Increase in female infanticide Because families were unable to feed all their children and because the Chinese believed that sons were more important to the family than daughters, female infanticide increased in the nineteenth century.

What was one of the main religious differences between India and China in the nineteenth century?

India had a more significant Muslim population than China. There was a significant Muslim population in India but only a relatively small Muslim minority in China.

What group of people from the great migration came to dominate small businesses in some parts of Africa?

Indians Migrants from south China frequently settled in the Dutch, British, and French colonies of Southeast Asia, where they established themselves as peddlers and small shopkeepers. These "overseas Chinese" gradually emerged as a new class of entrepreneurs and office workers. Traders from India and modern-day Lebanon performed the same function in much of sub-Saharan Africa after the European seizure in the late nineteenth century.

What explains the shift in European interest in Asia from a place to buy goods to a place to sell goods? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Industrialization The industrialized nations of Europe had huge surpluses of goods for which they needed markets. In the eyes of many, Asia was the solution to this problem.

Which of the following statements can be justified by this map of industrialization in continental Europe around 1850?

Industrialization required transportation avenues, either waterways or railways. This map demonstrates that the emerging industrial areas were near either railways or waterways.

how were Britain's earliest industrial products transported in the 1700s?

Interior waterways The major industrial sites are connected by rivers and canals.

How did adoption of limited liability banks attract investors for industrialization on the European continent in the mid-nineteenth century?

Investors were only liable for the original investment and protected from other losses. In the limited liability investment, investors were financially liable only for their initial investment, not for additional losses or debts of the corporation. Because these investments were limited in risk in this way, investors were eager to put their money into them, and they could raise large sums of capital.

Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes Vietnam's Nguyen Dynasty, which took power in the early nineteenth century? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

It fashioned its bureaucracy on Chinese political structures. The Nguyen Dynasty worked through a centralizing scholar bureaucracy fashioned on the Chinese model and energetically built irrigation canals, roads, and bridges.

What action of the National Assembly deepened the racial violence between whites and free coloreds in Saint-Domingue in 1791?

It granted political rights to free people of color who were born of free parents and held sufficient property. When news of this legislation reached Saint-Domingue, the white population was furious and the colonial governor refused to enact it.

What was the position of the Constitution regarding the lands of Native Americans?

It guaranteed their lands would not be taken without consent. The Constitution promised protection to the Native Americans and guaranteed their land would not be taken without consent.

What was the significance of the Monroe Doctrine (1823)?

It implied that Latin America was part of the U.S. sphere of influence. The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the United States would keep European influence out of Latin America.

How did the Factory Act of 1833 differ from the series of British Factory Acts passed from 1802 to 1833?

It installed a system of full-time inspectors to enforce provisions of previous acts. The series of Factory Acts from 1802 to 1833 had progressively limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety standards. Now the government required that these provisions be enforced.

How did the introduction of the steam engine transform the British iron industry?

It made iron a cheap, basic building material. Once scarce and expensive, iron became the cheap, basic, indispensable building block of the British economy.

Why was the invention of the steam engine so crucial to the Industrial Revolution?

It provided unprecedented amounts of power. For the first time in history, with the invention of the steam engine, humanity had, at least for a few generations, almost unlimited power at its disposal. For the first time, inventors and engineers could devise and implement all kinds of power equipment to aid people in their work.

How did the growth of the railroads change British industry in the early and mid-nineteenth century?

It reduced the cost of overland freight, allowing markets to become much larger. The railroad dramatically reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight over land. As a result, markets became larger and even nationwide.

How did Richard Arkwright's water frame, invented in the 1760s, transform cloth production?

It required large specialized mills that employed hundreds of workers. Arkwright's water frame had a capacity of several hundred spindles and was driven by waterpower. The water frame thus required large specialized mills, factories that employed as many as one thousand workers from the very beginning.

How did the increase in agricultural output after 1750 change Europe?

It resulted in increases in population and the cost of living. Due to increased agricultural production, Europe's population rose rapidly after 1750, its cities and towns swelled in size, and inflation kept pace with demography.

What was the symbolic importance of Giuseppe Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel's joint ride through Naples in 1860?

It sealed the union of northern and southern Italy. When Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel rode through Naples to cheering crowds, they symbolically sealed the union of north and south and of monarch and people.

Why did the United States support the Panamanian insurrection against Colombia in 1903?

It wanted to negotiate with the new Panamanian government favorable terms to build and control a canal. The United States supported the Panamanian insurrection in order to negotiate favorable terms to build and control a canal.

How did the "new imperialism" of the late nineteenth century emerge?

It was a frantic rush to create or enlarge vast overseas empires. Late-nineteenth-century imperialism was characterized by a sudden burst to acquire political empires abroad and contrasted sharply with the limited economic penetration of non-Western territories between 1816 and 1880.

What was the most persuasive Western argument against European imperialism?

It was immoral. Many Western critics of European imperialism struck home with their moral condemnation of whites imperiously ruling nonwhites. Critics charged Europeans with applying a degrading double standard and failing to live up to their own noble ideals. Europeans imposed military dictatorships on Africans and Asians, forced them to work involuntarily, and discriminated against them shamelessly. Only by renouncing imperialism and giving captive peoples the freedom idealized in Western society would Europeans be worthy of their traditions.

Why wasn't the vast middle territory of Canada included in the Dominion by 1871?

It was too sparsely populated. The lands of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and most of what would later become Manitoba were too sparsely populated to achieve provincial status.

What argument does Ferry use to justify France's undertaking colonial expansion?

It would strengthen French grandeur and power. Ferry argues that colonial acquisitions would strengthen French power and make France competitive with other European nations.

Which statement can be justified by this map?

Italy unified at the expense of the Austrian Empire. Two parts formerly of the Austrian Empire—Lombardy and Venetia—were integrated into the new Italy.

