History Final

republic

(not yet a democracy) -France (b/c only men had rights) -no one in gov has an inherited position -switzerland

Sir Edward Grey

-Foreign Secretary of Britain

In what month & year did the fighting of the Great War begin?

July 1914 b/c of Austria attacking Serbia

The Origins of the First World War Timeline: 7 weeks to war

June 28: Assassination of Franz Ferdinanad July 5: The 'Blank Check' (Kaiser offers A/H this and say we will back whatever you do) July 23: Ultimatum: Austrian ultimatum to Serbia: 10 points and have 48 hours July 25: Ultimatum answered (agree to all except that A sends police to do the investigation) July 26: Answer rejected July 28: A-H declared war on Serbia, Russian mobilization July 29: Russian mob. half-canceled July 30: Russian full mobilization A-H mobilization order German ultimatums France 10-km retreat July 31: German mobilization begun, German ultimatum to France, SCHLIEFFAN PLAN Aug. 1: German full mobilization Kaiser's failed intervention Germany declared war on Russia Aug. 2: Germany invaded Luxembourg Aug. 3: Germany declared war on France Aug. 4: British ultimatum to Germany Germany invaded Belgium British declaration of war Aug. 6: A-H declared war on Russia Aug. 12: Britain/France declare war on A-H

King George V

King of England at beginning of WWI

Minister of War, Enver Pasha

Ottoman Empire..

Prime Minister René Viviani

PM of France

Paul Von Hindenburg

President of the Weimar Republic of Germany who appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933 -led the eastern front to take on Russia

Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexis (Romanov)

Russia

absolute monarchy and examples in 1914

Russia and Ottoman Emprue -no limits to the power of the czar

1. Three institutions founded under the first Bolshevik regime while Lenin was the leading figure of the Politburo included The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) The Socialist Revolutionary party The Communist International (Comintern) The Red Army (under Trotsky's direction) The Palestinian Liberation Army

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) The Communist International (Comintern) The Red Army (under Trotsky's direction)

1. In 1900, which two monarchs had reigned over their respective countries for over 50 years? Queen ____________________ and Emperor ________________

Victoria and Emperor Franz Joseph (Austria)

total war

war of not just the gov but the population too and military -WWI consuming resources (food/basic resources, weaponry, and ammunition) -9-10 million men killed from militaries -battles are different: long and more machine gun fire per minute -airplanes used to spy -fighter planes and ground bombing from planes

Russia war in 1905

with Japan, Russia was annihliated

liberalism in 1900: "Classical Liberalism"

world is fully knowable, many discoveries, confidence in science -human reason and intellect can eliminate error and solve problems -enlightened self interest -minimal state involvement FREE TRADE, little regulation, limited insurance schemes belief in progress individual rights representative gov. slowly leading to democracy

Britain in total war

~1/4 mobilized -before the war, is finished, B's armies fired 170m shells -Lloyd George and Kitchner save the day: but also the women munitions workers -go to mine owners and tell them what to make -did away with Free trade, military was only volunteer military at the beginning, conscription in 1916 -all parties invited into gov -30% income tax 1915: Shell CrisisL David Lloyd George: symbol of Britain's total war effort and PM of UK in 1916

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare. -

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Emperor of Germany during World War I

1. Why is the 'Western Front' unusual in the annals of warfare? a. For over 3 years, the front did not move more than 100 miles from the location achieved in the fall of 1914. b. Chemical warfare decided which side would be victorious c. Inability to move men from one part of the front to another. d. The widespread use of boats to support land campaigns e. The widespread use of women in combat

For over 3 years, the front did not move more than 100 miles from the location achieved in the fall of 1914.

Maurice Paléologue

France ambassador to Russia

Austria-Hungary in 1914

conglomeration of nationalities: germans, hungarians, czechs, slovaks, romanians, serbs, italians, poles -Hapsburg Empire -many languages -perpetual risk of demotion from Great Power status

1. Please distinguish 'conservatism' from 'authoritarianism'

conservatism emphasizes traditional sources of authority and avoids change authoritarianism is the rule by a 'strong man' in which strength matters no individual rights

Emperor Franz Josef (Hapsburg)

emperor of AH

conservatism in 1900

emphasizes traditional sources of authority, avoid experimentation or rapid change -military, church, big business

Europe and the world in 1914

highly populated, the world's trade center and center of commerce, industrial production, colonial master, lasting cultural production, military, Britain's navy is largerst, primary investor, people boom, birth rate is declining (demographic transition)

Herbert Asquith

i. Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1905 to 1908. ii. Prime Minister from 1908 to 1916.

