History Final

General George S. Patton:

- American General who pushed German troops into Tunisia and saved the allied forces at the battle of the bulge

Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961

- An effort supported by Kennedy to remove a communist dictator (Fidel Castro) from power in Cuba. - Kennedy's most significant foreign policy failure. Had been planned by Eisenhower.

Good Neighbor Policy

Reduced U.S. military intervention in Latin America. Designed to improve relations with Latin America.

Fair Deal

continue reforms begun during FDR's presidency

What does the term genocide mean?

deliberate extermination of a specific group of people

Rationing

fixed allotments of goods needed by military

Free Enterprise System

investments and profits are controlled by individuals.

Fall of the Berlin Wall

is most closely associated with the end of the Cold War.

1950's/ Post World War II Era

• 1950's were marked by the beginnings of the space race, suburbanization, and a continuing baby boom. • Immediately after WWII, white, middle-class Americans migrated from the cities to the suburbs. • After WWII, the U.S. was better able than its allies to adjust its economy from wartime to peacetime because the U.S. had suffered no widespread wartime destruction (the war was not fought on U.S. soil, so U.S. cities and factories were not destroyed, unlike Europe and Japan). • Population increases that resulted from the baby boom of the 1950's & 90's contributed to a rise in demand for consumer goods. • The post-WWII baby boom affected American society between 1945-1960 by increasing the need for educational resources.

Populist Part Description

• A third party that eventually disappeared but proposed ideas that later became law. • Expressed the discontent of many farmers with their ongoing economic problems. • Proposed the national income tax, free and unlimited coinage of silver, direct election of senators, government ownership of railroads. - Supported anti-trust laws. • Similar to the Progressive Party because both opposed the strict laissez-faire attitudes of the federal government, and both wanted the use of Federal power to correct social and economic problems.

Cold War Description

• After WWII, the U.S. and Soviet Union were no longer allies because each nation believed that the other was a threat to its national security, • Developed mainly as a result of the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe (after WWII, the Soviets did not withdraw their troops from Eastern Europe).

Pacific Theater

1941-1945

The United States interned...

Japanese Americans

Allies Liberate Europe:

- D-Day - The Allies Gain Ground - The Battle of the Bulge

Korean War Definition

(1950-1953) -Civil war between Communist North Korea (supported by Communist China & Soviet Union) and South Korea (supported by the U.S and United Nations).

Big Stick Policy

- "Walk softly but carry a big stick." Policy that was used by the U.S. to police the Western Hemisphere and intervene in Latin American affairs. - Wanted to prevent the extension of European control over Latin America.

Rise of Big Business

- (1865-1900) - Federal Government followed laissez-faire economic policy. - Trusts and monopolies were created by entrepreneurs to maintain control of the market.

Spanish American War

- (1898) • Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst used yellow journalism to generate public support for the war. They wrote articles about the sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana Harbor. • As a result of the war, the U.S. built the Panama Canal so they could move more quickly between oceans in order to increase trade and military security. • A major result was that U.S. obtained overseas colonies and was recognized as a world power.

Bolshevik Revolution

- (Communist takeover of Russia 1917) increased nativism leading to the Red Scare (fear of Communism in the U.S. following WWI).

Passage of the immigration quote acts of 1921 & 1924

- (restricted the amount of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe) because of a recurrence of nativist attitudes following WWI (Americans became more fearful and hateful of foreigners being communists).

Militarists Gain Control of Japan:

- 1931, Nationalist military leaders seize Manchuria - League of Nations condemns action; Japan quits League - Emperor Hirohito is leader with commanders Fumimaro Konoe and Hideki Tojo

Aggression and Appeasement in Europe and Africa:

- 1933, Hitler quits League; 1935, begins military buildup {- sends troops into Rhineland, League does nothing to stop him} - 1935, League fails to stop Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia - Germany invades neighboring countries and launches the Holocaust—the systematic killing of millions of Jews and other "non-Aryans." The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ushers the U.S. into World War II.

A Flood of Jewish Refugees

- 1938, Nazis try to speed up Jewish emigration - France has 40,000 refugees, Britain 80,000; both refuse more - U.S. takes 100,000, many "persons of exceptional merit" - Americans fear strain on economy, enemy agents; much anti-Semitism

Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality:

- 1939, FDR persuades Congress to pass "cash-and-carry" provision - Argues will help France, Britain defeat Hitler, keep U.S. out of war

The Axis Threat:

- 1940, FDR tries to provide Britain "all aid short of war" - Germany, Japan, Italy sign Tripartite Pact, mutual defense treaty {become known as Axis Powers} - Pact aimed at keeping U.S. out of war by forcing fight on two oceans

Battle of Britian

- 1940-1942 - Air and bombing raids over Britain by the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) begin in 1940 - British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain is STILL NOT actively attacking Germany - Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister and begins to fight back with vengeance against Germany - The Battle of Britain is a long, continuous fight against German air bombings on Britain - Demonstrates that Britain will FIGHT BACK; Germany begins to see it will have to fight hard to win World War II

Atlantic Conference

- 1941 - Roosevelt & Churchill Off the coast of Newfoundland - Decision --> sign the Atlantic Charter; provisions became foundation of UN Charter - Provisions include: - No territorial expansion. - No territorial changes without consent of inhabitants. - Se-determination of all peoples. - Fee trade. - Cooperation for the improvement of other nations. - Disarming of all aggressors.

Supporting Stalin:

- 1941, Hitler breaks pact with Stalin, invades Soviet Union - Roosevelt sends lend-lease supplies to Soviet Union

Casablanca Conference

- 1943 - Roosevelt & Churchill - Casablanca, Morocco - Decision --> to accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of the Axis powers.

Cairo Conference

- 1943 - Roosevelt, Churchill, & Chiang Kai-shek - Cairo, Egypt - Decision --> Korea to be independent at war's end and Taiwan to be returned to China from Japan.