Who designed the first commercially practical and efficient steam engine?

James Watt Watt saw that the Newcomen engine's waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendid invention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine.

Which country met the challenge of Western imperialism in the nineteenth century by industrializing and becoming an imperial power in its own right?

Japan Convinced that they could not beat the West until they had mastered the secrets of its military and industrial might, the leaders of Meiji Japan initiated a series of measures to reform Japan along modern Western lines. Japan also became an imperial power, making Taiwan and Korea into its colonies.

Which Asian country was most thoroughly changed by industrialization and westernization in the late nineteenth century? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Japan The transformation of Japan between 1860 and 1900 was extraordinary. By 1914, Japan had urban conveniences and educational levels comparable to those in Europe.

Which of the following statements describes Japan in 1853, before the arrival of the American naval officer Matthew Perry? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Japan had limited contact with the outside world. In 1853 trade with Japan was limited to the port of Nagasaki and only open to the Dutch, and the Japanese were forbidden to travel abroad.

What was the result of the Sino-Japanese War?

Japan made gains at China's expense. As a result of its victory in the Sino-Japanese War, Japan gained control of Taiwan, indemnity payments from China, and the right to build factories in China.

How did Japan establish itself as the most exceptional example of industrial growth outside of the Western world?

Japanese entrepreneurs adopted Western technology and manufacturing methods. Japan stands out as an exceptional area of non-Western industrial growth in the second half of the nineteenth century. After the forced opening of the country to the West in the 1850s, Japanese entrepreneurs began to adopt Western technology and manufacturing methods, resulting in a production boom by the late nineteenth century.

What were the zaibatsu of Japan?

Japanese industrial conglomerates that emerged during the Meiji period Most of the great Japanese industrial conglomerates known as zaibatsu, such as Mitsubishi, got their start in the Meiji period, often founded by men with government connections.

As people looked to find work in the mid-nineteenth century, they often relied on what networks?

Kinship Ties of kinship and extended families were particularly important for newcomers.

In practice, what did European "good government" in Africa mean after 1900?

Law and order maintained by authoritarian governments The self-proclaimed political goal of the French and the British was to provide "good government" for their African subjects, especially after World War I. "Good government" meant, above all, law and order. It meant strong, authoritarian government, which maintained a small army and built up an African police force to put down rebellion, suppress ethnic warfare, and protect life and property.

What were the "free womb laws" in the Americas? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Laws that granted freedom to children of slaves "Free womb laws" were often a first step in the abolition of slavery.

Between 1815 and 1850, many people who believed in nationalism also believed in which of these?

Liberalism A common faith in the creativity and nobility of the people was perhaps the single most important reason for linking liberalism and nationalism.

Which nineteenth-century ideology called for unrestricted private enterprise with little or no government interference in the economy?

Liberalism Liberalism's economic principles, known as the doctrine of laissez faire, were developed by Scottish philosopher Adam Smith in 1776. Smith argued for a free economy in opposition to mercantilism and its attempts to regulate trade.

What impact did the French revolutions of 1848 have on the rest of Europe?

Liberals elsewhere demanded reforms, more representative governments, and greater civil liberties. Throughout central Europe, the news of the upheaval in France prompted demands from liberals for written constitutions, representative government, and greater civil liberties from authoritarian regimes. When governments hesitated, popular revolts followed.

This map shows the impact of industrialization in Britain around 1850. In which of the following cities would a textile merchant likely be most profitable at this time?

Liverpool The economy of Liverpool, the major port city in northern England, focused on textiles, among other items.

What was the "bacterial revolution" of the late nineteenth century?

Louis Pasteur's discovery that germs cause disease Perhaps the most important breakthrough in sanitation and disease prevention was the development of the germ theory of disease by Louis Pasteur. By 1870, the work of Pasteur and others had clearly demonstrated the connection between germs and disease. Over the next twenty years, researchers identified the organisms responsible for many diseases. These discoveries led to the development of a number of effective vaccines and an emphasis on sanitation.

Why weren't the eighteenth-century industrial innovations in Britain's textile industry, such as the water frame and the spinning jenny, adopted in the rest of Europe?

Low wages made such innovations unnecessary. At first, the machines were too expensive to build and did not provide enough savings in labor to be adopted in continental Europe or elsewhere. Where wages were low and investment capital was scarce, there was little point in adopting mechanized production until significant increases in the machines' productivity and a drop in the cost of manufacturing them, both of which occurred in the first decades of the nineteenth century.

What group of workers attacked factories and smashed machines in northern England?

Luddites The Luddites were a group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and smashed the machines that they believed were putting them out of work.

After independence, what happened to silver mines in Mexico, like the one at La Valenciana?

Machinery was destroyed and mines ceased to operate. After Mexican independence, neither private investors nor the new government had the capital necessary to reactivate the mines.

What form did the modernization embraced by Russia after the 1850s take?

Making changes to allow the country to compete with other powers It became clear to Russia's leaders that they had to embrace the process of modernization, defined narrowly as the changes that enable a country to compete effectively with the leading countries at a given time.

Quinine enabled Europeans to enter the tropical parts of Africa by 1900 because it controlled attacks from which disease?

Malaria Malaria is a particularly rampant disease in tropical regions. Newly discovered quinine effectively controlled malaria attacks, which had previously decimated Europeans in the tropics of Africa.

In 1913 the value of world trade was about twenty-five times what it had been in 1800, even though prices of manufactured goods and raw materials were lower in 1913 than in 1800. What can we thus infer about global trade in the nineteenth century based on this statement?

Mass consumption was taking place around the world. In short, people were buying goods. If prices fell on goods but the value of trade increased twenty-five fold overall, then people were buying goods in massive numbers.