"fake" constitutional monarchies

inherited ruler and a constitution, but ruler can set aside constitution -Germany (German Empire) and Austro-Hungarian Empire

indicate Germany's enemies Austria-Hungary France Russian Empire Britain Greece Serbia Bulgaria Italy Ottoman Empire Denmark Romania Note: The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and Spain remained neutral.

inverse: Britain, France, Greece, Italy, Romania, Russian Empire, Serbia

Name at least one way Europe was different from other continents at the turn of the century. What was the condition of European colonial empires at this time? (Be brief!)

it was the center of commerce and there was a belief in progress -peak of success for the colonies

militarism and example

military strenth is the answer -Kaiser Wilhelm II wanted Germany to be recognized: started to build naval ships to threaten GB

Nov 1916

Franz Josef dies?

Why did the war end?

G economy is fizzling out, G people are suffering (lack of food) -throwing in US "fresh power"

the western front

G fighting France and Britain -world war b/c colonies in other parts of the world -a reserve army in Paris to defend the city-commandeers the taxi fleet to get soldiers to fight at the mar -dug trenches defense stronger than offense -stay in position for 3.5 years

submarines

German U boats -unrestricted submarine warfare -Lusitania: G back off for a bit -Italy joins for greed

Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg

German chancellor, who encouraged the Austrian attack on the Serbs

1918

Germans make one more push on W front and ultimately fails -now front starts moving closer to G Kaiser steps down and socialists take over and decide to call an armistice Nov 11th, 11am armistice day (now veterans day)

1917

Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare -Zimmerman telegram (GB intercepts and decodes from G: unrest. sub. and keep US neutral or will band with Mexico) -Wilson admin US military is small, focused on colonial actions and Native American control -takes 1 year for US military to have an impact

Why do Richards and Waibel call the German government a "Pseudoconstitutional absolutism"?

Germany appeared to be a liberal constitutional monarchy but the parliament was elected "on the basis of universal manhood suffrage" -It could only pass the federal budget -Kaiser still has a lot of power

1. Of the great powers listed below, circle the powers which ultimately failed fighting 'total war.' Which was the first to stop fighting? ___________________ Britain France Germany Russia Austria-Hungary Italy

Germany, Russia, and Italy (FRANCE??) Russia

1. What two European great powers most exemplified the ideals of liberalism?

Great Britain and France

Who is Franz Ferdinand and where was he killed? __________________________

He was the archduke of Austria/Hungary -He was killed in Bosnia by a Serb (cross border)

1. Identify these Russian groups: Intelligentsia: _________________________________________________________________ Socialist Revolutionaries: _____________________________________________________ Social Democrats: ___________________________________________________________ What groups did the Social Democrats split into? ______________ & ______________

Intelligentsia: the class of educated people united against the czar, wanted revolution only socialist revolutionaries (populists): the soul of Russia is its peasantry-want common land, peasants are reactionaries (?) social democrats: wanted a constitution and parliament split into the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks

On what day, month, and year did the First World War end with the signing of the Armistice?

Nov. 11th, 1918

ideology

a set of beliefs about how the world should work: gov, economy, way of life -these have changed over the years

causes of WWI

-assassination of Franz Ferdinand -AH and Serbia -Russia backing Serbia and decision to mobilize -failure to compromise -rivalry to become/stay in power -national prestige -imperialism: widespread rush to take the Balkans -Blank Check -Schlieffen Plan -System of aliances

1. Briefly describe some details about the conditions for an ordinary German soldier as described in Quiet on the Western Front (or Storm of Steel where you can)? a. Diet: ____________________________________________________________ b. Camaraderie: ______________________________________________________ c. Likelihood of being killed: __________________________________________ d. Conditions in the trenches and bunkers: _____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ e. Weapons and ammunition: __________________________________________ f. Morale (this is difficult!): __________________________________________ g. View of officers: __________________________________________ h. View of drilling-master: __________________________________________ What has the war made them 'good for'?