Teheran Conference

- 1943 - Roosevelt, Churchill, & Stalin ["Big Three"] - Teheran, Iran - Decisions --> Agreement to open a second battle front in Europe. - Soviet agreement to enter war against Japan after Germany is defeated. - Inconclusive discussion about demilitarization and occupation of Germany.

Potsdam Conference

- 1945 - Truman, Stalin, & Churchill / Attlee [Attlee replaced Churchill during the Conference when Churchill's Conservative Party lost the British election]. - Potsdam, Germany. - Decisions --> Potsdam Declaration. Provisions include: - Unconditional surrender of Japan or fact prompt and utter destruction. - Set up of a council to administer Germany/ - Set up of machinery to negotiate peace treaties. - Transfer of German people out of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland into Germany. - Stalin's announcement that there will be no elections in Eastern Europe.

Bargaining for the Sudetenland:

- 3 million German-speakers in Sudetenland - Hitler claims Czechs abuse Sudeten Germans, masses troops on border - 1938, Prime Ministers Daladier, Neville Chamberlain meet with Hitler - Sign Munich Agreement, hand Sudetenland over to Germany - Winston Churchill condemns appeasement policy, warns war will follow - Appeasement—giving up principles to pacify an aggressor

FDR

- 4 times elected president - lend lease act - cut off trade specifically oil and metal with Japan - interned Japanese with the United States

Progressive Movement

- A movement to correct the economic and social abuses of industrial society. - Supported consumer protection, women's suffrage, secret ballot, income tax, direct election of Senators, Prohibition.

Protective Tariff

- A tax on foreign products making them more expensive so people will buy American products instead.

The Survivors:

- About 6 million Jews killed in death camps, massacres - Some escape, many with help from ordinary people - Some survive concentration camps {Survivors forever changed by experience}

The Battle of Midway

- Admiral Chester Nimitz commands U.S. naval forces in Pacific - Allies break Japanese code, win Battle of Midway, stop Japan again

The Nazis Take Over Germany:

- Adolf Hitler leader of National Socialist German Workers' Party - Mein Kampf—basic beliefs of Nazism, based on extreme nationalism - Wants to unite German-speaking people, enforce racial "purification" - 1932, 6 million unemployed; many men join Hitler's private army - Nazis become strongest political party; Hitler named chancellor - Dismantles democratic Weimar Republic; establishes Third Reich

Harlem Renaissance

- African American authors and artists used literature and art to celebrate the richness of their heritage. - Increased pride in African American culture. Ex) Langston Hughes, Bessie Smith, Duke Ellington,

Heroes in Combat:

- African Americans —Tuskegee Airmen, Buffaloes—highly decorated - Mexican-American soldiers win many awards - Japanese-American unit most decorated unit in U.S. history

Selective Service and the GI

- After Pearl Harbor, 5 million men volunteer for military service - 10 million more drafted to meet needs of two-front war

The Allied Offensive

- Allied offensive begins August 1942 in Guadalcanal - October 1944, Allies converge on Leyte Island in Philippines - Return of MacArthur

The Italian Campaign:

- Allies decide will accept only unconditional surrender from Axis - Summer 1943, capture Sicily; Mussolini forced to resign - 1944 Allies win "Bloody Anzio"; Germans continue strong resistance

D-Day

- Allies set up phantom army, send fake radio messages to fool Germans - Eisenhower directs Allied invasion of Normandy on D-Day June 6, 1944

Cold War Definition

- An era of political tension and military rivalry between the U.S. and Soviet Union (Communist Russia) after WWII, that stopped short of full-scale war (the two nations never directly fought each other in a war).

Labor Union

- An organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer in order to get certain things such as better working conditions, benefits, and pay. - Business leaders opposed the efforts of Labor unions to organize and improve conditions. - Clayton Antitrust Act made unions legal.

The Battle for Okinawa

- April 1945 U.S. Marines invade Okinawa - April-June: 7,600 U.S. troops, 110,000 Japanese die - Allies fear invasion of Japan may mean 1.5 million Allied casualties

Unconditional Surrender:

- April 1945, Soviet army storms Berlin; Hitler commits suicide - Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender of German Reich - May 8, 1945, V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day

Battle of Okinawa

- April to June 1945 - largest Amphibious assault in the Pacific theater - intense Kamikaze attacks - bloodiest battle of the Pacific

Battle of Guadalcanal

- August 1942- February 1943 - Transitioned a defensive stance to offensive stance for America - Pushed Japanese back - British, Australian and New Zealand troops

Hiroshima and Nagasaki:

- August 6, Hiroshima, major military center, destroyed by bomb - 3 days later, bomb dropped on city of Nagasaki - September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders

Graduated/Progressive Income Tax

- Authorized by the 16th amendment (1913). - Based on the idea that people with higher incomes should pay a greater percentage of their income in taxes (taxes are based on the ability to pay).

Guided Notes: Pacific Theater "Island Hopping":

- Battle of Okinawa - Battle of Guadalcanal - Iwo Jima

European major battles

- Battle of the Buldge - Battle of Britian - D-Day/ Normandy Invasion - Battle of Stalingrad - Victory in Europe Day

Booker T. Washington

- Believed that African Americans should pursue education as the key to improving social status. - Founded a vocational training institution in the late 1800s to improve economic opportunities for African Americans. - Differed from W.E.B. Du Bois on the best way that African Americans could effectively achieve equality.

Trickle Down Economics

- Believed that economic growth depends on making increased amounts of capital available to big business.

Progressives

- Believed the government needs to regulate big business to protect consumers and workers. - Opposed the Laissez-faire attitude of the late 19th century. - The progressive movement was a response to the industrialization and urbanization of the U.S. because these factors led to poor, unsafe living conditions and abusive big businesses.

How the other half lives

- Book by Jacob Riis that exposed the living conditions of urban slums (working-class, inner-city neighborhoods). - Exposed the desperate lives of poor people to the general public in the U.S.

