History Final Study Guide (Minus chapter 11)
Which region domesticated wheat, barley, goats, pigs, and sheep? a. Southwest Asia (Middle East) b. Saharan Africa c. Mesoamerica d. East Asia (Write out answer EX: Mesoamerica)
Southwest Asia (Middle East)
All of the following were nomadic peoples who played a role in Silk Road trade between 350 BCE and 250 CE EXCEPT a. Parthians b. Mongols c. Kushans d. Xiongnu
b
Although he expanded Byzantine rule for a time this emperor was best know for his reformation and codification of the Roman law code. a. Theodora. b. Justintinian. c. Constantine. d. Julius Caeser.
b
Ambivalence to Hellenism is BEST exemplified by a. Carthaginian revitalizing urban centers using Greek architectural styles. b. Roman adoption of Greek styles and alphabets but retaining the Latin language. c. Kushan additions of Buddhist ideals to the Greek language. d. Indian ambassadors traveling to the Alexandrian successor kingdoms.
b
Match the Sumerian class to their position in society. 1. priest a. lowest (1st) 2.scribe b. 2nd 3. artisan c. 3rd 4. slave d. highest (4th) (Write out answer like this: 1c, 2b, 3a, 4d)
1d, 2b, 3c, 4a
The following items all address developments from 200,000 to 12,000 years ago. Place them in order from oldest to most recent. 1. Almost all hominin cousins of Homo sapiens were extinct. 2. Homo sapiens began migrating into North America. 3. Homo sapiens began to develop agriculture. 4. Homo sapiens emerged in Africa. 5. Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa and developed complex spoken language. (Put in number order, EX: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
4, 5, 1, 2, 3
Quanzhou's entrepot was located in a. Egypt b. India c. Malaysia d. China (Write out answer EX: Malaysia)
China
Which region domesticated rice and millet? a. Southwest Asia (Middle East) b. Saharan Africa c. Mesoamerica d. East Asia (Write out answer EX: Mesoamerica)
East Asia
Alexandria's entrepot was located in a. Egypt b. India c. Malaysia d. China (Write out answer EX: China)
Egypt
Cairo's entrepot was located in a. Egypt b. India c. Malaysia d. China (Write out answer EX: China)
Egypt
Got to the Americas
Homo Sapiens
Fire
Homo erectus
Left Africa
Homo erectus
Stone tools
Homo habilis
Language
Homo sapiens
Kollam (Quillon)'s entropt was located in a. Egypt b. India c. Malaysia d. China (Write out answer EX: China)
India
Melaka's entrepot was located in a. Egypt b. India c. Malaysia d. China (Write out answer EX: China)
Malaysia
Which region domesticated maize, beans, and potatoes? a. Southwest Asia (Middle East) b. Saharan Africa c. Mesoamerica d. East Asia (Write out answer EX: East Asia)
Mesoamerica
Which region domesticated sorghum? a. Southwest Asia (Middle East) b. Saharan Africa c. Mesoamerica d. East Asia (Write out answer EX: Mesoamerica)
Saharan Africa
TRUE OR FALSE: The ability of early humans to express 50 phonemes, allowed for the creation of over 100,000 words that created 19 language families that encompass of the human languages of the modern age.
True
A move from egalitarian to hierarchical social constructions can be seen when a. men began to gain more control over lands and households in farming societies. b. women were able to control entry in villages as "protectors of the children". c. women began asserting control over reproduction. d. men were in charge of more valuable hunting parties in hunting and gathering societies.
a
According to scientists, modern humans reached North America by crossing a land bridge spanning the Bering Strait sometime between ________ years ago a. 10,000 to 20,000 b. 1 million to 2 million c. 500,000 to 700,000 d. 3,000 to 5,000
a
All of the following are accurate comparisons between China and Europe between 4000 BCE and 2000 BCE EXCEPT a. Both based agricultural practices on the raising of rice AND cattle. b. Both societies left ceramic remains, which have been useful tools for archaeologists to identify cultural differences within each area. c. Both societies learned bronze-making techniques from contacts with western Asians. d. Both societies saw trade AND warfare as interactions between early communities.
a
All of the following are accurate conclusions about Mesopotamian culture that can be drawn from examinations of royal tombs EXCEPT a. Mesopotamian rulers had extensive contact with Egyptian society as they copied the burial pyramids of Egypt with the burial ziggurats in their own city-states b. Trade items like gold, lapis lazuli, and shell were luxuries that identified the status of the rich and powerful, as demonstrated by the fact that leaders were buried wearing jewelry and clothing made from these objects. c. Mesopotamian leaders enjoyed plentiful food and musical entertainment during their lifetimes, as demonstrated by the cooking vessels and instruments buried with them. d. Mesopotamian rulers had the power of life and death over their subjects, as demonstrated by the fact that servants and other underlings were sacrificed and buried with their leaders.
a
All of the following are accurate descriptions of the Cahokia (or Mississippian) culture EXCEPT a. They adopted a vertically integrated economy like the peoples of the Andes Mountains b. They had merchants which traded goods from the Appalachian Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico. c. They built enormous earthen mounds. d. They built the largest trading city in North American with a population of 15,000 inhabitants.
a
All of the following are accurate examples of Carthaginians cosmopolitan interactions EXCEPT a. Carthaginians converting to Buddhism from South Asia b. Carthaginians adopting Egyptian fashions. c. Carthaginians studying philosophy in Athens. d. Carthaginian merchants trading with West Africa.