The Suez Canal, which was completed in 1869, shortened the voyage from Europe to Asia by thousands of miles by connecting the Red Sea directly with the

Mediterranean Sea. By connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal shortened the voyage between Europe and Asia considerably.

The term "Porfiriato" refers to the regime of Porfirio Díaz in what country?

Mexico Porfirio Díaz ruled from 1876 to 1911 with only a single term out of power, providing Mexico with unprecedented stability.

German unification in the nineteenth century resulted in part from a successful alliance between the aristocratic leadership of William I and Bismarck and what other group?

Middle class Following the Austro-Prussian War, the constitutional struggle in Prussia was over, and the German middle class accepted the monarchical authority and aristocratic superiority that William and Bismarck represented.

The idea of Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia as a unifier particularly appealed to what group in nineteenth-century Italy?

Middle class To the Italian middle class, Sardinia, under King Victor Emmanuel, appeared to be a liberal, progressive state ideally suited to achieve the goal of national unification.

Which two classes gradually came to be defined during the nineteenth century?

Middle class and workers The term "middle" was used to reflect the fact that this group was below the small numbers of aristocracy and better off than the large group of unskilled workers.

What was a result of Russia's military defeats in the Crimean War (1853-1856) and in the war with Japan (1905)?

Military disaster forced the tsar along the path of social change and modernization. Tsar Alexander II agreed to free the serfs and encouraged railroad construction after the losses in the Crimea, while Tsar Nicholas II agreed to the October Manifesto and continued industrial development.

What goal did the nineteenth-century Egyptian ruler Ismail share with his grandfather Muhammad Ali? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Modernizing and expanding Egypt Muhammad Ali's grandson Ismail was a westernizing autocrat who shared his grandfather's desire to modernize Egypt and build an empire in northeastern Africa.

How did the invention of the steam engine change how people lived in the nineteenth century?

More factories moved to cities because of the availability of labor. Because the steam engine freed industrialists from having to build factories near running water, they began to build factories in the cities, where labor was more plentiful.

What impact did the railroad have on the consumer goods available to people in the early and mid-nineteenth century?

More goods, and cheaper goods, were available at wider markets than ever before. Railroads allowed for goods to be produced in bulk, and thus cheaply, and then transported to wider markets.

The emancipation of Jews throughout Europe in the nineteenth century resulted in which of the following by 1871?

Most Jews improved their economic situations and became middle-class citizens. By 1871, a majority of Jews in western and central Europe had improved their economic situations and entered the middle classes. Most Jews identified strongly with their respective nation-states and considered themselves patriotic citizens.

What was Napoleon's Continental System, created in the early 1800s?

Move against British trade After 1806, both satellites and allies of France were expected to support Napoleon's Continental System, a blockade in which no ship coming from Britain or her colonies was allowed to dock at any port controlled by the French.

How did the composition of the industrialists change as industrial development matured?

New industrialists were more likely to have inherited their businesses and were more financially secure than their parents had been. As factories and firms grew larger, opportunities declined, at least in well-developed industries. Formal education became more important for young men as a means of success and advancement, and formal education at the advanced level was expensive. Leading industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their enterprises, and they were financially much more secure than their struggling parents had been.

With what law did the Russian monarchy grant full civil rights and promise a popularly elected legislature in the early twentieth century?

October Manifesto A great general strike in Russia in October 1905 forced Tsar Nicholas II to issue the October Manifesto, which granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected parliament, called the Duma, with real legislative power.

The acquisition of which of the following territories made the United States into a true colonial power?

Philippines The Spanish-American War lasted just ten weeks and led to U.S. control over Cuba, the Philippine Islands, and Puerto Rico; with these acquisitions, which were kept as colonies, the United States became a colonial power.

What was the legal theory of slavery in the American colonies by the late eighteenth century?

Only people of African descent could be enslaved. By 1750, Europeans associated African ancestry with slavery and assumed that all slaves were African or of African descent.

What was the common factor that encouraged Asians to migrate?

Overpopulation On the push side of Asian emigration, between 1750 and 1900 world population grew rapidly, in many places tripling. Not surprisingly, the two largest Asian countries, China and India, were the leading exporters of people in search of work or land.

Which city became the model of city planning and rebuilding in Europe after 1870?

Paris In the twenty years from 1850 to 1870, Paris was transformed by slum clearance, new streets and housing, parks and open spaces, and improved sewers and aqueducts. The rebuilding of Paris stimulated modern urbanism throughout Europe.

How was France "hopelessly divided" by the end of the Franco-Prussian War?

Paris against the provinces As in June 1848, Paris was the home of much more radical beliefs, while the conservative French countryside enjoyed greater power in the National Assembly.

What group or institution benefited from the August 1789 declaration by France's National Assembly that abolished nobles' privileges?

Peasants Ending nobles' privileges responded in part to the grievances of the peasantry. From that point forward in the Revolution, peasants were determined to protect and consolidate this victory.

The revolution of 1848 failed in Austria because what group supported the aristocracy and its desire to avoid reform?

Peasants In October the predominantly peasant troops of the regular Austrian army attacked the student and working-class radicals in Vienna and retook the city; thus the coalition of the peasants and the aristocracy ended the 1848 revolution in Austria.

What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on the population of Britain up to 1850?

Population increased sharply as goods were more plentiful. The population of Britain increased rapidly, growing from about 9 million in 1780 to about 21 million in 1851.

What late 1840s event pushed Irish workers to seek employment in British factories?

Potato famine Many urban workers in Great Britain were from Ireland. They were forced out of rural Ireland by population growth and deteriorating economic conditions from 1817. Their numbers increased dramatically during the desperate years of the potato famine, from 1845 to 1851.

How did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy affect the priesthood in France?

Priests were chosen by voters. In July 1790 the National Assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which established a national church with priests chosen by voters.