President Warren G. Harding

- Called for "a return to normalcy" by advocating for reduced international involvement and less government regulation of business. - Supported isolationism.

New Immigrants

- Came primarily from southern and eastern Europe (Ex: Italy & Russia) between 1890-1915. - Were culturally different from the earlier immigrants. Many believed they would fail to assimilate into American society.

Dust Bowl

- Caused by over-farming and severe drought. - The Great Plains (flat farming center of the U.S.) suffered most directly from the Dust Bowl. - Resulted in increased westward migration (people in the Great Plains moved west in order to find a better living).

Stock Market Crash of 1929

- Considered the start of the Great Depression. - Largely caused by speculators that purchased shares of stock on margin with borrowed funds (bought stocks on credit)

Meat Inspection Act

- Created sanitary standards established for slaughterhouses and meat processing plants. - Passed as a result of writings of muckrakers. The publication of The Jungle by Upton Sinclair led congress to pass the law.

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

- Created the Interstate Commerce Commission. - Marked the first time that a Federal regulatory agency (a branch of the government that watches the economy) was established. - Was passed in response to demands of farmers and small business owners.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 1933

- Created to improve economic conditions in a poor rural region. - An example of federal intervention to meet regional needs.

Guided Notes: European Theater:

- D-Day also called Operation Overlord (June 6, 1944) Battle of the Bulge - April 25, 1945 - Russia and US meet at Elbe River - April 30, 1945 - Hitler commits suicide - May 8th, 1945 - V-E Day

Battle of the Buldge

- Dec. 1944 - Jan. 1945 - Also known as the Ardennes Offensive on the Western Front of World War II. - Germany's planned goal for these operations was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp, Belgium, and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis Powers' favor. - Allied powers pushed forward despite setbacks and were victorious when Hitler agreed to remove troops from Belgium in 1945. - German losses in the battle were critical in several respects: the last of the German reserves were now gone; the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) had been broken; and the German Army in the West was being pushed back.

Reasons for Imperialism

- Due to the expansion of American industry (big businesses and factories) during the 1800's, the U.S. needed to obtain raw materials and new markets (the U.S. needed more raw materials to make products and a place to sell those products).

Lend-Lease Act/ Cash-and-Carry Act/ Destroyers for Naval Bases

- Efforts to help the Allies (Britain/France/Soviet Union) without formally declaring war. - Signaled a shift from neutrality toward more direct involvement.

Federal Reserve System

- Established by the Federal Reserve Act (1913) which was intended to provide a stable supply of money and credit. - Supported by President Woodrow Wilson. The Federal Reserve can reduce a recession by lowering interest rates.

Jews Targeted

- Europe has long history of anti-Semitism - Germans believe Hitler's claims, blame Jews for problems - Nazis take away citizenship, jobs, property; require Star of David - Holocaust—murder of 11 million people, more than half are Jews

GI Bill (1944)

- Extended educational and housing opportunities to war veterans. - Provided federal funds for veterans to attend college.

Roosevelt Runs for a Third Term:

- FDR breaks two-term tradition, runs for reelection - Republican Wendell Willkie has similar views on war - FDR reelected with 55% of votes

The Lend-Lease Plan:

- FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers free to conquer world {U.S. must become "arsenal of democracy"} - By late 1940, Britain has no more cash to buy U.S. arms - 1941 Lend-Lease Act—U.S. to lend or lease supplies for defense

McCarthyism

- Fear of communist influence in the U.S. - The term has since been applied to events that are related to reckless accusations unsupported by evidence.

The Yalta Conference

- February 1945, FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet in Yalta {discuss post-war world} - FDR, Churchill concession: temporarily divide Germany into 4 parts - Stalin promises free elections in Eastern Europe; will fight Japan - FDR gets support for conference to establish United Nations

Iwo Jima

- February to March 1945 - Americans land attack to capture Iwo Jima for strategic location to bomb Japan only 750 miles south of Japan - Heavy losses- over 25, 000 casualties - US around 19,000 casualties - Japan - America won this battle, but was unable to use Iwo Jima's strategic location due to the destruction of its landscape - Getting close to the end of war in Pacific

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO

- Formed in 1949 in order to protect Western Europe from the Soviet Union and provide collective security against Communist aggression.

The Phony War:

- French, British soldiers on Maginot Line face Germans in sitzkrieg - Stalin annexed Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; defeats Finland - 1940, Hitler invades Denmark, Norway, then Low Countries

The North African Front:

- General Dwight D. Eisenhower commands invasion of North Africa - Afrika Korps, led by General Erwin Rommel, surrenders May 1943

Expanding the Military

- General George Marshall—Army Chief of Staff—calls for women's corps - Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)—women in noncombat positions - Thousands enlist; "auxiliary" dropped, get full U. S. army benefits

The Allies Gain Ground:

- General Omar Bradley bombs to create gap in enemy defense line - General George Patton leads Third Army, reach Paris in August - FDR reelected for 4th term with running mate Harry S. Truman

The Fall of France:

- German army goes through Ardennes, bypassing French, British - British, French trapped on Dunkirk; ferried to safety in UK - 1940, Italy invades France from south; Germans approach Paris - France falls; Germans occupy northern France - Nazi puppet government set up in southern France - General Charles de Gaulle sets up government-in-exile in England

Mass Exterminations:

- Germans build death camps; gas chambers used to kill thousands - On arrival, SS doctors separate those who can work - Those who cannot work immediately killed in gas chamber - Largest bodies buried in pits; later cremated to cover up evidence - Shot, hanged, poisoned, or die from experiments

Shoot on Sight:

- Germans fire on U.S. ship, FDR orders navy to shoot U-boats on sight - U-boat attacks lead Senate to repeal ban on arming merchant ships

Neville Chamberlain

- Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement - tried to prevent war - prime minister for great britain - uses the policy of appeasement - thought the treaty of versailles was too harsh

Nativism

- Group of Americans who were angry about Immigrants taking jobs from Americans and working for cheaper wages. - Wanted the adoption of a quota system to limit immigration. - Supported the Chinese Exclusion Act, the Gentlemen's Agreement, and the National Origins Act.