a
All of the following were agricultural products domesticated in the Americas EXCEPT NOTE: This would include both Mesoamerica and the Andes/Amazonia. a. Wheat b. Beans c. Corn d. Potato
a
All of the following were reasons that Buddhism was able to spread from a local Indian religion to a regional belief system EXCEPT a. Mahayana Buddhism developed a theology that denied the divinity of Buddha so his acts could be followed by any individual. b. Mahayana Buddhism developed an appeal to converts by promising individual salvation from suffering. c. Political support enabled the amassing of wealth, built institutional infrastructure, and welcomed worshippers. d. Art, literature, and drama developed containing Buddhist themes that promoted and shared Buddhist ideas.
a
As the bureaucracy of the Song Empire expanded, how were officials selected? a. They passed competitive civil service examinations. b. They gained honor and glory in wars against nomads. c. They studied abroad to master the religious and philosophical beliefs of the myriad of peoples who wished to trade with China. d. They used familial connections to buy their way into the bureaucracy.
a
Hatshepsut is an outlier in Egyptian history as a. she ruled as first a regent and then co-ruler b. she attempted to introduce a monotheistic faith to the Egyptian people. c. she was a proponent of adopting chariot warfare prior to the arrival of the Hyksos. d. she was the first woman to construct a pyramid for her afterlife.
a
How did the Neo-Assyrian and Persian Empires interact with peoples living on the fringes of their territories? a. They used military force to either conquer their neighbors or demand tribute from them. b. They respected the established boundaries between polities, choosing to avoid unprovoked offensive wars. c. They successfully absorbed all the peoples on their peripheries until their empires were surrounded by uninhabited land. d. They engaged in trade wars which enabled them to take economic, but not political control, over most neighbors.
a
In Mesoamerica, the largest population center was a. the Valley of Tehuacan in Mexico. b. the San Gabriel Valley in California. c. the Chicama Valley in Peru. d. Cahokia near modern day St. Louis.
a
In Southeast Asia all of the following kingdoms were influenced by Vedic, Buddhist and Chinese thought EXCEPT a. Siam b. Mali c. Vietnam d. Khmer
a
People living on the Aegean Islands were in contact with major river basin societies, like Egypt, but they did NOT adopt their way of life primarily because a. the geography of the islands was best suited to small scattered settlements. b. island leaders disliked the centralization and social hierarchy of Egypt. c. the climate in the islands was inhospitable to farming, forcing the residents to focus only on fishing and herding. d. islanders were resource-poor and could not obtain important infrastructure-building materials.
a
The Law Code of Hammurapi promoted which of the following? a. Society was divided into three classes: freeman, dependent man, and slave, each of whom would receive different types of punishment for the same crimes. b. Society should not be based on slave labor and that outright emancipation should occur but that manumission at the end of life was a minimal requirement. c. The application of mercy was the best deterrent to crime. d. The ordering of relations among humans was controlled only by the gods.
a
The spirits worshipped in the Japanese religion of Shinto are known as a. kami b. hejaz c. Bantus d. umma
a
Trade between the Islamic world and sub-Saharan Africa resulted in which of the following? a. The start of centralized kingdoms in sub-Saharan Africa due to the wealth generated by trade. b. Revitalization of an Arab dominated caliphate as Arab Muslims united against African converts seeking to invade. c. A reduction in Islamic wealth as they provided alms to the poor of sub-Saharan Africa. d. The start of the slave trade in Africa as slaves were the only item of value in Africa.
a
Under pressure from authorities in Mecca, Muhammad and his followers fled to Yathrib (Medina) in 622 CE. Muslims refer to this as a. the hijra. b. the umma. c. the hajj. d. None of the above
a
What was the mandate of heaven? a. A Chinese concept that connected divine support for a ruling dynasty to is successful leadership practices. b. A Neo-Assyrian justification for capturing slaves, herd animals, and valuable loot during war. c. The Vedic justification for a rigid social hierarchy. d. A Chinese text that explained the duties of a good ruler.
a
Which of the following Axial Age belief systems most directly addressed questions about government and methods of leadership? a. Confucianism. b. Buddhism. c. Jainism. d. Daoism.
a
Which of the following BEST describes early cities? a. Early cities differed from small villages in that larger portions of their populations were made up of leaders, priests, and artisans. b. Early cities were just extremely large villages with the same division of labor found in any smaller village. c. Early cities differed from small agricultural villages in that most inhabitants of cities could read and write, whereas villagers could not. d. Early cities were collections of small villages clustered together for protection.
a
Which of the following hominins developed first? a. australeopithicines b. Homo sapiens c. Homo habilis d. Homo erectus
a
Which of the following is an accurate description of Charlemagne's accomplishments? a. He built an impressive, if relatively short-lived, empire in Western Europe. b. He rejected coronation by the pope. c. He established a large, complex bureaucracy to rule his empire. d. All of the above.
a
Which of the following is the correct three gods of the Hindu Trimurti, or three phases of the universe? a. Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. b. Wu, Apu, and Manu. c. Allah, Brahma, and Confucius. d. Umayyad, Abbasid and Sharia
a
Which of the following was NOT a result of the Hyksos' control of northern Egypt? a. The Egyptian state was dismantled and replaced by a Hyksos ruled empire that encompassed the Mediterranean world. b. The Egyptian military mastered the use of the horse chariot. c. The Egyptian state began to actively defend its borders. d. Egypt involved itself in the political affairs of communities in the Eastern Mediterranean.
