History Final Exam

What was the clearest sign that a family was middle class? A. Having servants B. Traveling C. Eating well

A. Having servants

How did France and Belgium react when Germany refused to make its second reparations payment? A. They occupied the Ruhr district. B. They declared war. C. They appealed to the League of Nations.

A. They occupied the Ruhr district.

Unemployment during the Great Depression A. soared. B. remained at pre-depression levels. C. dipped below pre-depression levels.

A. soared.

How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment? A. Cities abandoned efforts to control urban growth as the boundaries of cities expanded. B. The wealthy and middle classes could isolate themselves since the streetcar was too expensive for the poor. C. Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing.

C. Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing.

The "cult of the Duce" (leader) promoted the image of Mussolini as A. a defender of Catholic values. B. an intellectual and scholar. C. a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people.

C. a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people.

How did Lenin gain popular support upon his return to Russia in 1917? A. He allied with the Russian Orthodox Church. B. He cooperated actively with the provisional government. C. He promised the continued unlimited power of the tsar. D. He appealed to soldiers, peasants, and workers.

D. He appealed to soldiers, peasants, and workers.

For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, what was the purpose of art? A. To expose the bankruptcy of modern society and produce radical social change B. To pursue the unconscious components of the mind in order to find pure truth C. To strive for beauty for beauty's sake regardless of social difficulties

A. To expose the bankruptcy of modern society and produce radical social change

What was the British political party that emerged during the 1920s as the main opposition to the Conservative party? A. Social Democratic Party B. Labour Party C. Christian Democratic Party D. Liberal Party

B. Labour Party

What was the immediate cause of British entry into the First World War? A. The sinking of the Lusitania B. The Austrian ultimatum to Serbia C. The German invasion of neutral Belgium D. The Algeciras Conference

C. The German invasion of neutral Belgium

What agreement did the United States develop to resolve the economic problems of Germany and international tensions in Europe in 1924? A. Dawes Plan B. Locarno Pact C. New Deal D. Agricultural Adjustment Act

A. Dawes Plan

What did the "war guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles declare? A. Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations. B. All of the Great Powers involved in the war were equally responsible for starting the war. C. All of the Great Powers with the exception of the United States were equally responsible for starting the war.

A. Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations.

What was companionate marriage? A. Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values B. Marriage for economic or social reasons C. Marriage chosen by the parents of the couple D. Marriage for the sake of convenience

A. Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values

How did the nature of marriage change by the late nineteenth century? A. Married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions on sentiment and sexual attraction. B. Women increasingly divorced husbands as new laws gave them greater rights over children and over the household finances. C. Married couples managed their relationship as a business affair, which gave priority to money and financial calculation.

A. Married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions on sentiment and sexual attraction.

What did the Petrograd Soviet Army Order No. 1 state? A. Military officers were stripped of their authority and power was placed in the hands of elected committees of soldiers. B. Soldiers who abandoned their positions were to be shot on sight as deserters. C. All troops were free to return to their homes and farms and to abandon the war effort.

A. Military officers were stripped of their authority and power was placed in the hands of elected committees of soldiers.

Who assassinated Grigori Rasputin in 1916? A. Nationalistic aristocrats B. Agents of the tsarist police force C. Bolshevik revolutionaries D. German mercenaries

A. Nationalistic aristocrats

What crisis presented National Socialists in Germany with an opportunity to gain more popular support? A. The Great Depression B. The rise of Mussolini C. The Spanish Civil War

A. The Great Depression

Why did the German military command recommence submarine warfare in the Atlantic despite knowing that it would lead the United States to enter the war against them? A. They believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue. B. They believed that Britain would abandon its war effort once the power of the new German submarines was recognized. C. They believed that the war was already lost and wanted to inflict as much damage as possible on Britain so that it would be weakened in its victory.

A. They believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue.

How did the Nazis manage the northern European states that they conquered? A. They established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule the states in accord with German needs. B. They placed German governors over the lands with full authority to manage local populations. C. They created a German bureaucracy staffed by professional diplomats to rule over the conquered peoples.

A. They established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule the states in accord with German needs.

What were the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (Special Task Forces)? A. They followed the German army into Central Europe, systematically murdering "undesirables" as they moved from town to town. B. They were Hitler's representatives to Mussolini, ensuring that the Italian leader pursued policies to support the war. C. They served as Hitler's personal guard who protected him from a coup by the military and who oversaw the work of the SS.

A. They followed the German army into Central Europe, systematically murdering "undesirables" as they moved from town to town.

The Great Depression did not hit Britain as hard as the United States or Germany, in part because A. the British economy had moved away from international markets and toward production of goods for the domestic market. B. Britain had a tradition of deficit spending by the government. C. the British government followed the recommendations of economist John Maynard Keynes.