The leaders of which state were particularly disturbed by Napoleon's reorganization of the western German states into the German Confederation of the Rhine?

Prussia Napoleon's intervention in German affairs alarmed the Prussians, who mobilized their armies; Prussia was concerned that Napoleon would try to control its territory as well.

What reform did Edwin Chadwick champion for cities in the 1840s?

Public sewers Collecting detailed reports from local officials and publishing his findings in 1842, Chadwick argued that sewers were more cost-effective than communal outhouses and much more sanitary.

In the early 1900s, what was the key to drawing the African interior into the world economy?

Railroads linking coastal trading centers with interior outposts Economically, the colonial goal was to draw the African interior into the world economy on terms favorable to the dominant Europeans. The key was railroads linking coastal trading centers to outposts hundreds of miles in the interior.

Which of the following statements characterizes the Thermidorian reaction to the French Revolution?

Rejection of radicalism in favor of moderate policies favoring property owners The Thermidorian reaction that followed the demise of Robespierre harkened back to the beginnings of the French Revolution, rejecting the radicalism of the sans-culottes in favor of moderate policies that favored property owners.

What message is the illustrator attempting to portray about French politics with this image from the early French Revolution?

Releasing the peasantry from traditional social control will result in violence. This image shows a recently unshackled peasant reaching immediately for weaponry while the other two estates—the clergy and the nobility—look on in shock and worry.

Which of the following was secured by the English Reform Bill of 1832?

Representation in Parliament for the new industrial areas The Reform Bill of 1832 had profound significance; an important aspect of the legislation was that the new industrial areas of the country gained representation in the House of Commons.

How did the congress system work to ensure the ongoing peace in Europe after 1814?

Representatives from the Quadruple Alliance met periodically to discuss common interests and methods to ensure peace. The Quadruple Alliance members agreed to meet periodically to discuss their common interests and to consider appropriate measures to maintain peace in Europe. This agreement marked the beginning of the European "congress system," which lasted long into the nineteenth century.

The 1791 French constitution did which of the following?

Retained the king as head of state The constitution established a constitutional monarchy.

What was an important consequence of the Dreyfus affair in late-nineteenth-century France?

Revival of militant republican feeling against the Catholic Church and the severing of all ties between the state and the church The Dreyfus affair revived militant republican feeling against the church. Between 1901 and 1905, the French government severed all ties between the state and the Catholic Church after centuries of close relations.

Which factor successfully challenged the international slave trade in West Africa in the 1800s?

Rise of trade in tropical products such as palm oil The abolitionist movement in Britain argued for a transition to legitimate trade, to end both the transatlantic slave trade and internal African slave systems.

Who attempted one of the earliest experiments with a socialist community?

Robert Owen Owen was an industrialist who had long shown a firm discipline combined with concern for the health and safety of his workers. He began to experiment with cooperative communities after 1815.

What was one of the results of the Romantic movement of the mid-nineteenth century?

Romantic scholars helped convert Slavic spoken peasant languages into modern written languages. The Romantic interest in folk tales and traditions turned attention to the need to record traditions and cultures in eastern Europe in particular.

What helped create the relative stability in Brazil from 1808 to 1889?

Rule by a constitutional monarchy The Portuguese monarchy ruled Brazil after 1808, and in 1824, two years after Pedro I declared independence, Brazil was governed by a liberal constitution. His son Pedro II ruled from 1840 to 1889, helping to provide stability.

What helped create the relative stability in Brazil from 1808 to 1889? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Rule by a constitutional monarchy The Portuguese monarchy ruled Brazil after 1808, and in 1824, two years after Pedro I declared independence, Brazil was governed by a liberal constitution. His son Pedro II ruled from 1840 to 1889, helping to provide stability.

Which group in society lost the most when Latin American countries re-entered the world economy in the late nineteenth century?

Rural peasants As the values of agricultural exports increased, so did the value of land. This resulted in an aggressive attempt by governments and private investors to seize lands any way they could.

Where was anti-Semitism the most oppressive in Europe?

Russia In Russia, officials used anti-Semitism as a way to channel popular discontent. In 1881-1882, violent pogroms took place in which peasants attacked Jews and looted their property.

What right was secured in the Civil Code issued in France by Napoleon in 1804?

Security of property and wealth Napoleon's bargain with the middle class was codified in the famous Civil Code of March 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code, which reasserted two of the fundamental principles of the Revolution of 1789: equality of all male citizens before the law and absolute security of wealth and private property.

What types of labor policies governed the U.S. construction of the Panama Canal?

Segregationist policies U.S. authorities instituted the same segregationist policies applied in its other Caribbean territories.

What was one of the hardships for female slaves who worked in domestic service? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Sexual abuse Domestic servitude brought prestige to the masters, but added sexual abuse to the miseries that slaves endured.

Among which group of workers did unionizing efforts first succeed in early-nineteenth-century Britain?

Skilled trades workers Skilled craftsmen continued to take collective action, and societies of skilled factory workers also organized unions. Unions sought to control the number of skilled workers, to limit apprenticeship to members' own children, and to bargain with owners over wages.

Why were slaves freed soon after independence in Spanish America?

Slaves and free blacks were promised freedom in return for supporting various rival factions. Manumission often became a reward for military service. Manumission combined with free womb laws meant that by the time slavery was abolished, most blacks had already gained their freedom.

How did slavery in Africa develop as the transatlantic slave trade declined in the nineteenth century?

Slaves were used more intensively than ever within Africa. Slavery and slave markets remained strong in sub-Saharan Africa, as local warfare and slave raiding continued to enslave large numbers of men, women, and children. Thus, the slow decline of the transatlantic slave trade coincided with the most intensive use of slaves within Africa.

Which description characterizes Canada's population around 1900?