a
Which of the following was a change brought to Egypt through their interactions (whether peaceful or violent) with nomadic people? a. bronze-making b. cultivation of corn, potatoes, and squash c. steel-smelting d. pyramid building
a
Which two of the following vied for influence in China during the Tang dynasty? a. Buddhism and Confucianism b. Confucianism and Hinduism c. Shinto and Hinduism d. Buddhism and Shinto
a
While debate may exist on the "most important" to spreading the Islamic faith after the year 1000 CE, these two methods were certainly very important means by which the Islamic faith spread. a. trade and Sufi brotherhoods b. conquests and Sufi brotherhoods c. conquests and Shi'a missionaries d. trade and Shi'a missionaries
a
Why did Islamic art usually feature geometric patterns and shapes or focused on calligraphy rather than depictions of living things? a. The Bible forbids the worship of graven images. b. Geometric shapes were seen as more godlike. c. Artists were not yet properly skilled to draw the human figure. d. Agreement with iconoclasm of the Byzantine Empire
a
Upright walking
australopithecine
A technological innovation that the Shang held tight control over and enabled them to dominate China for five centuries was a. gunpowder. b. bronze-working. c. writing. d. archery.
b
After their initial conquests in India Islamic invaders were often integrated into the caste system as a. Brahmans, as monotheism finally cemented Hinduism's moves to centralize divine power. b. Kshatriyas, as entered as warriors and married into ruling families. c. Untouchables, as Muslims were outside of the caste system and refused to play by its rules d. Shudras, as Muslims sought to covert the poor to their faith.
b
All of the following are ways the Neo-Assyrian Empire used to expand its influence and power EXCEPT a. intimidation, through maiming, rape, and mass execution of conquered people. b. trade colonies far from its home territory. c. successful use of new military technologies. d. visual, literary, and ritual expressions of the legitimacy of its power, built on a religious foundation.
b
All of the following are ways the Vedic peoples changed South Asia EXCEPT a. Vedic people devised standard weights and measures that improved trade. b. Vedic people permanently destroyed the agricultural base of Harrappan civilization in South Asia. c. Vedic people introduced new domesticated animals, especially horses. d. Vedic people imported an Indo-European language to South Asia, Sanskrit.
b
All of the following were examples of common types of goods traded along the Silk Road EXCEPT a. religious items like incense and aromatics. b. everyday foodstuffs like rice and wheat. c. intellectual developments like the Buddhist faith. d. luxury items like laquerware and silk.
b
Asoka and Constantine were both leaders who converted to minority religions in the respective empires. What was the most striking DIFFERENCE between the relation of each of their religions to the empire they governed? a. Asoka's religion became a tradition among the ruling class, Constantine's vanished upon his death. b. Constantine's religion became the official religion of his empire, Asoka's remained a minority. c. Asoka's religion only drew converts from the upper classes (castes), Constantine's from the lower classes. d. Constantine tolerated traditional religions, Asoka did not.
b
Borrowed from the Greeks, what was the Roman term for "foreigners" that implied the inferiority of those people? a. Huns b. barbarians c. Christians d. Goths
b
In comparison to those who lived in the territorial states of Egypt and Mesopotamia, those who lived on the margins of these worlds were a. Neanderthals. b. adept user of technology who built societies suited to their environments. c. primitive hunters and gatherers. d. savage barbarians.
b
In sub-Saharan Africa, cultural ideas spread and long-distance trade networks were developed in response to a. political and military challenges from the Egyptian kingdoms. b. climate changes that forced people to migrate many hundreds of miles from their original settlements on the southern edges of the Sahara Desert. c. their lack of agricultural knowledge and their prevailing hunter-gatherer lifestyles. d. the growing global demand for gold, which was a readily available commodity in Africa.
b
Just as Indo-European nomads brought language, horses, and war chariots to agricultural societies across Afro-Eurasia, Austronesian oceangoing nomads in the South Pacific spread a common material culture that included all of the following EXCEPT a. yams, breadfruit, and bananas b. writing c. outrigger canoes d. pigs
b
Our textbook states that the physical layout of early cities mirrored the growing social hierarchies in Mesopotamian society. What does this mean? a. The canal in the center of Mesopotamian cities was a dividing line between the religious institutions (the upper classes) and the artisans and political functionaries (the lower classes). b. The temple's location at the center of the city indicated the importance of the gods, and the physical separation of occupational groups suggests that residents interacted primarily with others who shared their economic status. c. The existence of specific neighborhoods for each profession indicated that Mesopotamian cities were fully self-sufficient, with each community's artisans providing for all the city's needs. d. The growth of suburbs beyond the city walls indicted that wealthy families abandoned the centers of town, leaving the temple to care for the poorer residents living in tightly packed urban areas.
b
Ruling at the center of the Silk Road this empire was defeated by the Umyyad caliphate. a. Byzantine. b. Sasanian. c. Sogdian. d. Gupta.
b
The European drinking cup indicative of a warrior culture was called a. a golden goblet. b. a bell beaker. c. a bronze stein. d. a warrior's friend.
b
The Mayan collapse can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT a. drought. b. outside invasion. c. climatic change. d. internal warfare.