Trust Busting

- Had policies that encouraged competition in business by attacking monopolies, trusts, pools, etc. - Became known as the Trustbuster. - Believed the government should regulate big business.

Japanese Americans Placed in Internment Camps:

- Hawaii governor forced to order internment (confinement) of Japanese - 1942 FDR signs removal of Japanese Americans in four states - U.S. Army forces 110,000 Japanese Americans into prison camps - 1944 Korematsu v. United States—Court rules in favor of internment - After war, Japanese American Citizens League pushes for compensation - 1988, Congress grants $20,000 to everyone sent to relocation camp

Nuremberg Trials

- Held to make German leaders accountable for the Holocaust (mass genocide against Jews and other minorities). - Established the principle that leaders of a nation may be held accountable (put on trial) for crimes against humanity/ war crimes.

Eleanor Roosevelt

- Helped create the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The Battle of the Atlantic

- Hitler orders submarine attacks against supply ships to Britain {wolf packs destroy hundreds of ships in 1942} - Allies organize convoys of cargo ships with escort: {destroyers with sonar; planes with radar} - Construction of Liberty ships (cargo carriers) speeds up

The Battle of Stalingrad:

- Hitler wants to capture Caucasus oil fields and destroy Stalingrad - Soviets defeat Germans in bitter winter campaign {Over 230,000 Germans, 1,100,000 Soviets die} ***Battle a turning point: Soviet army begins to move towards Germany***

The Condemned:

- Hitler's Final Solution—slavery, genocide of "inferior" groups - Genocide—deliberate, systematic killing of an entire population - Target Jews, gypsies, freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, unfit Germans - Nazi death squads round up Jews, shoot them

Domino Theory

- Idea that if one country falls to communism, others around it will as well. - Used by the U.S. as a justification for the Vietnam War.

D-Day Invasion June 1944

- Important to the outcome of WWII because it opened a new Allied front in Europe (Germany had to fight enemies from the East and West instead of just the East).

Japanese Advances

- In first 6 months after Pearl Harbor, Japan conquers empire Gen. - Douglas MacArthur leads Allied forces in Philippines March 1942 U.S., Filipino troops trapped on Bataan Peninsula - FDR orders MacArthur to leave; thousands of troops remain

Interstate Highway Act 1956

- Increased suburban growth.

Open Door Policy (1899-1900)

- Issued in order to secure equal trade opportunities in China and guarantee access to its markets.

Iwo Jima

- Iwo Jima critical as base from which planes can reach Japan - 6,000 marines die taking island; of 20,700 Japanese, 200 survive

The Manhattan Project:

- J. Robert Oppenheimer is research director of Manhattan Project - July 1945, atomic bomb tested in New Mexico desert - President Truman orders military to drop 2 atomic bombs on Japan

The Japanese Defense

- Japan uses kamikaze attack—pilots crash bomb-laden planes into ships - Battle of Leyte Gulf is a disaster for Japan {Imperial Navy severely damaged; plays minor role after}

The Allies Stem the Japanese Tide

- Japanese Advances - Battle of the Coral Sea - The Battle of Midway - Island Hopping - The Allied Offensive - The Japanese Defense - Iwo Jima - The Battle for Okinawa

Pacific Theater battles

- Japanese attack Pearl Harbor - Battle of the Coral Sea - Battle of Midway - Hiroshima - August 6, 1945 | Nagasaki - August 9, 1945

The War Powers Act 1973

- Limited the president's ability to send troops into combat abroad (asserted the role of Congress in the commitment of troops). - Passed by Congress as a response to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

Japanese attack Pearl Harbor

- Japanese attack on the U.S. Naval port at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii - Brought on after a U.S. embargo against Japan following Japan's invasion of Manchuria - Japan hoped to destroy the remaining U.S. Naval fleet in Hawaii (the majority of U.S. forces had been loaned to Allied European nations) - Combination of aerial and submarine attack at the harbor. - The attack is the MAJOR CAUSE for the U.S. entrance into World War II - Once a declaration of war was made by a (almost) unanimous vote in Congress against Japan, the remaining Axis powers (Germany & Italy) declared war on the U.S., thus creating the true GLOBAL NATURE of World War II

The Holocaust:

- Jews Targeted - Kristallnacht - A flood of Jewish refugees - The Condemned - Forced Relocation - Concentration Camps - Mass Exterminations - The Survivors

Forced Relocation:

- Jews forced into ghettos, segregated areas in Polish cities - Some form resistance movements; others maintain Jewish culture

Scopes Trial Definition

- John Scopes was convicted in 1925 for teaching about evolution (because it conflicted with what the Bible says).

Meanwhile in the Soviet Union:

- Joseph Stalin transformed the Soviet Union - 1922 V. I. Lenin establishes Soviet Union after civil war - Totalitarian government exerts almost complete control over people - Stalin is resentful due to U.S. involvement in Communist Revolution, as well as not being included in Treaty of Versailles 1924 Joseph Stalin takes over: ~ replaces private farms with collectives ~ creates second largest industrial power; famines kill millions ~ purges anyone who threatens his power; 8- 13 million killed

Battle of Stalingrad

- July 1942 - February 1943 - The results of these operations are often cited as one of the turning points of the war in the European Theater and was one of the bloodiest battles in human history, with combined casualties estimated to be above 1.5 million. - The battle was marked by brutality and disregard for military and civilian casualties by both sides. - The German offensive to take Stalingrad was the second large-scale defeat of World War II. - The Soviet victory helped push back the Germans and significantly aided the Allies in the Eastern (Soviet) Front - The battle of Stalingrad was one of the largest battles in human history. It raged for 199 days. - Its initial phases, the Germans inflicted heavy casualties on Soviet formations; but the Soviet encirclement by punching through the German flank, mainly held by Romanian troops, effectively besieged the remainder of German Sixth Army

Battle of Midway

- June 4-7, 1942 - Major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States and Australia. - It was the first fleet action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other. - It was also the first naval battle in history in which neither side's ships sighted or fired directly upon the other. - It is considered a tactical victory for Japan since the United States lost fleet carrier USS Lexington, Japan only the light carrier Shōhō. - At the same time, the battle was a strategic victory for the Allies because the Japanese abandoned their attempt to land troops to take Port Moresby, New Guinea. - The engagement ended with no clear victor, but the damage suffered and experience gained by both sides set the stage for the Battle of Midway one month later.