Small and mainly rural Canada was thinly populated throughout the nineteenth century, and by 1900, it had little more than 5 million people (compared to 76 million living in the United States). Most of those people were farmers who lived in rural areas.

Urban living standards were increased in the middle of the 1800s through the vaccine for which disease?

Smallpox Smallpox vaccination became routine during this time, which helped prevent the spread of the highly infectious disease and made urban areas more inhabitable.

What did the National Convention of France initially hope to gain by granting freedom to the slaves of Saint-Domingue?

Soldiers to fight against Britain and Spain The National Convention freed the slaves in all of France's colonies, including Saint-Domingue, hoping that the freed slaves would fight for France against Britain and Spain.

In what part of the Ottoman Empire were rulers challenged by nationalist-inspired Christians and outside empires?

Southeast Europe Beginning in the late seventeenth century, the rising absolutist states of Austria and Russia began to challenge the Ottoman Empire and gradually to reverse Ottoman rule in southeastern Europe.

What motivated Spain in the eighteenth century to increase prices in its American colonies on items for which the Crown had a monopoly?

Spain believed its Latin American colonies should pay for some of their own defense. Like Great Britain, Spain believed its colonies should bear some of the costs of their own defense. Accordingly, Madrid raised the prices of its monopoly products—tobacco and liquor—and increased sales taxes on many items. As with North American colonies, the result was protests from the colonists.

According to the Meiji Restoration's slogan, which of the following would guarantee a wealthy nation? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Strong army The cry of the Meiji reformers was "strong army, rich nation."

In addition to laborers, what other group of Asians began to go abroad in significant numbers in the early twentieth century? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Students By the beginning of the twentieth century, Asian students were going abroad in significant numbers.

What role did the Meiji emperor play in the reforms implemented in Japan as part of the Meiji Restoration? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Symbolic figurehead The Meiji Oligarchs used the symbol of the emperor to rally support for their cause from both lords and commoners. During the emperor's first decade on the throne, the leaders carried him around in hundreds of grand imperial processions so that he could see his subjects and they him. The emerging press also worked to keep its readers informed of the young emperor's actions and their obligations to him. Real power remained in the hands of the oligarchs.

How did British rule in India change after the Great Mutiny (also called the Great Revolt) of 1857? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

The British ruled more directly, more strictly, and more imperially. Although princely states were allowed to continue after the Great Mutiny, Britain ruled India much more tightly. Moreover, the British in India acted more like an occupying power and mixed less with the Indian elite.

Why did Chinese laborers stop coming to the United States in the 1880s?

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 denied their entrance into the country. Increasingly violent protests against Asians led to race riots in California, which finally culminated in the Exclusion Act.

Which of these was a consequence of Benito Juárez's victory over the French and Maximilian?

The Mexican republic was restored. As a result of Juárez's victory, the Mexican republic was restored and the conservatives were completely discredited.

Why did the Mountain faction side with the sans-culottes in the National Convention of the French Revolution?

The Mountain used the sans-culottes to get an edge over the Girondists. The laboring poor and the petty traders of Paris were known as the sans-culottes and demanded radical political action to guarantee them their daily bread, and the Mountain, sensing an opportunity to outmaneuver the Girondists, joined with sans-culottes activists to engineer a popular uprising.

Which statement best reflects the extent of Napoleon's rule in Europe in 1812?

The French empire proper included the Low Countries, the Illyrian provinces, and parts of Italy. The French empire continued to grow and expand, and by 1812 included these provinces.

As the slave trade diminished along Africa's Atlantic coast, what simultaneous development occurred in worldwide patterns of slavery?

The Red Sea and Indian Ocean slave trade increased. As more nations, including the United States, joined Britain in outlawing the slave trade, the shipment of human cargo slackened along the West African coast. At the same time the ancient but limited shipment of slaves across the Sahara and from the East African coast into the Indian Ocean and through the Red Sea expanded dramatically.

What does the image of the French governor general with the Vietnamese emperor suggest about their relationship?

The Vietnamese emperor set himself apart from the French by maintaining his distinct appearance. The emperor continued to dress in traditional style and did not adopt Western dress.

Who overthrew Sultan Abdülhamid II in 1908?

The Young Turks Fervent patriots, the so-called Young Turks, seized power in the 1908 revolution, overthrowing Sultan Abdülhamid II.

How did the Spanish govern and establish their presence in the Philippines?

The Spanish government encouraged colonization through the encomienda system. Under this system, Spaniards who had served the Crown were rewarded with grants giving them the exclusive right to control public affairs and collect taxes in a specific locality of the Philippines.

What measure did Louis XVI's finance minister attempt to enact to 1787 in order to deal with France's financial crisis?

The calling of an assembly of notables to gain support for fiscal reform The notables, however, rejected the reforms, claiming only the Estates General could approve such sweeping changes.

Consider the following quote from the document "What Is the Third Estate?": "The Third Estate therefore contains everything that pertains to the Nation and nobody outside of the Third Estate can claim to be part of the Nation. What is the Third Estate? EVERYTHING. . . . By Third Estate is meant the collectivity of citizens who belong to the common order. Anybody who holds a legal privilege of any kind leaves that common order, stands as an exception to the common law, and in consequence does not belong to the Third Estate." What was the main argument of the abbé Emmanuel Sieyès in this passage?

The commoners were the true strength and spirit of the French nation. Sieyès argued that the third estate—which is "everything" and which "contains everything that pertains to the Nation" is the nation itself and that anyone outside the third estate has no claim to it.

What belief did liberals, democrats, and nationalists all have in common?

The creativity and nobility of the people Nationalists, liberals, and democrats all believed that if the people were united they could transcend class and local interests.

Which feature was characteristic of ordinary laborers' lives in the British workforce before the 1830s?