b
The Popul Vuh, Rig Veda, and Bible all show a. details of mummification. b. the creation of the world. c. a justification of monotheism. d. an early human calendar system.
b
The Vedic peoples who settled in South Asia developed a widespread social and economic hierarchy. What were the major groups in this hierarchy called? a. Kshatryias b. Varnas. c. Satrapies d. Jatis
b
The following would MOST likely to have been said by which of the choices below? "My family line is one of those that brought wisdom to this region. It is my correct place in the cosmic order to fight when needed and to rule over others. I do this with the aid and spiritual guidance of Brahmans." a. King of Neo-Assyrian Empire. b. Vedic king in South Asia c. Rule of Zhou China. d. King of Persian Empire
b
Transhumant refers to a. the migrations of people across large bodies of water. b. herders who move their herds seasonally when resources become scarce. c. the practice of island hopping as societies move on to previously uninhabited islands. d. arid regions with little available water or rainfall.
b
What city rose to power in Russia as a result of its position as a crossroads of overland trade and migration? a. Gdansk b. Constantinople c. St. Petersburg d. Kiev
b
What do ships that sailed from the Persian Gulf to the Indus Valley in the second mellennium BCE demonstrate? a. Expansionist tendencies, that that the ships were designed for combat and territorial expansion. b. Well-developed regional markets for goods, in that the ships were designed to carry significant quantities over long distances. c. A fear of recurring climate change, in that the ships were intended to move large populations to new homes. d. A new version of pastoral nomadism, in that the ships were designed to follow schools of fishes and pods of whales that had been domesticated.
b
What means slash and burn? a. cenote. b. swidden. c. sasanian d. caliph
b
What modern continent do most scientists consider to be the birthplace of humanity? a. Asia b. Africa c. Europe d. South America
b
Which of the following areas did NOT develop an agricultural system? a. Central Europe b. Australia c. Mesoamerica d. Sub-Saharan Africa
b
Which of the following is a CORRECT listing of the Five Pillars of Islam? a. Declaration of Faith, Alms for the Poor, Fasting at Ramadan, Hajj, Jihad b. Declaration of Faith. Alms for the Poor, Daily Prayer, Fasting at Ramadan, Hajj c. Declaration of Faith, Jizya for non-Muslims, Fasting at Ramadan, Intention to Pray, Hajj d. Intention to Pray, Jizya for non-Muslims, Fasting at Ramadan, Hajj, Jihad
b
Which of the following is an accurate comparison between Socrates and Confucius? a. Both challenged the ideas of social hierarchy and inequality between people. b. Both advocated self-knowledge and self-reflection c. Each was killed by his government for the ideas he espoused. d. Each wrote extensively in their own hand and left a rich body of literature that is studied to this day.
b
Which of the following is an accurate description of why urbanization and political centralization was later in China compared to other river basin societies? a. Chinese rivers were much more manageable and reliable than other river systems, meaning Chinese communities did not need to cooperate as much as communities elsewhere. b. The Himalayan Mountains and the Taklamakan and Gobi deserts prevented large-scale human migrations, thus slowing the spread of ideas and practices from western Asia into China. c. The abundance of wild animals and plants in relatively secluded China made hunting and gathering an effective form of life much longer then in other river valleys. d. Warfare between Chinese communities slowed political development in China because whenever a community began to develop beyond simple village life, it was attacked, and usually wiped out, by neighbors.
b
Which of the following is an accurate explanation for the development of trade in Mesopotamia? a. People in the region engaged in trade because they had strong political interest in developments in East Asia and Europe. b. People in the region pursued trade because they lacked a variety of natural building materials, metals, and minerals. c. People in the region invented trade because they had surplus goods and no place to store them. d. People in the region actually sought to avoid trade since they were no interested in products outside their own religious communities.
b
Which of the following is an example of the advancements in knowledge made by Indian and Arab merchants in Indian Ocean trade? a. The expansion of trade in oil, wine, and textiles. b. The development of new navigational techniques and sailing technologies. c. The development of silk worm farms to increase silk production in China. d. The enslavement of East Africans as sailors on trading ships.
b
Which of these groups wielded great power along the Silk Road as they controlled important oasis cities? a. Huns b. Sogdians c. Nestorians d. Goths
b
Which was the following was NOT inherited by modern humans from earlier hominins? a. making and using tools b. the production of elaborate artwork c. bipedalism d. making and using fire
b
Why was an alphabet a particularly appropriate writing system for the Phoenicians? a. The Phoenician alphabet was used by priests across Mesopotamia, giving it credibility and an aura of trustworthiness, which was helpful in trade. b. An alphabet has fewer characters than earlier writing systems, making it faster and easier to learn, thus making literacy a genuine possibility for working merchants. c. An alphabet uses characters that are associated with weights, measures, and numbers, making it particularly useful for merchants. d. The Phoenician alphabet as a polyglot combination of many other writing systems, so was helpful for a traveling merchant in communicating with a variety of people.
b
With the decline of Teotihuacan, near modern day Mexico City, what group of people moved in to fill that void? a. Moche b. Toltecs c. Pueblos d. Cahokians
b
All of the following are true about the development of ancient Egyptian society EXCEPT a. The Nile floodplain is very narrow, resulting in a thin band of densely settled territory on its banks. b. The flooding of the Nile tended to be predictable. c. The southward flow of the Nile encouraged trade contacts with Sub-Saharan Africa over Mesopotamia. d. The annual cycle of flooding meant that the dense Egyptian population had periods devoted to agricultural work and periods available for other kinds of work.