D-Day/ Normandy Invasion

- June 6, 1944 / NW France - The day on which the Invasion of Normandy began thus commencing the Western Allied effort to liberate mainland Europe from Nazi occupation during World War II. - Part of OPERATION OVERLORD - Over 1,000,000 personnel were involved, including 195,700 Allied naval and merchant navy personnel. - Along the Normandy coast 5 invasion beaches were assaulted: Gold, Juno, Omaha, Sword and Utah. - Opening assault was conducted in 2 phases, an air assault landing of American and British (including a Canadian airborne battalion) airborne divisions shortly after midnight, and an amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armored divisions on the coast of France. - TURNS TIDE OF WAR IN FAVOR OF THE ALLIED FORCES.

Prohibition Definition

- Law authorized by the 18th Amendment that banned the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. - Volstead Act provided enforcement for this amendment.

Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)

- Law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of unsafe food products and poisonous medicines. - Resulted from demands for direct consumer protection

Civil Service Exams

- Laws were passed requiring individuals to pass tests before obtaining government jobs in order to eliminate patronage and corruption in government hiring (prevent the people in the government from hiring their friends or accepting bribes). - This was a reaction to the Spoils System (officials rewarding their supporters with government jobs).

Liberation:

- Liberation of the Death Camps - Unconditional Surrender - Roosevelt's Death

The Occupation of Japan:

- MacArthur commands U.S. occupation forces in Japan - Over 1,100 Japanese tried, sentenced - MacArthur reshapes Japan's economy, government

Immigration Definition

- Many immigrants traveling to the U.S. settled in urban areas in the North because rapid industrialization created many job opportunities.

Concentration Camps:

- Many jews taken to concentration camps or labor camps {Families often separated Camps originally prisons; given to SS to warehouse "undesirables"} - Prisoners crammed into wooden barracks, given little food - Work dawn to dusk, 7 days per week - Those too weak to work are killed

The German Offensive Begins:

- March 1939, German troops occupy rest of Czechoslovakia - Hitler charges Poles mistreat Germans in Poland - Many think he's bluffing; invading Poland would bring two-front war - Stalin, Hitler sign nonaggression pact—will not attack each other - Sign second, secret pact agreeing to divide Poland between them (Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression pact)

Battle of the Coral Sea

- May 1942, U.S., Australian soldiers stop Japanese drive to Australia - For first time since Pearl Harbor, Japanese invasion turned back

Battle of the Coral Sea

- May 4-8, 1942 - Major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States and Australia. - It was the first fleet action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other. - It was also the first naval battle in history in which neither side's ships sighted or fired directly upon the other. - It is considered a tactical victory for Japan since the United States lost fleet carrier USS Lexington, Japan only the light carrier Shōhō. - At the same time, the battle was a strategic victory for the Allies because the Japanese abandoned their attempt to land troops to take Port Moresby, New Guinea. - The engagement ended with no clear victor, but the damage suffered and experience gained by both sides set the stage for the Battle of Midway one month later.

Victory in Europe Day

- May 7-8, 1945 - When the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. - On April 30, Hitler committed suicide during the Battle for Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz - By May 8, most of Germany had already been taken by Allied forces. - Hence V-E day was not such a drastic change for most German civilians. - Shortly before midnight on May 8, a second unconditional surrender was signed in the outskirts of Berlin, Germany. - The signing ceremony took place in a villa in an eastern suburb of Berlin called Karlshorst. - Representatives of the USSR, Great Britain, France, and the United States and the German command representatives were invited into the room, where they signed the final German Instrument of Surrender

Recruiting and Discrimination

- Minority groups are denied basic citizenship rights - Question whether they should fight for democracy in other countries

The United States Musters Its Forces:

- Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality - The Axis Threat - Building U.S. Defenses - Roosevelt Runs for a Third Term - The Lend-Lease Plan - Supporting Stalin - German Wolf Packs - The Atlantic Charter - Shoot on Sight

Building U.S. Defenses:

- Nazi victories in 1940 lead to increased U.S. defense spending - First peacetime draft enacted—Selective Training and Service Act: {draftees to serve for 1 year in Western Hemisphere only}

Kristallnacht

- Nazis attack Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues - About 100 Jews killed, hundreds injured, 30,000 arrested

Labor's Contribution

- Nearly 18 million workers in war industries; - 6 million are women - Over 2 million minorities hired; face strong discrimination at first - A. Philip Randolph, head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters - Organizes march on D.C.; FDR executive order forbids discrimination

Hoovervilles

- Nickname given to poor communities because of Hoover's refusal to provide direct federal aid to the homeless. - Hoover was blamed for the suffering of the poor.

The Nuremberg War Trials

- Nuremberg trials—24 Nazi leaders tried, sentenced {charged with crimes against humanity, against the peace, war crimes} - Establish principle that people responsible for own actions in war

The Battle of the Bulge:

- October 1944, Allies capture first German town, Aachen - December German tank divisions drive 60 miles into Allied area - Battle of the Bulge—Germans push back but have irreplaceable losses

Increase of nativism can be illustrated by...

- the Red Scare - trial of Sacco and Vanzetti - the activities of the Ku Klux Klan.