A. the British economy had moved away from international markets and toward production of goods for the domestic market.

How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies? A.They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science. B. They provided vast funding to both Catholic and Protestant churches in order for those churches to promote a racialized understanding of Christianity. C. They undertook massive genealogical research in order to demonstrate that different races derived from different ancestors.

A.They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science.

What was the February Revolution in Russia in 1917? A. A military coup in which the tsar was forced to abdicate in the midst of a mutiny B. An unplanned uprising of hungry and angry people in the capital C. A planned and coordinated Communist takeover of the government

B. An unplanned uprising of hungry and angry people in the capital

Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler? A. The French government demanded that Britain adopt appeasement in its relationship with Hitler. B. British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler. C. It believed that the United States would step in if Hitler became too aggressive.

B. British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler.

What was a central component of the improvements in sanitation in the nineteenth century? A. Communal baths would reduce the spread of dangerous bacteria. B. Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost. C. Horses carried many of the diseases that afflicted humans.

B. Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost.

Which of the following describes late-nineteenth-century prostitution? A. While young men visited prostitutes, once men married, this action usually stopped abruptly in order to create family harmony. B. It was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families. C. It was increasingly outlawed and suppressed across Europe as middle-class women pressed their ideas about morality on society.

B. It was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families.

How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks' view of the Marxist party in Russia differ from the Mensheviks' view of the party? A. The Bolsheviks wanted a militaristic party, while the Mensheviks wanted a party that promoted peace and an end to the war. B. The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership. C. The Bolsheviks wanted a party that focused on electoral victory, while the Mensheviks wanted a party that focused on a military coup.

B. The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.

Why did middle-class families spend considerable portions of their income on food? A. The price of food skyrocketed as farm labor became more scarce. B. They gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity. C. They developed a habit of purchasing expensive and exotic colonial products.

B. They gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity.

Why did the Germans accept the Treaty of Versailles? A. They believed it was the best agreement they would receive from the Allied Powers. B. They had little alternative, especially as the naval blockade was still in place and the German people were starving. C. They believed that neither France nor Great Britain would enforce the provisions of the treaty that Germany disliked.

B. They had little alternative, especially as the naval blockade was still in place and the German people were starving.

As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was A. a Soviet policy that emphasized the need to concentrate on internal matters like the five-year plan and ignore European issues. B. a British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war. C. an American policy that favored isolation from European quarrels.

B. a British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war.

After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that A. each species of animal was a divine creation. B. all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin. C. acquired characteristics could be passed on to one's children.

B. all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin.

In the early twentieth century, the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns was overshadowed by A. public schools and mass education programs. B. modern mass media such as cinema and radio. C. the expansion of professional sports.

B. modern mass media such as cinema and radio.

How did the culture of sports change in the late nineteenth century? A. Sports were taken over by elite society, which added costs that the poor could not afford. B. Sports became private activities between local clubs that resisted commercialization. C. Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular.

C. Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular.

What did President Franklin Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration (NRA) attempt to do? A. Establish a social welfare system B. Nationalize banks, railroads, and heavy industry C. Plan and control the U.S. economy D. Purchase failing businesses

C. Plan and control the U.S. economy

The German Communist Party, noisy and active in the 1920s, reserved their greatest hatred and sharpest barbs for A. ultranationalists. B. Hitler's Nazi Party. C. Social Democrats.

C. Social Democrats.

Who were the two potential successors for power in the Soviet Union after Lenin's death? A. Hitler and Hindenburg B. Marx and Stalin C. Stalin and Trotsky D. Trotsky and Hindenburg

C. Stalin and Trotsky

Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder? A. The murder of Poles during the invasion of Poland B. The murder of Communists following the burning of the German Reichstag (Parliament) C. The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war

C. The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war

In his pioneering work of sociology, Suicide (1897), Emile Durkheim concluded that ever-higher suicide rates were caused by widespread feelings of A. boredom with life. B. envy of the upwardly mobile. C. rootlessness.

C. rootlessness.

In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that A. the ego is the irrational component of the self that is always seeking pleasure. B. the superego is the self-promoting desire for control and power. C. the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts.

C. the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts.

What happened to Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire during World War I? A. Most found ways to leave the Ottoman Empire during the war and make their way to the United States. B. They largely remained within their homeland in the Ottoman Empire but were criticized for not contributing more to the war effort. C.The Ottoman Empire ordered their mass deportation from their homeland, resulting in about a million Armenian deaths from murder, starvation, and disease.

C.The Ottoman Empire ordered their mass deportation from their homeland, resulting in about a million Armenian deaths from murder, starvation, and disease.

What was the Holocaust? A. A scorched-earth policy adopted by the German army as it retreated from the Soviet Union after the defeat at Stalingrad B. The German policy of deliberately starving Soviet prisoners of war C. The firebombing of German cities by American and British bombers D. The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War

D. The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War