c
All of the following statements regarding the development of the hominin brain is true EXCEPT a. As the size of hominin brains increased, Homo sapiens developed the cognitive abiltiy to connect sounds to ideas: complex speech. This ability was the foundation of both art and spiritual ideas. b. As the size of hominin brains increased, Homo erectus were able to learn, remember, and teach their young how to use fire to cook food. c. As the size of hominin brains increased, Australopithecus afarensis began to live in social groups. This population density caused Australopithecus afarensis to migrate out of Africa into Asia. d. As the size of hominin brains increased, babies were born with smaller heads then adults. This altered family dynamics so that hominins, beginning with Homo erectus devoted years to childcare.
c
Although the archaeological record does not yet support its existence what was the name of the primordial dynasty of China? a. Mulan b. Han c. Xia d. Shang
c
Drawing upon Hellenistic traditions and its new geographic center the Byzantine Empire a. chose Arabic over Latin as the official language. b. Chose Latin over Persian as the official language c. chose Greek over Latin as the official language. d. chose Greek over Persian as the official language
c
European Christiandom was made up of two major sects, or branches, known as a. Sunni and Shia. b. Mahayana and Hinayana. c. Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches. d. Nestorian and Zoroastrian.
c
In many river basin societies the centralization of religion became an important means of controlling the population. Which of the following is an example of the greater centralization of religious worship in Egypt? a. Commoners acquired personal amulets to protect their health. b. Commoners worshiped on their own behalf in small local shrines. c. The pharaoh engaged in ritual worship on behalf of the kingdom. d. Each city was believed to have its own patron deity.
c
In what ways were the interactions between early communities within Europe similar to the interactions between communities in Mesopotamia? a. In both regions, a single leader briefly managed to unify a collection of formerly independent city-states. b. In both regions, historians have learned about interactions by interpreting physical artifacts, as neither region developed writing by the third millennium BCE. c. In both regions, competition for resources led to territorial conflict. d. In both regions, early cities were built close to copper mines and fought with one another over mine access.
c
Islam spread across the Sahara Desert and into West Africa, in part, due to traders who sought to a. trade with merchants from the Americas who were eager to learn of the new faith. b. buy ivory from the western Europeans in exchange for teaching them Arabic. c. exchange weapons and textiles for gold, salt, and slaves. d. sell copies of the Quran in exchange for silk and rice.
c
Kublai Khan was successful in conquering China, but was unsuccessful in which of the following? a. Continuing trade along the Silk Road. b. Establishing Islam as the dominate religion in China. c. A seaborne invasion of the Japanese islands. d. Cutting off China from any foreign influence.
c
One of the primary reasons that several hundred thousands left Western Europe and moved to Eastern Europe was in order to a. escape the Mongol conquests. b. live within the Byzantine Empire under Eastern Orthodox Christianity. c. escape the constraints of feudalism. d. give up framing and adopt a hunting and gathering lifestyle.
c
Raja is to Indians as sultan is to a. Chinese. b. Mongols. c. Turks. d. Africans.
c
Sedentary societies are a. nomadic. b. transitional societies between Paleolithic and Neolithic people. c. the result of mass agriculture. d. societies that used bronze to expand their control of the environment.
c
Sharia is based on which of the following? I. The Qu'ran II. The hadith III. Writings of the caliphs IV. Local laws pre-dating Islam a. I only b. II and III only c. I and II only d. All were used to create sharia
c
The Islamic scholar Ibn Rushd (Averroes) and Thomas Aquinas both drew from which Greek philosopher to join faith and reason in their respective faiths? a. Socrates b. Plato c. Aristotle d. Neither individual drew from Greek sources in their writings, both broke new philosophical and theological ground with their writings.
c
The Olmecs a. failed to develop trade for fear of allowing outside forces to corrupt their society. b. established cities with large populations that dominated the surrounding landscape. c. developed a tradition of ball sports that were linked to the worship of the rain god. d. created a religious tradition that emphasized the sanctity and preservation of human life.
c
The Paleolithic era is characterized by a. the mastery of fire. b. the spread of agriculture. c. the use of simple stone tools. d. the first use of iron tools.
c
The Sanskrit text that most clearly defined the roles of people based on their varna and jati was a. The Gospels b. The Popul Vuh c. The Laws of Manu d. The Upanishads
c
The Tang dynasty was run primarily by a. descendants of the Sui dynasty. b. kshatriyas warriors. c. bureaucrats of intellectual merit. d. hereditary aristocratic families.
c
The concept of the mandate of heaven was first used to justify the passing of power from a. the Qin to the Han b. the Zhou to the Shang c. The Shang to the Zhou d. the Zhou to the Han
c
The conversion of the Russian and Balkan Slavs to Eastern Orthodoxy can be best described as a result of a. a diplomatic faux pas by the pope in Rome which offended the leaders of various Slavic peoples. b. fear of a forced conversion by the Byzantines main rivals, the Abbasid Caliphate. c. admiration of the impressive nature of Byzantine architecture and ceremony. d. hatred of the slave-trading that Western Christians practiced with the Slavic people.