Economic Controls

- Office of Price Administration (OPA) freezes prices, fights inflation - Higher taxes, purchase of war bonds lower demand for scarce goods - War Production Board (WPB) says which companies convert production {allocates raw materials} {organizes collection of recyclable materials}

Mobilization of Scientists

- Office of Scientific Research and Development— technology, medicine - Manhattan Project develops atomic bomb

Truman Doctrine

- Originally designed to contain communism by giving aid to Greece and Turkey (later expanded by Eisenhower).

Baby Boom

- Population burst caused by the delay in marriages during WWII (soldiers came home from the war, got married and had lots of kids, causing a population burst).

Austria and Czechoslovakia Fall

- Post WW I division of Austria-Hungary creates fairly small Austria - Majority of Austrians are German, favor unification with Germany - 1938, German troops march into Austria unopposed, union complete - U.S., rest of world do nothing to stop Germany

New Frontier

- Program that was successful in expanding the U.S. space program. - The Soviet Union launched the Sputnik satellite which led Kennedy to set a goal of landing a man on the Moon and increase funding for science and math education.

Urbanization working conditions

- Rapid industrial growth leads to shift from rural to urban lifestyle, widespread use of child labor, and growth of tenements & slums - (overcrowded inner city neighborhoods located near factories).

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

- Regulates certain economic activities of banks and the stock market. - Develops rules to limit speculation. - Designed to correct abuses in the stock market.

United Nations

- Replaced the League of Nations in order to prevent international disputes from escalating into major wars. - Unlike the League of Nations, the U.S. joined the United Nations because it recognized that efforts to achieve world peace required U.S. involvement.

McCarthy Era

- Resulted from charges that Communists had infiltrated the U.$. government. • Opponents of the Senate hearings led by McCarthy during the 1950's argued that these investigations violated the constitutional rights of many people. • The reputations of many people were ruined by false accusations of disloyalty. • Execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg reflected the post-WWII concern over spying by communists in the U.S. (the Rosenberg's were executed in the U.S. for being Soviet spies.)

Yalta Conference

- Roosevelt, Churchill, & Stalin - Yalta in the Crimea [U. S. S. R.] - Decisions --> Germany to be disarmed & divided into 4 zones of occupation. - Veto power to be given to Big 5 nations at U. N. Soviet Union to get 3 seats in UN General Assembly. - In exchange for entering war against Japan 2-3 months after Germany surrenders, Soviets to be given: So. Sakhalin Is., concessions in Manchuria for ports, joint control of Manchuria RR, and Central Kuril Is. - Eastern Polish borders to be set to the advantage of the Soviets. - U. S. S. R. to pledge to hold free elections in E. Europe. - War crimes trials to be held after the war.

Urbanization Definition

- Rural (countryside) residents move to urban (inner city) areas in search of jobs. - Size of cities increase

FDR Reelected to 3rd Term in 1940

- Seen as controversial because it challenged a long held political tradition of presidents stepping down after 2 terms. - Most strongly influenced by the advent of WWII in Europe.

Mobilizing the homefront

- Selective Service and the GI - Expanding the Military - Recruiting and Discrimination - Dramatic Contributions - Labor's Contribution - Mobilization of Scientists - Economic Controls - Rationing

Blitzkrieg in Poland:

- Sept. 1939, Hitler overruns Poland in blitzkrieg, lightning war - Germany annexed western Poland; U.S.S.R. attacks, annexes east - France, Britain declare war on Germany; - World War II begins

Sputnik Launch(1957)

- Soviet Union launched the first satellite into space. - Led to American fears that the Soviets had achieved technological superiority. - Heightened the space race as a form of Cold War competition.

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

- Strengthened labor unions because it legalized collective bargaining. - Labor movement grew rapidly during the 1930's once the right to organize was protected by law.

The Battle of Britain:

- Summer 1940, Germany prepares fleet to invade Britain - Battle of Britain—German planes bomb British targets - Britain uses radar to track, shoot down German planes - Hitler calls off invasion of Britain - Germans, British continue to bomb each other's cities

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

- Supreme court ruled that freedom of speech for war protesters could be limited during wartime. - The "clear-and present danger" doctrine permits the government to limit speech that threatens the security of the nation. - Freedom of speech is not absolute.

Major female leaders of the women's rights movement...

- Susan B. Anthony - Carrie Chapman Catt - Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Lucretia Mott

Tariff

- Tax on foreign goods in order to raise revenue and protect domestic manufacturing (tax that makes foreign goods more expensive so people by American goods instead). - Leaders of big business gave support to the passage of tariffs because it increased their profits.

Robber Baron

- Term used during the Gilded Age to characterize leaders of big business who used ruthless tactics when dealing with competitors. - Ex: John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt.

Roaring Twenties

- The 1920's are called the "Roaring Twenties" because of widespread social and economic change and changing cultural values (social change). - During the 20's there was a conflict between old and new American ideals.

Eastern Front and Mediterranean:

- The Battle of Stalingrad - The North African Front - The Italian Campaign - Heroes in Combat

France and Britain Fight On:

- The Fall of France - The Battle of Britain

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

- The Soviet Union placed nuclear weapons in Cuba (only 90 miles off the U.S. coast). - Kennedy attempted to deal with the situation by imposing a naval blockade to isolate Cuba from the Soviet Union. - Eventually led to Kennedy negotiating the limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with the Soviet Union.

End of the War:

- The Yalta Conference - Human Costs of the War - The Nuremberg War Trials - The Occupation of Japan

Hiroshima - August 6, 1945 | Nagasaki - August 9, 1945

- The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman. - These are to date the only attacks with nuclear weapons in the history of warfare. - The bombs killed as many as 140,000 people in Hiroshima and 80,000 in Nagasaki by the end of 1945, roughly half on the days of the bombings. - Since then, thousands more have died from injuries or illness attributed to exposure to radiation released by the bombs. - In both cities, the overwhelming majority of the dead were civilians. - Six days after the detonation over Nagasaki, on August 15, Japan announced its surrender to the Allied Powers, signing the Instrument of Surrender on September 2, 1945 - thus officially ending the Pacific War and therefore World War II.