The family continued to work as a unit in factories. Prior to the Factory Act of 1833, workers often came to the mills and the mines as family units, with the mill or mine owner bargaining with the head of the family and paying him or her for the work of the whole family.

Why were the economic gains from the new imperialism quite limited in the first decade and a half of the 1900s?

The new colonies were too poor to buy much and offered few profitable investments. The overall economic gains of the new imperialism proved limited before 1914. The new colonies were too poor to buy much, and they offered few immediately profitable investments.

When Napoleonic forces invaded Portugal, what happened to the Portuguese royal family?

They fled to Rio de Janeiro in the Portuguese colony of Brazil. Aided by the British navy, the Portuguese royal family fled to Rio de Janeiro, which had a profound effect on Brazilian independence decades later.

By uniting India under a single legal system and infrastructure, the British created what for India's future?

The foundation of a powerful state By creating a well-educated, English-speaking Indian elite and a bureaucracy aided by a modern communication system, the British laid the groundwork for a unified, powerful state. Britain placed under the same general system of law and administration the various peoples of the subcontinent who had resisted one another for centuries.

Which of the following statements describes a consequence of the triumph of the Sokoto caliphate in Sudan?

The new emphasis on government of laws made the caliphate stable and prosperous. The Sokoto caliphate was based on Islamic history and law, which gave sub-Saharan Africa a sophisticated written constitution that earlier preliterate states had never achieved. This government of laws, rather than men, provided stability and made Sokoto one of the most prosperous regions in tropical Africa

How did the 1871 Brazilian law granting freedom to children born to slaves actually help plantation owners make money?

The law stipulated that children were to be apprenticed to the mother's master, freeing him from having to pay for the children's care. In Brazil, children freed under the free womb laws remained apprenticed to their mother's master until they reached adulthood. These laws preserved masters' access to the labor of the children of slaves, while freeing masters from their obligations to care for elderly slaves.

From 1815 through the nineteenth century, which group was most associated with liberalism in Europe?

The middle class In the early nineteenth century, liberal political ideals became more closely associated with narrow class interests. Early nineteenth-century liberals favored representative government, but they generally wanted property qualifications attached to the right to vote. In practice, this meant limiting the vote to well-to-do males of the middle class.

Which group did Friedrich Engels blame for the appalling working conditions he saw in the factories of northern England?

The middle class, for exploiting workers After studying conditions in northern England, Friedrich Engels, a young middle-class German, published The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844), a blistering indictment of the middle class. According to Engels, the new poverty of industrial workers was worse than the old poverty of cottage workers and agricultural laborers, and the culprit was industrial capitalism, led by middle-class exploitation of the workers.

How did government policy in Great Britain during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries encourage industrialization in the country?

The navy protected imperial commerce, and the army quelled uprisings by disgruntled workers. Britain's parliamentary system taxed its population aggressively and spent the money on a navy to protect imperial commerce and on an army that could be used to quell uprisings by disgruntled workers.

After Latin America adopted the steam engine by the mid-nineteenth century, what was the ultimate status of industry in that region?

The region continued to rely on agricultural products. Latin American countries were distracted from economic concerns by the early-nineteenth-century wars of independence. By the mid-nineteenth century, they had adopted steam power for sugar and coffee processing, but as elsewhere, these developments led to increased reliance on agricultural crops for export, not a rise in industrial production.

Who proclaimed Brazil's independence from Portuguese control?

The son of the Portuguese king In 1821 the Portuguese king returned to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro in Brazil as regent. Under popular pressure, Pedro proclaimed Brazil's independence in 1822, issued a constitution, and even led resistance against Portuguese troops.

How did the boundaries of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies change from about 1780 to 1830?

The southern region of the Rio de la Plata fragmented the most. The Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata broke up into Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, which would eventually become part of Argentina.

This image from South Africa in 1910, slightly after British conquest of the area, shows a Roman Catholic nun instructing boys from a Zulu tribe. In which of the following ways does this image typify larger trends of European education in Africa at this time?

The teacher is a missionary. Education, public health, hospitals, and other social service expenditures increased after the Great War but still remained limited. Europeans feared the political implications of mass education and typically relied instead on the modest efforts of state-subsidized mission schools.

Which of the following statements characterizes the Karlsbad Decrees of 1819?

They forced German states to root out subversive ideas in universities and newspapers. The Karlsbad Decrees established a permanent committee to investigate and punish any liberal or radical organizations and required the member states of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers.

What was the ultimate outcome of Fritz Harkort's attempts to produce steam engines in Germany?

The venture turned into a financial disaster. Harkort succeeded in building and selling engines in Germany, although his enterprise proved a financial disaster for himself and his partners.

What impact did the introduction of railroads, steamships, and steam-powered factories have on Russia in the nineteenth century?

These developments did not lead to overall industrialization of the country. Russia's government brought steamships to the Volga River and a railroad to the capital, St. Petersburg, in the first decades of the nineteenth century. By midcentury, ambitious entrepreneurs had established steam-powered cotton factories using imported British machines. However, these advances did not lead to overall industrialization of the country, most of whose people remained mired in rural servitude.

What were eighteenth-century liberals' ideas toward equality between men and women?

They did not believe that equality between men and women was practical. Women played an important role in the revolutions in Europe and the Atlantic world, but in the case of both revolutions, formal political rights were limited to men.

What step did Robespierre and the Committee for Public Safety take as part of their effort to defeat the armies of the First Coalition during the French Revolution?

They directed a planned economy. The planned economy established in September 1793 by Robespierre and his coworkers had egalitarian social overtones; rather than let supply and demand determine prices, the government set maximum allowable prices for key products.

Why were European colonial officials reluctant to move decisively against slavery within Africa?