c
The evolution of Hellenism created philosophical movements which became more and more focused on a. mystical spiritual experiences to the exclusion of rational thought. b. creating a syncretized religio-philosophical worldview which drew predominately from Egyptian mythology. c. the individual and their place in the world. d. creating new ideas that defined a universal theory of reality.
c
The first territorial state, or empire, was established a. in Egypt by Pepys II. b. in Mesopotamia by Hammurapi. c. in Mesopotamia by Sargon the Great. d. in Harappa by an unknown ruler as we cannot read Harappan writing.
c
The following is an accurate description of which of the regions listed below. A political organization which was a highly centralized state and had a strong bureaucracy. A leader's whose power was legitimized by a close connection to deities. a. China b. South Asia (Indus Valley) c. Egypt d. Mesopotamia
c
The last verse of Sura 87 of the Quran summarizes the whole chapter: "This is in the former scrolls; the scrolls of Abraham and Moses." What idea does this verse support? a. Augustine suggested that Christianity united all people in faith, even if they were divided by political leaders. b. Greek Orthodox Christians disagreed with Roman Catholics about why Jesus became human. c. Muhammad believed that he was a prophet in the tradition of Moses and Jesus, sharing a message from the same God. d. The Abbasid caliphs were extremely interested in translating and building upon the work of Greek, Indian, and Chinese scholars.
c
To effectively date items of great age as covered in Chapter 1 all of the following dating systems are used EXCEPT a. DNA analysis. b. radiocarbon dating. c. transuranic decay analysis. d. potassium-argon dating.
c
Trade across the Sahara desert was based on which of the following I. gold II. salt III. slaves IV. silver V. tea a. II and V only b. II, III, and IV only c. I, II, and III only d. I and III only
c
What warrior group rose in power during this time period in Japan? a. Shutaku b. Kami c. Samurai d. Knights
c
What was the INITIAL impact of the movement of nomadic peoples into territorial states and urban centers in the first millennium BCE? a. They enabled the residents of those states and urban centers to establish stable governments. b. They facilitated the spread of plant and animal domestication. c. They caused the collapse of governments that were already struggling with famine and economic stagnation. d. They brought lifesaving technologies and food-production methods to struggling urban dwellers.
c
When archaeologists examine ancient cities the differences in sizes and contents of houses within the city are used a proof of what aspect of the societies within those cities? a. They had a complex system of government. b. They had a urban-rural divide. c. They had social hierarchies. d. They had engineering skill.
c
Which group of Indo-European migrants settled in Anatolia, forming territorial states that used chariot-based warfare to challenge Egypt and Mesopotamia? a. transhumant herders b. Hyksos c. Hittites d. Aryans
c
Which modern day nation makes up most of the historic region of Anatolia? a. India b. Italy c. Turkey d. Greece
c
Which of the following describes the Axial Age of the mid-first-mellennium BCE? a. The era when Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism were all developed. b. The period where the use of wheels finally spread throughout the globe, revolutionizing trade. c. The period when religious and philosophical foundations of many European and Asian societies were developed. d. A worldwide phenomenon, when cultures on ALL continents underwent similar changes.
c
Which of the following is an accurate comparison between Mohism and Confucianism? a. Confucianism called on people to show basic compassion to all, while Mohism taught harsh punishments for crimes. b. Mohism and Confucianism both called for the disbanding of the military. c. Confucianism valued elaborate rituals and philosophical discourse, whereas Mohism considered them wasteful. d. Mohism was concerned about the needs of the wealthy while Confucianism was focused on the attainment of nirvana.
c
Which of the following is an accurate comparison between Persia and Vedic South Asia? a. People in the Persian Empire engaged exclusively in agriculture and artisanal professions, whereas people in Vedic South Asia focused almost exclusively on herding, religious scholarship, and fighting. b. The Persian Empire had a king, scribes, priests, and satraps who governed it in an organized fashion, whereas Vedic South Asia had no kings or other political organization, relying entirely on their decentralized system of varnas for political organization. c. People in the Persian Empire were unified by physical infrastructure, loyalty to the Persian king, and an organized system of satrapies, whereas people in Vedic South Asia were unified by religious practice, lineages, and an organized system of varnas. d. The Persian Empire relocated conquered peoples throughout the empire to reduce the threat of revolt, whereas in Vedic South Asia people were peacefully integrated into the varnas as they arrived.
c
Which of the following is an accurate description of life in coastal South America? a. Inhabitants lived in grasslands and adopted domesticated horses and wheeled wagons. b. Inhabitants lived in evergreen forests and slowly adopted agriculture. c. Inhabitants lived in a mountainous region and traded extensively with neighbors living at different altitudes. d. Inhabitants lived on small islands an developed outrigger canoes to travel great distances.
c
Which of the following is an accurate description of the great Malian king Mansa Musa? a. He converted to Christianity after witnessing the brutality of the Crusaders out of fear for his life. b. He impoverished himself during his hajj in order to fulfill the pillar of giving alms to the poor. c. His hajj brought him through Egypt where his vast wealth in gold triggered massive inflation. d. His huge army toppled the Fatamid caliphate and brought black African rule back to Egypt.
c
Which of the following is the BEST explanation for why early Homo sapiens developed art, music, and sculpture? a. The cognitive abilities of early humanity was high enough that without these intellectual stimulations there was little to keep humanity occupied and internal conflict would have resulted. b. Hunting and gathering was relatively easy so there was a great deal of down time to follow less survival required pursuits. c. These activities enabled early humans to make sense of themselves, nature, and the relationship between humanity and nature. d. Before the development of coinage these works of art would be the primary form of barter in the emerging economic systems of humanity.