-diet: beets and potatoes, never enough food -camaraderie: their motivation; formed friendships quickly to help them survive -likelihood of being killed: very high, almost all characters die -weapons and ammunition: had a good amount, but seemed to have knives and guns in trenches -view of officers: they obeyed them and respected them -view of drilling-master: comic relief, hated him and did not respect him -war made them "good for": only the war, they grew up and had nothing to go back to

socialism in 1900

-inspired by Karl Marx and others -class conflict as the engine of history -theory of alienation if labor in capitalist society *small units get the value of their work -achieve social justice through radical restructuring of economy and society as a whole -end capitalism and revolution and social means of profuction -trying to achieve a PERFECT society (not better)

1. Match the individual politician, monarch, or general with his respective country and role during World War I: Country Role Countries 1. Georges Clemenceau ____ ____ A. Austria-Hungary 2. Paul von Hindenburg ____ ____ B. Britain 3.T. Bethmann Hollweg ____ ____ F. France 4. David Lloyd George ____ ____ G. Germany 5. Kaiser Wilhelm II ____ ____ R. Russia 6. Czar Nicholas II ____ ____ Roles 7. Erich Ludendorff ____ ____ g. general 8. Franz Josef von Habsburg ____ ____ m. monarch 9. Helmuth Von Moltke ____ ____ p. civilian political leader 10. Raymond Poincaré ____ ____

1. F p 2. G g 3. G p 4. B p 5. G m 6. R m 7. G g 8. A m 9. F g 10. F p

1. Name at least five causes of World War I:

1. assassination of Franz Ferdinand 2. Austria-Hungary wanting to remove Serbia 3. Russia backing Serbia and their decision to mobilize 4. National prestige and failure to compromise 5. the Blank Check and Schlieffen Plan

1. The fundamental break with tradition in literature, the arts and science in the early 20th century is often called 'modernism'. Please describe three areas where such fundamental breaks occurred.

1. science: x-rays were discovered, Einstein's theory of relativity (time and space) 2. art: Picasso abstract art/cubism 3. philosophy: Nietzsche morality and christianity way for weak to control

1. In All Quiet on the Western Front, almost all the soldiers we meet are dead by the end of the book. Referring to your Group exercise on WWI impact, what was the approximate death rate for soldiers and officers in World War One? Soldiers a. <5% b. 10-15% c. 20-25% d. 30-35% Officers a. <5% b. 10-15% c. 20-25% d. 30-35%

10-15% 20-25%

constitutional monarchy

14 in 1914 -parliament has power > than king in Britain

Europe at the turn of the century in 1914

21 independent countries -35% of the world's pop, 71% of land

1. About how many military deaths occurred as a direct result of combat in the First World War? a. 800,000 - 1 million b. 1.8 - 3 million c. 8 - 10 million d. 20 - 30 million Civilian deaths added somewhere between 2-6 million to this number, depending on what is included, such as the Spanish Flu of March 1918-June 1920. Directly attributable civilian deaths due to famine included over 400,000 each in Germany and Austria-Hungary.

8-10 million

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

1. Several of the combatants of the First World War are listed below. Please indicate the Central Powers (Germany's allies) by circling them: Austria-Hungary France Russian Empire Britain Greece Serbia Bulgaria Italy Ottoman Empire Denmark Romania Note: The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and Spain remained neutral.

Austria/Hungary Bulgaria Ottoman Empire

the Balkans in 1914

Austrians want to remove Serbia -Russia wants to get the Ottoman empire (through Romania and Bulgaria) -telegram: instant communication, not used to lack of time to reflect "vacation season" -Britain appeases Japan and USA to settle differences before the war

1. Which of these countries had governments that were not overthrown during the war by internal revolutions or displaced by enemies: Austria-Hungary France Russia Belgium Germany Serbia Britain Italy