They feared that an abrupt abolition of slavery would prove costly and disruptive. Officials feared that an abrupt abolition of slavery where it existed would disrupt production and lead to costly revolts by powerful slaveholding elites, especially in Muslim areas.

How did gaining the right to vote by 1914 help change the mind-set of ordinary people?

They felt they were "part of the system" and were more loyal to their governments. By 1914 universal male suffrage was the rule rather than the exception. Scholars find that suffrage had as much a psychological significance as a political one in encouraging ordinary people to feel they were part of the larger polity.

Which of the following statements is true about the immigrant workers who moved to urban centers to find work in the mid-nineteenth century?

They formed their own neighborhoods and maintained cultural traditions. Immigrant groups were often held together by ethnic and religious ties and often worked together as well.

Which of the following statements is true about the majority of slaves who made their way from Africa to Haiti in the late eighteenth century?

They found themselves working on sugar plantations.

How did the maturation of industrial society after the 1850s affect the economic roles of the wives and daughters of successful businessmen?

They had fewer opportunities to contribute as vital partners in family enterprises. The wives and daughters of successful businessmen found fewer opportunities for active participation in Europe's increasingly complex business world. Rather than contributing as vital partners in a family-owned enterprise, as many middle-class women had done, they were increasingly valued for their ladylike gentility.

How did the 1685 Code Noir originally treat free people of color who lived in the French colonies?

They had the same legal status as whites. The 1685 Code Noir (Black Code) that set the parameters of slavery granted free people of color the same legal status as whites: they could own property, live where they wished, and pursue any education or career they desired.

Which of the following statements describes the Young Turks, active in the Ottoman Empire around 1900?

They helped to prepare the way for the birth of modern secular Turkey. The Young Turks were idealistic Turkish exiles in Europe and young army officers in Istanbul who seized power in the revolution of 1908, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms. These fervent patriots helped to prepare the way for the birth of modern secular Turkey after the defeat and collapse of the Ottoman Empire in World War I.

How did the Federalists calm fears that the new federal government would take away individual freedoms?

They promised to amend the Constitution to include a Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights spelled out the individual freedoms that government could not limit or take away.

What happened to many European migrants who went on the great migration of the nineteenth century?

They returned home. Many European migrants who took part in the great migration of the nineteenth century returned home after some time abroad.

How did the white colonial elite of Saint-Domingue respond to the ideals of revolutionary France?

They saw an opportunity to take control of their own affairs and maintain their slave society. Saint-Domingue's white elite, infuriated by talk of abolition and determined to protect their way of life, looked to revolutionary ideals of representative government for the chance to gain control of their own affairs.

How did the European powers convince Egyptian governor Muhammad Ali to return Syria to the Ottomans?

They threatened military action. In 1840 Russian diplomatic efforts and a naval blockade by Britain and Austria convinced Muhammad Ali to return Syria.

Why did the British sell opium in China in the nineteenth century? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

They wanted cheap tea, and opium was the only good that the Chinese wanted to buy. Great Britain and others had long used silver to pay for tea, but the supply of that metal, largely from South America, was unstable and was, at any rate, not under British control.

What was the first reaction of the kings and nobles of continental Europe to the revolution in France?

They welcomed the revolution. At first the kings and nobles of other European countries welcomed the revolution because it weakened France, but they soon came to fear its extent and power to spread.

Why did several hundred Parisians storm the Bastille on July 14, 1789?

They were afraid of the royal army massing near Paris On July 14, 1789, several hundred people stormed the Bastille, a royal prison, to obtain weapons and gunpowder for the city's defense, in response to the massing of troops near Paris.

What does the image suggest about the masses of German people eager for reform?

They were largely unarmed and peaceful. Most of the civilians are not shown with weapons, but rather with their arms open, as if wanting to talk with the troops.

What happened to the native peoples in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Latin America after European investment began to transform their economies?

They were often displaced and decimated. Native American Indians, Australian Aborigines, New Zealand Maoris, and others were often forced to leave their lands and were decimated by diseases, liquor, and weapons as Western society expanded further.

Why did so many Irish seek work in Great Britain?

They were pressured first by high population growth and later by the potato famine. In 1824 most of the workers in Glasgow cotton mills were Irish.

Which Asian countries were most likely to respond violently to encroachments from the West? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Those with long literary traditions In the countries with long literary traditions, often the initial response of the established elite was to try to drive the unwelcome foreigners away. This was the case in China, Japan, and Korea in particular. Violent antiforeign reactions exploded again and again, but the superior military technology of the industrialized West almost invariably prevailed.

How was U.S. racism manifested in its policy toward Puerto Rico?

Thousands of Puerto Rican women were involuntarily sterilized. U.S. policymakers believed that a reduction in the number of Puerto Ricans living on the island would be in the island's best interest.

Why was the Committee of Public Safety formed during the French Revolution of 1793?

To address threats to France from within and without The Convention formed the Committee of Public Safety in April 1793 to deal with threats both from within and outside France; the committee held dictatorial power to deal with the national emergency, allowing it to use whatever force necessary to defend the Revolution.

What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?

To bring order to European imperialism in Africa To bring order to the competition for African colonies, Premier Jules Ferry of France and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck of Germany arranged a European conference on Africa in Berlin in 1884-1885. The Berlin Conference, to which Africans were not invited, established the principle that European claims to African territory had to rest on "effective occupation" in order to be recognized by other states.

Why do scholars believe that the industrial workforce of the nineteenth century grew increasingly segregated by gender?

To enable those in power to control workers' sexuality The growth of factories and mines brought unheard-of opportunities for girls and boys to mix on the job, free of familial supervision. Thus segregation of jobs by gender was partly an effort by older people to help control the sexuality of working-class youths.

What was the primary goal of the popular revolt in Paris in 1848?