c
Which of the following was a way that the Hittites of Anatolia were similar to the Vedic peoples who moved to South Asia? a. Both rejected the cultural practices of settled peoples in their regions. b. Both developed vast merchant marines to dominate coastal trade. c. Both used military skills to establish power over agricultural populations in their regions. d. Both established territorial states and engaged in diplomatic relations with Egypt.
c
Which Axial Age thinker focused primarily on attaining personal contentment and spiritual growth, rather than achieving social and political order? a. Aristotle b. Democritus c. Confucius d. Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)
d
A Mesopotamian king or an Egyptian pharaoh who was interested in protecting his territorial borders would have been most concerned about securing his state's access to a. wool and timber for ships. b. coastal lands. c. gold and silver to show the glory of his court. d. copper, tin, and strong horses for military purposes.
d
A major issue that led to the overthrow of the Umayyad caliphate and the installation of the Abbasids was a. The unwillingness of the Umayyad's to allow non-Arab Muslims to hold positions of power. b. Umayyad caliphs began living luxurious lifestyles that deeply offended the traditionally ascetic lifestyle of Arabic people. c. The discovery the the Umayyad caliph's supposed link to Muhammad was a hoax so their right to rule was based on falsehood. d. The unwillingness of the Umayyad's to allow conversion of non-Arabs to Islam.
d
According to Jared Diamond which of the following were reasons that hunting an gathering societies fell before the onslaught of people who domesticated animals and plants? a. Sheer numbers, those who raised domesticated animals and plants could live more densely so had the numbers to overwhelm hunters and gatherers. b. Technology, like metalworking, could be developed with the time, energy and surpluses that domesticated agriculture allowed. c. Domesticated animals could in some cases become tools of war giving settled societies an advantage. d. All of the above are reasons why hunters and gatherers were eventually conquered by settled peoples.
d
Agriculture displaced hunting and gathering cultures in several regions of the world because a. agriculture required the use of iron tools which also made for superior weapons in times of conflict. b. human beings mastered agricultural knowledge more easily and at a younger age. c. cultivation required much less work then hunting and gathering. d. cultivation provided a relatively stable and regular supply of food.
d
All of the following are accurate descriptions of commonalities between areas that had agricultural revolutions EXCEPT a. Increased food supplies led to population growth and the development of more complex societies. b. Climate changes facilitated the beginnings of agriculture in multiple places and later caused migration, spreading knowledge of agriculture and new crops. c. Agriculture and pastoralism existed side-by-side with hunting and gathering for thousands of years. d. Just as agriculture developed independently in multiple, geographically divergent, regions, goats, sheep, pigs, cattle and camels were each domesticated in multiple geographically divergent regions.
d
All of the following are accurate descriptions of the Islamic world around 1300 CE EXCEPT a. It was one of the four major cultural spheres in the world. b. The Muslim community was diverse, encompassing both Arabs and non-Arabs. c. It was integral to the growth and success of transregional trade. d. Islam ended the slave trade throughout Afro-Eurasia.
d
Which group is correctly connected with its geographical area? a. Austronesians-Indus Valley b. Shang-Anatolia c. Aryans-Mesopotamia d. Minoans-Agean
d
All of the following are examples of the different roles between men and women in Sumerian society EXCEPT a. Women could gain limited economic independence if they joined the temple staff as priestesses. b. Only male children inherited property from their parents, though female children were given dowries as part of the marriage process. c. It was very important to have a male child because only male children could carry on the family line. d. Most men had more than one wife, but women never had two husbands.
d
All of the following are traits SHARED by Buddhism and Christianity EXCEPT a. Written books contained moral teachings. b. Translation of tenets into multiple languages. c. High adaptability to fit within other cultures. d. Only spread successfully through the Silk Road into China.
d
All of the following would likely be true of a pre-agricultural Homo sapiens woman EXCEPT a. She probably participated in important activities like religious ceremonies, hunting, fishing, and community decision-making. b. She might have crossed the Beringia land bridge from Asia into North America as her community followed big game animals, like mammoths. c. She was probably part of a community of women who communally shared child-rearing responsibilities-known as allomothering. d. She probably lived in an extremely challenging environment where plant and animal resources were scarce and the climate was very dry or cold.
d
Although major conflicts occurred between states in Southwest Asia and North Africa between 1400 and 1200 BCE a. it was the spread of major diseases along trade routes that really caused upheaval in most states during this time period. b. they ended when rebellions and civil wars within the warring states pulled their forces away from foreign conflicts. c. they were much less destructive than later conflicts as neither chariots or bronze working had been mastered by any of the warring states. d. this was also a time when the first recorded instances on interstate diplomacy have been discovered.
d
Behold, things have been done which have not happened for a long time past; the king has been deposed by the rabble. ...Behold, the magistrates of the land are driven out throughout the land:[...] are driven out of the palaces. Behold, noble ladies are now on rafts, and magnates are in the labor establishment, while he could not sleep even on walls is now the possessor of a bed." The Ipuwer Papyrus, Egypt approx. 2180 BCE Which if the following is the BEST conclusion that can be drawn from this document? a. A decline in trade had led to Egypt's chaos. b. The king and other nobles had voluntarily stepped down. c. The breakdown of the Egyptian social system was creating a more gender equitable hierarchy. d. Egypt had fallen into social and political chaos.