Britain France Italy

1. Name several changes that took place in your society and government as it faced the challenges of 'total war.' Country ___________________ a. Government control over the economy (how much govt control was there and did it work?) ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ b. Impact on women? ____________________________________________ Impact on industrialists (factory owners) ________________________________________________________________ Impact on labor/labor unions? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Impact on government Military control of the government? _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Use of democracy to build popular support? ________________________________________________________________ National unity: was your country's attitude about entering the war in 1914 highly unified, highly divided, or somewhat divided? _____________________ How about the attitude in 1917 (a year before the war's end?) ___________________________________________________

Britain a. censorship, food rationing, took control over the essential war markets, raised income tax to 30% to avoid borrowing b. impact on women: women gained jobs and more independence not previously available to them c. industrialists (factory owners): the gov took control over industries established as essential to the war, mine workers were told what to make or took over if they didn't d. impact on labor/labor unions: labor told to make certain goods and labor unions had strong support for the war, membership grew and unions strengthened e. military control of gov? no used democracy to build popular support by inviting all parties inot the gov (national Union gov) -attitude entering war was highly unified and in 1917 (somewhat divided) -some liberals were anti-war

1. What two countries had engaged in a major Naval arms race 1900-1914 Which country 'won'?

Britain and Germany Britain

Why did your country fight in World War I?

Britain felt that their status as a great power was being threatened by Germany and the naval arms race -additionally, they wanted to defend Belgian neutrality

HMS Dreadnought

Britain responded to Germany's growing navy by launching the most powerful warship in the world -in 1910 -all steel, big gun ship

David Lloyd George

Chancellor of the Exchequer, Minister of Munitions, Prime Minister (as of Dec 1916)

General Conrad von Hotzendorf

Chief, Austro-Hungarian General Staff

General Helmuth von Moltke,

Chief, German General Staff

1. Who wrote "Mendacity is the soul of Bolshevism" ? _______________ What is mendacity? ______________________________________________ What did he mean by this? ____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

Lenin mendacity is lying he meant to say or do anything it takes to make a revolution happen-the ends justify the means

Briefly list some of the distinguishing elements of socialist ideology at the beginning of the century. Focus on Marxian socialism, not other kinds.

Marxism socialism is based on a theory of alienation of labor in capitalist society -they want to achieve social justice by radically restructuring the economy and society through REVOLUTION -trying to achieve a PERFECT society -social justice

1. Did the Schlieffen plan succeed? ____ What actually happened?

NO fighting a two front war one war at a time -the german war plan to fight both France and Russia -they bet on the Russians being slow and sent 6/7 armies against the French then planned to rush back to fight Russia

On what day, month, and year did the First World War end with the signing of the Armistice?

Nov. 11th 1918

the 6 great powers

UK Germany Russia France Austria-Hungary Italy they can push the rest around

1. Which of these goals is associated with which Russian government? The Tsar's Imperial Government (after 1905) The Provisional Government (1917) The Communist or Bolshevik government (after November 1917) ___ Encourage revolutions in other countries. ___ Keep fighting the First World War to prove that Russia could still be a good ally (and also to get popular support after a victory over Austria!) ___ Implement some reforms, but hold off on major changes until the Constituent Assembly could be elected. ___ This government had to fight a terrible civil war that cost around 8 million people their lives. ___ Lenin was the chief figure in the government. ___ Summoned and then dissolved the Constituent Assembly ___ Kerensky was the chief figure in the government ___ Rasputin's influence over the royal family led to his meddling in government affairs. ___ Nicholas II was the chief figure in the government ___ The Soviets (translation: councils of workers, soldiers, or peasants) had the most power during this time.

___ Encourage revolutions in other countries. (c) ___ Keep fighting the First World War to prove that Russia could still be a good ally (and also to get popular support after a victory over Austria!) (b) ___ Implement some reforms, but hold off on major changes until the Constituent Assembly could be elected. (b) ___ This government had to fight a terrible civil war that cost around 8 million people their lives. (c) ___ Lenin was the chief figure in the government. (c) ___ Summoned and then dissolved the Constituent Assembly (c) ___ Kerensky was the chief figure in the government (b) ___ Rasputin's influence over the royal family led to his meddling in government affairs. (a) ___ Nicholas II was the chief figure in the government (a) ___ The Soviets (translation: councils of workers, soldiers, or peasants) had the most power during this time. (c)

