History FINAL

Memory and Memorials

museums and memorials - D.C. New England Holocaust Memorial - Fanuel Hall, Boston

Martha + Waitstill Sharp

relief to hundreds of endangered Jews and other refugees in Prague.

Major Wilhelm Trapp

- commander of the reserve police battalion 101

Chaim Rumkowski

-head of jewish council in Lodz Ghetto -transformed ghetto into machine production because he believed that it would keep people alive (he was wrong) -prisoners were sent to death camps -"give me your children speech" when germans wanted 20,000 kids

Judenrat

-jewish councils -they would carry out German authority orders

Abraham Landau

Branded on my arm and in my soul - full story in notes

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

located in DC, it is a memorial in the format of a museum

final solution

the Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews. -Introduced by Heinrich Himmler and administered by Adolf Eichmann, the policy resulted in the murder of 6 million Jews in concentration camps between 1941 and 1945.

Dawid Sierakowiak

- Lodz Ghetto -kept diary of events -abrupt end- died probably from TB -was very honest and good at observing

Jewish Youth Movement

- Warsaw uprising was led by Jewish youth -during war movements turned into resistance centers

Terezin/ Theresienstadt

- considered concentration camp b/c of gas chamber, but more a ghetto -Theatre -Red Cross visited, they made it look really nice - people were not believed if they escaped -"gift to jews"- was for the upper class -made out to seem like a good place/ better than other ghettos

Dachau

- first concentration camp in Germany -intended to hold political prisoners

Reinhard Heydrich

- high ranking German Nazi during WWII (Many compare him to Hitler) -security police cheif -mastermind behind a lot of holocaust -sent out the Schnellbrief -was a speaker at Wannsee Conference -"the final solution"

Death Camps

- murder -exploitation of victims labor, prior to death -systematic killings mostly by gas -Chelmno, Treblinka, Belzec, sobibor (immediatly killed) -concnetration camps- worked first

Forms of resistance

- spiritual resistance in ghettos -carried out there religion in secrecy -resisted by simply living -hiding -some forms of physical resistance

Holocaust Denial

-Feb 2007- jewish memorial defaced - 300 graves desiccated -contend holocaust never happened -myth--> gas chambers -Iran--> denies holocaust -documentation -still denied even though there is documentation -personal accounts--> perpetrators and victims

Oscar Schindler

-German spy, Nazi -saved 1,200 jews by employing them in factories in poland -at first he did if for money and then had a change of heart

Adam Czerniakow

-Head of warsaw- obeidience until he kills himself -large jewish population -tries to negotiate for more food etc- they are not budging -his decision as leader remove himself from situation -obeying orders= too much to handle

hungarian jews

-Hungarian authorities ordered Hungarian Jews living outside Budapest (roughly 500,000) to ghettos -440,000 transferred to Auschwitz

Yad Vashem

-Israel's official memorial to holocaust victims -located on mount remembrance in jerusalem -righteous Among nations is a part of this

choiceless choice

-Lawrence Langer coined the term -unprecedented situations of conflict jews found themselves in during holocaust -no good choice (die by gun shot or lethal injection)

Leon Bass

-an educator from Philadelphia. -He is noted as an African-American soldier in World War II who witnessed the Buchenwald concentration camp. Wikipedia

Kristallnacht / "night of broken glass"

-attack on Jews november 9th, 1938 -pogroms -jewish building were destroyed -broken glass everywhere

Christopher Browning

-author of ordinary men

Mordechai Anielewicz

-commander of Warsaw ghetto uprising

Chelmno

-concentration camp in central Poland -first camp where gassing was used to murder on a large scale -december of 1941 -320,000 people- 3 survivors

The Ghettos

-dirty, difficult to escape , provided slave labor for Nazis -if resistance= death every time -physical conditions= awful -ex; Lodz, Warsaw, Vilna, Minsk - why: dehumanization- to reduce chance of resistance, consolodation, labor,monitor amount of food

Euthanasia

-first program of mass murder -targeted mentally and physically disabled -2 years before holocaust -started with kids and eventually adults -used carbon monozide, but called it This to make it look peaceful

Le Chambon

-french village who provided refugee for 5,000 who were fleeing from Vicy authorities and Germany

Pope John Paul II

-gave a speech at yad vashem

Jewish Star

-german decree : all germans must wear star -star given to track them and deport them -punished if found not wearing star

Victor Frankl

-head of psychiattry Rothschild hospital, vienna -1942 deported to Terezin -transfered to Auschwitz -holocaust survivor -writes about the nazis not being able to take the jews minds - pretended he was a professor--> he kept his mind going

rescuers/ hiding

-hiding people at risk of death -how does a rescuer become one emotional reaction: split between what is taught and what you do under impulse -people who hid jews; people who denounced jews

Righteous among the Nations

-honor used by the state of Israel to describe non-jews who risked their lives to save jews during the Holocaust -in yad vashem -only those who did it out of goodness of heart -did not receive anything in return

Identification/ registration of jews

-humiliation -marking jews so they could not hide -identification/ registration -red "J" in passport -sarah "israel" middle name

Auschwitz

-main death camp-all railroads lead to this camp -1940- concentration camp for poles (polish people) 1941- camp for russian POW 1942- death camp for jews with forced labor workers system of 3 camps: I, II, III - joseph mengele -over 1.1 million died

Massacre at Babi Yar

-massacres by germans in Ukraine during fight with Soviet Union -kurt eberhand made these decisions -largest killing in fight with soviet

wannsee Conference

-nazis gathered to discuss final solution of jewish problem -Reinhard Heydrich represented the SS at the meeting

Lodz

-one of the first ghettos 1940 -2nd largest one -last ghetto liquidated (destroyed) -leader obeyed demands, Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, tried to make people useful so they wouldn't be killed

Brundibar

-play/ opera put on by kids in Theresienstadt ghetto -brought all good clothes and it was used as props -jews were singing bad about germans -didn't have to wear star during show(rebel + were able to act as someone else) -cast kept dying and when new people entered they became cast -1944- no one left to perform

death march

-prisoners were forced to march many miles in the cold, being beaten along the way -shot if they could not keep up

Schnellbrief

-september 21, 1939 -Reinhard Heydrich chief of Police sent this out stating: -jews living in towns would be transferred to Ghettos and.. - Judenrat- organization of jewish councils

Rudolf Hoess

-ss leader of auschwitz described extermination with out remorse -massive deception and playing on hope

Gleiwitz

-sub-camp of Aushwitsz -1939 involved Reinhard Heydrich fabricating evidence of a Polish attack against Germany to mobilize German public opinion for war and to justify the war with Poland -Britain and France (allies of Poland) then declared war on Germany

Liberator Trauma

...