d
Climatological studies have revealed that all of the following support the hypothesis that the roughly concurrent collapse of Egyptian, Mesopotamian, and Indus Valley civilization was the result of climate changes EXCEPT a. Sedimentation studies showing very low Nile floods are supported by concurrent Egyptian written records of starvation. b. Hydroclimatic reconstructions showing a 1,000 year long precipitation decrease in the Indus River valley help explain the shrinking cities toward the end of that period. c. Soil samples from Mesopotamia showing a period of extreme drought help explain the abandonment of cities. d. Sedimentation studies showing very low Nile floods help explain fossils of humans who evolved to drink smaller amounts of water.
d
Gilgamesh was a. A king of the city-state of Uruk. b. A hero in a Mesopotamian epic. c. A man who sought eternal life and failed. d. All of the above
d
Oracle bones provide insights into Shang culture in a way analogous to the insights a. The Marriage of Martu gives to Austroneasian culture. b. The Epic of Gilgamesh give to Vedic culture. c. The Epic of Beowulf gives to European culture. d. The Iliad and The Odyssey gives us to Mycenaean culture.
d
The Egyptian deity whom the Middle Kingdom rulers elevated to prominence as a king of the gods was a. Ma'at. b. Horus. c. Osiris. d. Amun.
d
The Mediterranean region gave rise to a new form of slavery, called chattel slavery. Which of the following situations describes chattel slavery? a. A woman belongs to a jati that cleans up garbage from the city streets, and because of the rigid social system, she is forced to do that kind of work all her life and can only marry a man who also does that kind of work. b. A king conquers a whole city of people, and all the inhabitants of the city are forced to move to a new place and work on building a tomb for the king. c. A peasant farmer gets into debt to his landlord and is required to stay on the landlord's estate and work for him until his debt has been paid off. d. A wealthy merchant invests in fifteen slaves at the local market, then rents them out to a copper mine fifty miles away and uses the income to help support his other business ventures.
d
The Sui dynasty made a major contribution to Chinese economic well-being when it completed the a. Ka'aba. b. Great Wall. c. Forbidden City. d. Grand Canal.
d
The four regions of Africa include all of the following EXCEPT a. The West and Central African rain forest b. The Sahara Desert c. The Sudanic savanna region d. The Congolese tundra e. The Sahel
d
The group that migrated into the Indus River valley became known as the Vedic peoples in reference to a. their method of using war chariots, known as Vedic attack formations. b. their highest deity, known as Rig Veda. c. their spoken language, known as Vedic. d. their religious chants, known collectively as the Vedas
d
The man who united the Mongol tribes into a single confederation in 1206 was a. Hulegu b. Khubilai Khan c. Teghril Beg d. Chinggis Khan
d
The transition from Middle to New Kingdom in Egypt was a result of a. long term droughts that Egyptian society was unable to ameliorate and therefore caused social and political collapse. b. outside invasion by the Vedic peoples whose horses were more powerful than the Egyptian foot soldiers. c. unusually high and long term floods that Egyptian society could not control and caused the destruction of crops leading to social and political collapse. d. outside invasion by the Hyksos whose chariots were more powerful than the Egyptian foot soldiers
d
What was the immediate response of pastoral nomads and transhumant herders to drought and food shortages in the second millennium BCE? a. They died out, resulting in a human community almost entirely dependent on farming. b. They quickly took up farming. c. They immediately conquered large agricultural societies. d. They moved closer to cities, seeking food and grazing lands.
d
Which of the following BEST highlights the transition within Islam of non-Arabs to positions of power? a. Allowing Sufism to become a method of missioning activity. b. The revival of Greco-Roman thought in ulama education. c. The establishment of Persian language based literary styles. d. The Turks becoming military leaders that kept caliphs as figureheads.
d
Which of the following is a correct description of urban and rural areas between 3500 BCE to 2000 BCE? a. Intensive urban farming led to the urban-rural divide. b. Rural and urban peoples were natural enemies because they valued very different things. c. By 2000 BCE more then 50% of the world's population lived in urban areas. d. A worldwide warming cycle helped some rural villages to grow into cities.
d
Which of the following is an accurate description of the Nicene Creed? a. The Nicene Creed officially established that three distinct individuals (father, son and holy spirit) were the focus of Christian worship, not one single God. b. It was a council of bishops that met in 325 CE in Nice, France. c. After the fall of Rome, it established Constantinople as the holy city of the Catholic faith. d. The Nicene Creed emerged from a council of bishops, held in Nicaea, that had been summoned by the Emperor Constantine.
d
While many practioners of this branch prefer to be called Thervada Buddhists the Mahayana sect refers to them as the "Lesser Vehicle" or a. Siddhartha b. Asoka c. Bodhisattva. d. Hinayana
d
Within the microsocieties discussed in chapter 3 the only one to independently develop writing were the a. Scythians. b. Mycenaeans. c. Austronesians d. Minoans.
d
Zoroastrianism asserted that a. the universe was filled with many gods, all of whom owed allegiance to the Great Cosmic Spirit. b. humans were subject to the whims of the gods, who controlled human actions. c. the universe was fundamentally good and unified.. d. the universe was in a conflict between good and evil and humanity's actions could tip the balance.
d