1. We have discussed several revolutions in Russia: a. 1905 Revolution b. February Revolution (1917) October Revolution (1917) Please label each of the following major events with the revolution that generated it. ___ First Duma (parliament) elected ___ Bolsheviks take power ___ Provisional Government formed by the Duma & the Petrograd Soviet ___ Tsar Nicholas II abdicates (resigns) ___ This revolution took place after Russia was defeated by Japan ___ Lenin and Trotsky were leaders in this revolution ___ The Tsar's promises of more rights and democracy were largely ignored after this revolution

___ First Duma (parliament) elected (a) ___ Bolsheviks take power (c) ___ Provisional Government formed by the Duma & the Petrograd Soviet (b) ___ Tsar Nicholas II abdicates (resigns) (b) ___ This revolution took place after Russia was defeated by Japan (a) ___ Lenin and Trotsky were leaders in this revolution (c) ___ The Tsar's promises of more rights and democracy were largely ignored after this revolution (a)

What is a monarch?

a king or queen who is a supreme leader, inherited position

What is a Dreadnought?

a naval ship that Britain launched which made all others obsolete, all steel, oil powered, "fear nothing", all large caliber guns

1. After the Russian Revolution in October/November 1917, which of the following events occurred? ANSWERS CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE Russian troops invaded Austria-Hungary German troops overran western Russia (Ukraine, Belarus, Baltic states) A terrible civil war began that claimed millions of lives Lenin exiled Trotsky after stripping him of all his government positions Russia signed the humiliating Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany The Russian government called for workers' revolutions to overthrow the governments of Germany, France and Britain. The US, Britain, France, and Japan invaded Russia. A battalion of Czech soldiers took over the Trans-Siberian Railroad.

b. German troops overran western Russia (Ukraine, Belarus, Baltic states) c. A terrible civil war began that claimed millions of lives e. Russia signed the humiliating Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany f. The Russian government called for workers' revolutions to overthrow the governments of Germany, France and Britain. g.The US, Britain, France, and Japan invaded Russia. h. A battalion of Czech soldiers took over the Trans-Siberian Railroad.

1. What do you know about the Bolsheviks' ideology (which we will begin to call Communism)? Also, indicate those elements that were unique to Bolshevism. a. It was based on Social Darwinism It was based on the writings of Marx and Engels It was deeply religious As Lenin argued in "What is To Be Done?", they believed in a strongly centralized, highly disciplined party leading the revolution and the state immediately after. It included many Socialist ideas, such as social control of the means of production It postulated that people should live in self-governing communes It postulated that the revolution could only come after a successful 'bourgeois' revolution, like France and England had already experienced. It believed that the revolution could happen without help from the peasants. It believed that the workers and peasants could bring about an immediate revolution, without waiting for a 'bourgeois' revolution, if led by the party. It was against nationalism (thus arguing: workers of the world, unite!) Do whatever is needed to create the revolution, even if immoral. (The ends justify the means). It suggested that a strong dictator would be needed after the revolution.

b. It was based on the writings of Marx and Engels d. As Lenin argued in "What is To Be Done?", they believed in a strongly centralized, highly disciplined party leading the revolution and the state immediately after. e. It included many Socialist ideas, such as social control of the means of production i. It believed that the workers and peasants could bring about an immediate revolution, without waiting for a 'bourgeois' revolution, if led by the party. j. It was against nationalism (thus arguing: workers of the world, unite!) k. Do whatever is needed to create the revolution, even if immoral. (The ends justify the means).

poison gas

banned in Europe after WWI -Aug 1915: G use chlorine gas **wind issues

nationalism in 1900 nation

based on the premise that the indiv.'s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual or group interests -nation: group of people who don;t know each other but believe that they are vound together by a language, race, myths about history -belief that humanity is divided into culturally distinctive communities which should be politiaclly autonomous **not patriotism

1. What were Trotsky's chief contributions to the Bolshevik revolution: As the party's long-time 'enforcer', he arranged for the deaths of anyone who disagreed with Lenin in the years before the revolution. As the financial director of the Bolshevik movement, he arranged for bank robberies and Bolshevik marriages to wealthy heiresses in 1905-1914. Joining the Bolsheviks only in 1917, he was instrumental in convincing the other Bolsheviks to back Lenin's ideas for immediate revolution During the summer of 1917, Trotsky traveled the world gathering the support for the Bolsheviks from governments sympathetic to the Bolsheviks. As chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, he was Lenin's partner in overthrowing the Provisional Government As the chief military official of the new Russian state, he created the Red Army and successfully fought off the many armies trying to destroy the Bolshevik state.

c. Joining the Bolsheviks only in 1917, he was instrumental in convincing the other Bolsheviks to back Lenin's ideas for immediate revolution e. As chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, he was Lenin's partner in overthrowing the Provisional Government f. As the chief military official of the new Russian state, he created the Red Army and successfully fought off the many armies trying to destroy the Bolshevik state.