To expand the electorate and create a democratic republic The government's refusal to consider electoral reform heightened a sense of class injustice among shopkeepers and urban working people, and it touched off a popular revolt in Paris in 1848. The revolutionaries were firmly committed to a truly popular and democratic republic.

Why did the European powers protect the Ottoman Empire from the forces of Muhammad Ali in the mid-nineteenth century?

To keep the Ottoman Empire dependent European powers preferred a weak and dependent Ottoman state to a strong and revitalized Muslim entity under a dynamic leader such as Muhammad Ali.

What was President Lincoln's stated intention when he declared war on the states that seceded from the Union in 1861?

To preserve the territorial integrity of the United States The ensuing civil war resulted in the deaths of over 750,000 civilians and combatants.

Why were the British so concerned with expanding their territorial empire in Asia in the nineteenth century?

To protect their interests in India Defending British possession of India became a key element of Britain's foreign policy during the nineteenth century and led to steady expansion of the territory Britain controlled in Asia.

What was the goal of the reforms known as the Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century?

To remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model The reforms known as the Tanzimat were designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model.

What was the nature of the most severe restrictions American colonists faced from England prior to the American Revolution?

Trade regulations and taxation American colonists resisted the Stamp Act of 1765 as vigorously as they did because the most severe restrictions the British had levied on the colonies had been trade regulation and taxation; in every other aspect of government, the colonies had been left alone to make decisions for themselves.

How did Japan limit the influence of foreign merchants for centuries?

Trade was limited to one port, and no foreign travel was allowed. Japanese isolation was also helped by the fact that it was so much smaller than China and Western powers never expected as much from Japan.

Which factor led King William I to call on Otto von Bismarck to lead the Prussian government?

Triumph of liberals in parliamentary elections after they had rejected increases in the military budget William I was convinced that war with Austria or France was possible, and he pushed to raise taxes and increase the defense budget to double the army's size, which the Prussian parliament rejected. King William then called on Count Otto von Bismarck to head a new ministry and defy the parliament.

Which factor contributed to the British defeat in the American Revolution?

United efforts among European nations By 1780, Britain was engaged in an imperial war against most of Europe as well as the thirteen colonies. In these circumstances, and in the face of severe reverses in India, in the West Indies, and at Yorktown in Virginia, a new British government decided to cut its losses and end the war.

Which Haitian revolutionary was the first to demand political rights for all free citizens?

Vincent Ogé In July 1790 Ogé returned to Saint-Domingue from Paris determined to win rights for free people of color.

What immediate impact did the first spinning machines have on the lives of cottage workers in the late eighteenth century?

Wages increased until the end of the century. The wages of weavers, now hard-pressed to keep up with the spinners, rose markedly until about 1792.

Which statement summarizes David Ricardo's iron law of wages?

Wages will sink to subsistence level as a result of population growth. David Ricardo's depressing iron law of wages posited that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level. That is, wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving.

What can be inferred from this passage about what Rammohun Roy preferred to be the future of education in India?

Western education rooted in the sciences Roy's objection to the Sanskrit schools teaching material "of little or no practicable use to the possessors or to society" suggests that he wanted a modernized educational system. In the same essay, he argues that Western knowledge and learning in mathematics, chemistry, and "useful" sciences should be taught in Indian schools.

Why did violent resistance in Asia and Africa to Western imperialism usually fail?

Western military technology was superior. Violent antiforeign reactions exploded in Asia and Africa again and again, but the superior military technology of the industrialized West almost invariably prevailed.

What tested the political compromise on slavery between the U.S. North and South?

Westward expansion Westward expansion tested the political compromise on slavery. Armed confrontations erupted in Kansas over whether that territory should enter the union as a free or slave state.

Which of the following individuals was a critic of the British Industrial Revolution?

William Wordsworth Wordsworth lamented the destruction of the rural way of life and the pollution of the land and water.

Why were cottage workers reluctant to work in the new factories in the early nineteenth century?

Workers had to keep up with machinery and worked under constant supervision. Cottage workers were upset at the loss of independence that characterized factory work, including having to work to the pace of the machines and under the constant supervision of managers.

By 1853, most of the states of the German Confederation were linked to Prussia by

economic ties. By 1853, all the German states except Austria had joined the German customs union, and a new Germany excluding Austria was becoming an economic reality.

While the rest of Europe was convulsing in revolutions in the middle of the 1800s, Great Britain's political system was fairly stable. This stability was accomplished as a result of

political co-option of workers. Through various bills, such as the Reform Bill of 1832 and the New Poor Law of 1834, British politicians astutely won the support of the middle class and workers and thereby succeeded in managing unrest without the outbreak of revolution.

The Latin American independence movements of the nineteenth century drew strength from

racial and class discrimination. The Latin American movements for independence drew strength from racial and class discrimination, unfair taxation and trade policies, Spain's declining control over its Latin American colonies, and the spread of revolutionary ideas.

This image portrays a cotton-packing operation in India. The activity exhibited here illustrates that the nations who did not industrialize in the nineteenth century nonetheless participated in the global industrial economy by supplying

raw materials. Though these nations did not industrialize, they still played a role in the industrial economy by supplying raw materials like cotton, foodstuffs, timber, and later oil.

In this famous photo of Pancho Villa (center left, in the presidential chair) and Emiliano Zapata (to Villa's immediate left, holding the large sombrero), it can be inferred that Villa's and Zapata's support came primarily from

rural peasants. Most people in this image are rural peasants. Both Villa in the north and Zapata in the south fought for access to the land for rural peasants.

The African colony of Sierra Leone differed from other European colonies in Africa because Sierra Leone

was created as a settlement for freed slaves. In 1807, British Parliament declared the slave trade illegal. Britain then began using its navy to seize slave runners' ships, liberate the captives, and settle them in the British port of Freetown, Sierra Leone.