American Federation of Labor

- The first long lasting, successful labor union in the U.S., because it fought for the rights of skilled workers, focused on gains in wages and working conditions, and was organized on a nationwide basis.

Progressive Era Political Reform

- Through laws such as initiative, referendum, recall, direct primary, and secret ballot progressives attempted to increase participation in government by citizens and involve voters more directly.

Atomic Bomb:

- Tinian Island, 1945 - Little Boy (Hiroshima) {70,000 killed, 48,000 buildings destroyed} - Fat Man (Fat Man) (bombs) {40,000 killed, 60,000 injured} - Enola Gay (airplane) - 100,000s die of radiation and cancer - V-J Day- September 2, 1945

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

- Tragedy in which many women workers were killed in a factory fire. - Drew national attention to the need to protect the safety of workers.

Failures of World War I Peace Settlement

- Treaty of Versailles causes anger, resentment in Europe - Germany resents blame for war, loss of colonies, border territories - Russia resents loss of lands used to create other nations - New democracies flounder under social, economic problems - Dictators rise; driven by nationalism, desire for more territory

Sacco and Vanzetti

- Two immigrant anarchists who were convicted of murder and executed with very little evidence during the height of the Red Scare. - Demonstrated U.S. intolerance toward immigrants. Represented a threat to civil liberties.

Containment

- U.S. policy dedicated to stop Communist influence from spreading. - NATO, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Korean War, Vietnam War, and the Eisenhower Doctrine were examples of the U.S. foreign policy of containment (started by President Truman).

Manhattan Project

- U.S. project to develop an atomic bomb.

Marshall Plan (1948-1952)

- U.S. provided economic aid in order to help Europe's economic recovery after WWII.

Facism in Italy

- Unemployment, inflation lead to bitter strikes, some communist-led - Middle, upper classes want stronger leaders - Fascism stresses nationalism, needs of state above individual - Benito Mussolini plays on fears of economic collapse, communism - Supported by government officials, police, army - 1922 appointed head of government, establishes totalitarian state

Espionage Act/ Sedition Act (1917)

- Used by Wilson's administration during WWI to silence critics of the war effort. - This illustrated that national interest is sometimes given priority over individual rights.

Bonus Army

- WWI veterans march on Washington in protest, demanding to be paid for their services. - Demonstrated the growing discontent with Republican efforts to deal with the Great Depression.

U.S. and Britain Join Forces:

- War Plans - The Battle of the Atlantic

Flappers

- Women during the 1920's that rejected traditional feminine roles. - Refused to conform to society's expectations (they acted and dressed how they wanted to, not how society told them they should).

Muckraker

- Writers during the progressive era that exposed social ills of inner cities, factory conditions, and political corruption. - Focused on issues including the monopoly of Standard Oil, cattle processing, meat packing, child labor, and wages. Ex) Upton Sinclair, Ida M Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Riis.

House Un-American Activities Committee

- a committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, investigated allegations of communist activity in the U.S. during the early years of the Cold War (1945-91).

Dollar Diplomacy

- attempted to increase the U.S. power in Latin America. Indicated a U.S. desire to interact with foreign countries in ways that were profitable to U.S. corporations. - Corporations needed a place to sell surplus (extra) goods.

Primary object of the U.S. foreign policy during the 1930's was to...

- avoid involvement in Asian and European conflicts (Neutrality and Isolationism). - This was due to disillusionment (disappointment) over the failure to achieve U.S. goals in the postwar world.

President Calvin Coolidge

- believed the economy functions best if government allows business to operate freely (free enterprise system). - Small farmers did not fare well during the Coolidge prosperity in the 20's.

General Douglas MacArthur

- commander of the US forces in the Philippine Islands who directed the Allied occupation of Japan

Overproduction of Farm Crops

- demand for American farm goods dropped dramatically during the 1920's because European need for imported farm products declined after WWI. - Owners of small family farms experienced the most severe economic problems during the 20's.

Hitler

- eventually taking over poland which prompts england and france to declare war which is the first cause of world war II - hilter commits sucicide - leader of the natzis party - also called the fur

Stalin

- general secretary of comunist party - leader of russia/soviet union - signs a nonaggression pact with germany - becomes a large international power

Harry S. Truman

- headed the Senate war investigating committee, checking into waste and corruption and saving perhaps as much as 15 billion dollars - made some of the most crucial decisions in history - Soon after V-E Day, the war against Japan had reached its final stage. - Truman issued the Potsdam Declaration demanding the unconditional surrender of the Japanese government, warning of "prompt and utter destruction."

Results of World War II:

- high casualties - massive human dislocations - US and USSR= Two major superpowers - Bi-polarization of Europe - Division of Germany - creation of UN - decolonization of European Empires

Mussolini

- leader of italy - part of the axis powers - facist black shirts - took over libya and somalia

General Dwight D. Eisenhower

- led the Allied invasion of North African and planned and executed the D-Day invasion at Normandy and the Battle of the Bulge

During this era...

- states established public schools and passed compulsory education laws. - reformers argued that an educated, literate population was necessary for a successful democracy.

During the Cold War era...

- the U.S. and Soviet Union were hesitant to become involved in direct military conflict because of the potential for global nuclear destruction. - The superpowers supported opposing sides in conflicts, but did not confront each other directly.

Different from World War II because...

- the Vietnam War caused a significant amount of protest in the U.S. The Berkeley demonstrations, riots at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, and the Kent State protest all reflect student disapproval of the war. - Protests against the Vietnam war grew in the late 1960's and early 1970's because many Americans believed that the war was unjust.