1. What is nationalism? ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ In the context of nationalism, what is a "nation"? ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ How does nationalism relate to conservatism and liberalism? _______________ __________________________________________________________________________

nationalism is based on the idea that individuals' loyalty and devotion to the nation are more important than other interests -a nation is a group of people who do not know each other but believe they are bound by a common language, ethnicity, religion, value, etc. -nationalism can be compatible with both -can adopt a liberal or conservative nationalism -builds small community, corruptive to larger community

women in 1914

no political status, first to grant vote is Norway -legally subordinate to husbands, cannot testify against men in court, fighting for education

imperialism in 1900

okay to rule others without their consent

The author of All Quiet on the Western Front (or Storm of Steel) has written his book with the purpose of encouraging what ideology?

pasivism

Raymond Poincaré

president of Francw

What is a "constitutional monarchy"?

queen or king who is constrained by a constitution

Why was total war necessary?

resources and people, the mobilization of the economy -the demand of war consumed so much and caused this need

authoritarianism in 1900

rule by a "strong man" -strength matters -struggle for existence -strongly influenced by social darwinism -individual rights favor the weak and weaken the nation -rep gov is a BAD system -inefficient, represents interests instead of the whole country

Modernism

scientific and cultural movement (not an ideology) -overturning certainties -x-rays, Picasso and abstract art (cubism), Nietzsche (morality and christianity designed by weak to control strong), Einstein theory of relativity, Freud and Jung, 12 tone music **contributes to uncertainty before the first WW and becomes predominant after

classes in Europe in 1914

small middle class peasants: people who participate in agriculture on a subsistence basis (grow what they need) in Russia, Sppain, Portugal, S Italy -bourgeosi: own capital and means of production, portion of middle class and becoming upper class -proletariat: wage laborers

1. Of the three main revolutionary groups, which two supported the Provisional Government during 1917? a. Socialist Revolutionaries b. Mensheviks c. Bolsheviks

socialist revolutionaries and Mensheviks (Bolsheviks wanted NO cooperation with the provisional gov)

Sultan Mohammed V

sultan of Turkey

1. What is the 'Dual Monarchy'? What family controlled it?

two states (Austria and Hungary) comprised of a single empire with their own constitutions and government -The Hapsburg family controlled it (Franz Joseph)

1. The fighting in the First World War was marked by the first widespread use of which innovations? (circle all that apply, or cross out the ones that don't) a. Tanks b. Chemical weapons c. Biological warfare d. Trench warfare e. Hand grenades f. All-big-gun engine-powered battleships g. Aircraft used for reconnaissance h. Aircraft-to-aircraft combat i. Aircraft to drop explosive charges j. Aircraft for parachute invasions k. Submarines l. Atomic bombs m. Mines (in the water)

tanks, chemical weapons, trench warfare, hand grenades, all big-gun engine-powered battleships, aircraft used for reconnaissance, Aircraft-to-aircraft combat, Aircraft to drop explosive charges, submarines, mines (in the water)

Why did the war end?

the German economy was fizzling out and the German people were suffering from a lack of food, so the Kaiser stepped down and the socialists ended the war -also, the US brought fresh power against Germany -asked for an armistice

1. What is militarism?

the belief that military strength is ALWAYS the answer like Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany

1. Name some of the major tenets of liberalism:

the world is fully knowable and there is confidence in science and human reason to eliminate error -an enlightened self-interest and minimal state involvement along with free trade and individual rights from a representative government leading to slow democratization. individual rights

The American entry into the war was strongly determined by which two 1917

the zimmerman telegram and Germany resuming unrestricted submarine warfare