History FINAL
Memory and Memorials
museums and memorials - D.C. New England Holocaust Memorial - Fanuel Hall, Boston
Martha + Waitstill Sharp
relief to hundreds of endangered Jews and other refugees in Prague.
Major Wilhelm Trapp
- commander of the reserve police battalion 101
Chaim Rumkowski
-head of jewish council in Lodz Ghetto -transformed ghetto into machine production because he believed that it would keep people alive (he was wrong) -prisoners were sent to death camps -"give me your children speech" when germans wanted 20,000 kids
Judenrat
-jewish councils -they would carry out German authority orders
Abraham Landau
Branded on my arm and in my soul - full story in notes
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
located in DC, it is a memorial in the format of a museum
final solution
the Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews. -Introduced by Heinrich Himmler and administered by Adolf Eichmann, the policy resulted in the murder of 6 million Jews in concentration camps between 1941 and 1945.
Dawid Sierakowiak
- Lodz Ghetto -kept diary of events -abrupt end- died probably from TB -was very honest and good at observing
Jewish Youth Movement
- Warsaw uprising was led by Jewish youth -during war movements turned into resistance centers
Terezin/ Theresienstadt
- considered concentration camp b/c of gas chamber, but more a ghetto -Theatre -Red Cross visited, they made it look really nice - people were not believed if they escaped -"gift to jews"- was for the upper class -made out to seem like a good place/ better than other ghettos
Dachau
- first concentration camp in Germany -intended to hold political prisoners
Reinhard Heydrich
- high ranking German Nazi during WWII (Many compare him to Hitler) -security police cheif -mastermind behind a lot of holocaust -sent out the Schnellbrief -was a speaker at Wannsee Conference -"the final solution"
Death Camps
- murder -exploitation of victims labor, prior to death -systematic killings mostly by gas -Chelmno, Treblinka, Belzec, sobibor (immediatly killed) -concnetration camps- worked first
Forms of resistance
- spiritual resistance in ghettos -carried out there religion in secrecy -resisted by simply living -hiding -some forms of physical resistance
Holocaust Denial
-Feb 2007- jewish memorial defaced - 300 graves desiccated -contend holocaust never happened -myth--> gas chambers -Iran--> denies holocaust -documentation -still denied even though there is documentation -personal accounts--> perpetrators and victims
Oscar Schindler
-German spy, Nazi -saved 1,200 jews by employing them in factories in poland -at first he did if for money and then had a change of heart
Adam Czerniakow
-Head of warsaw- obeidience until he kills himself -large jewish population -tries to negotiate for more food etc- they are not budging -his decision as leader remove himself from situation -obeying orders= too much to handle
hungarian jews
-Hungarian authorities ordered Hungarian Jews living outside Budapest (roughly 500,000) to ghettos -440,000 transferred to Auschwitz
Yad Vashem
-Israel's official memorial to holocaust victims -located on mount remembrance in jerusalem -righteous Among nations is a part of this
choiceless choice
-Lawrence Langer coined the term -unprecedented situations of conflict jews found themselves in during holocaust -no good choice (die by gun shot or lethal injection)
Leon Bass
-an educator from Philadelphia. -He is noted as an African-American soldier in World War II who witnessed the Buchenwald concentration camp. Wikipedia
Kristallnacht / "night of broken glass"
-attack on Jews november 9th, 1938 -pogroms -jewish building were destroyed -broken glass everywhere
Christopher Browning
-author of ordinary men
Mordechai Anielewicz
-commander of Warsaw ghetto uprising
Chelmno
-concentration camp in central Poland -first camp where gassing was used to murder on a large scale -december of 1941 -320,000 people- 3 survivors
The Ghettos
-dirty, difficult to escape , provided slave labor for Nazis -if resistance= death every time -physical conditions= awful -ex; Lodz, Warsaw, Vilna, Minsk - why: dehumanization- to reduce chance of resistance, consolodation, labor,monitor amount of food
Euthanasia
-first program of mass murder -targeted mentally and physically disabled -2 years before holocaust -started with kids and eventually adults -used carbon monozide, but called it This to make it look peaceful
Le Chambon
-french village who provided refugee for 5,000 who were fleeing from Vicy authorities and Germany
Pope John Paul II
-gave a speech at yad vashem
Jewish Star
-german decree : all germans must wear star -star given to track them and deport them -punished if found not wearing star
Victor Frankl
-head of psychiattry Rothschild hospital, vienna -1942 deported to Terezin -transfered to Auschwitz -holocaust survivor -writes about the nazis not being able to take the jews minds - pretended he was a professor--> he kept his mind going
rescuers/ hiding
-hiding people at risk of death -how does a rescuer become one emotional reaction: split between what is taught and what you do under impulse -people who hid jews; people who denounced jews
Righteous among the Nations
-honor used by the state of Israel to describe non-jews who risked their lives to save jews during the Holocaust -in yad vashem -only those who did it out of goodness of heart -did not receive anything in return
Identification/ registration of jews
-humiliation -marking jews so they could not hide -identification/ registration -red "J" in passport -sarah "israel" middle name
Auschwitz
-main death camp-all railroads lead to this camp -1940- concentration camp for poles (polish people) 1941- camp for russian POW 1942- death camp for jews with forced labor workers system of 3 camps: I, II, III - joseph mengele -over 1.1 million died
Massacre at Babi Yar
-massacres by germans in Ukraine during fight with Soviet Union -kurt eberhand made these decisions -largest killing in fight with soviet
wannsee Conference
-nazis gathered to discuss final solution of jewish problem -Reinhard Heydrich represented the SS at the meeting
Lodz
-one of the first ghettos 1940 -2nd largest one -last ghetto liquidated (destroyed) -leader obeyed demands, Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, tried to make people useful so they wouldn't be killed
Brundibar
-play/ opera put on by kids in Theresienstadt ghetto -brought all good clothes and it was used as props -jews were singing bad about germans -didn't have to wear star during show(rebel + were able to act as someone else) -cast kept dying and when new people entered they became cast -1944- no one left to perform
death march
-prisoners were forced to march many miles in the cold, being beaten along the way -shot if they could not keep up
Schnellbrief
-september 21, 1939 -Reinhard Heydrich chief of Police sent this out stating: -jews living in towns would be transferred to Ghettos and.. - Judenrat- organization of jewish councils
Rudolf Hoess
-ss leader of auschwitz described extermination with out remorse -massive deception and playing on hope
Gleiwitz
-sub-camp of Aushwitsz -1939 involved Reinhard Heydrich fabricating evidence of a Polish attack against Germany to mobilize German public opinion for war and to justify the war with Poland -Britain and France (allies of Poland) then declared war on Germany
Liberator Trauma
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