Winston Chruchill

- war time Prime Minister of Great Britain, Great Britain was the only country in Europe that was still fighting against the Axis Powers - Works with FDR - resists nazis

Tojo

- war time leader - wants to invade china - forms axis power - hung and tried as a war criminal

Seneca Falls Convention

- was the first women's rights convention. - It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". - Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19-20, 1848.

Dramatic Contributions

-300,000 Mexican Americans join armed forces -1 million African Americans serve; live, work in segregated units -13,000 Chinese Americans and 33,000 Japanese Americans serve -25,000 Native Americans enlist

A key challenge faced by the U.S. during World War II was...

...fighting the war on several fronts (Europe and Asia).

Execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg reflected...

...the post-WWII concern over spying by communists in the U.S. (the Rosenberg's were executed in the U.S. for being Soviet spies.)

Many of the western states granted...

...women the right to vote before the adoption of the 19th amendment because frontier (western) women played important roles in society.

European Theater

1939-1945

Kamikaze

A Japanese pilot who crashes his plane into an enemy ship

Monopoly

A company that controls or dominates an industry in order to eliminate competition and control prices.

Victory Gardens

A garden in which people grow their own food during a war.

Island Hopping

A military strategy used by the Americans to attack important, less defended islands until they reached the main islands of Japan

Internment Camps

A place in which people are confined, especially during a time of war

Internment Camps

A place in which people are confined, especially during a time of war.

Concentration Camps

A place where political prisoners and members of religious and ethnic groups are sent to either work as slave labor or to be killed

Populist Party Definition

A political coalition of farming interests directed against banking and railroads.

Make Predictions How did the U.S. government deal with Japanese Americans during the war? How did they respond?

After the defeat of Japan in World War II, the United States led the Allies in the occupation and rehabilitation of the Japanese state. Between 1945 and 1952, the U.S. occupying forces, led by General Douglas A. MacArthur enacted widespread military, political, economic, and social reforms. The law-suits they brought back to the United States.

Island Hopping

Allies advance island by island to Japan

Liberation of the Death Camps:

Allies in Germany, Soviets in Poland liberate concentration camps {find starving prisoners, corpses, evidence of killing}

Support Ideas with Examples What actions did Americans take to show their patriotism after Pearl Harbor?

Americans searched for ways to help with the war effort, people joined the military, volunteered with the red cross and other organizations.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Expanded the principles of the Truman Doctrine by extending Middle East military assistance in order to offset communist influence in the region.

Identify Central Issues In what way did the Anschluss present a challenge to the United States and its allies?

Anschluss presented a challenge to the US and its allies because it showed how the allies weren't unified and Hitler took advantage of the allies and their opposition against one another.

The term "Peace in our Time" refers to what?

Appeasement Policy

Which happened first? Battle of Midway or Battle of Okinawa

Battle of Midway

Identify Patterns Why did most Americans support isolationism at the beginning of the war?

Because of the severe economic crisis of the Great Depression many believed that involvement in WWII would be a deadly and expensive mistake. We look at World War II as a potential mistake - we don't want to waste money where we don't have to.

Identify Patterns What about the nature of warfare during World War II made the ability to produce war material so important?

Because they knew American production would play a more key role in helping the allies win the war.

Compare How were the causes of the Detroit race riots and the Los Angeles Zoot Suit Riots similar?

Both riots were caused by tensions created when large numbers of people from a minority group migrated or immigrated to a city during the war.

War Plans

Churchill convinces FDR to strike first against Hitler

Vietnam War Definition

Civil war between Communist North Vietnam and U.S. backed South Vietnam.

Expanded the Monroe Doctrine

Claimed the Monroe Doctrine permits the U.S. to intervene actively in the affairs of Latin American nations.

Manhattan Project

Code name used for the effort to create the atomic bombs.

Social Security Act 1935

Considered an important program because it extended support to elderly/retired citizens.

Direct Election of Senators

Established by the 17th amendment. Citizens directly voted on who would represent them in the Senate in order to make the Senate more responsive to the people.

Jane Adams

Established settlement houses that provided assistance to the poor.

Trusts

Created by industrialists during the late 1800's to increase profits by minimizing competition.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade (made Unions legal). In response to business combinations limiting competition.

Agricultural Adjustment Acts

Designed to increase prices of farm products by reducing farm output.

Collective Bargaining

Discussions between labor union leaders and management (owners/ bosses) to agree on a contract for workers.

Synthesize How did the war affect American farming?

During WWII American agriculture changed significantly. American farmers needed to produce more food with less help. This led to better machinery, chemicals, and crops, which improved crop yields. During the war labor was scarce because the men were off fighting the war.

Identify Central Issues What economic conditions led to the rise of totalitarianism in Europe and Asia?

Economic conditions that led to the rise of totalitarianism in Europe and Asia was the rise of dictatorship, poverty, the great depression.

Which statement identifies a change in American society during World War II?

Economic opportunities for women increased

Laissez-faire capitalism Definition

Economic policy which argues that government should limit any interference in the economy (the government should leave the economy alone).

Roosevelt's Death:

FDR dies April 12; Vice President Harry S. Truman becomes president

True or False: The invasion of Czechoslovakia began World War II

False

True or False: The only conference FDR was not apart of was the Yalta Conference

False

W.E.B. Du Bois

Formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in order to end segregation and win equal rights.

This nation fell in World War II after just 4 week

France

Which of the following was not an Axis Power?

France

Compare and Contrast the contributions of Generals George Marshall and Douglas MacArthur during the first months of the war.

George Marshall directed the military build up from the coordinating and training groups to overseeing the manufacturing and delivery of all the necessary supplies. Douglas struggled to hold the US positions in the Philippines with little support.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Intended to help unemployed workers.

WPA

Intended to help unemployed workers.

Generate Explanations Why did Germany sign a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union?

Germany signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union because Hitler didn't want to fight a war on two fronts.

V-E Day was when...

Germany surrendered

Describe Describe Germany's successes at the beginning of World War II.

Germany used a new style of warfare that emphasized the use of speed and free power to penetrate deep into the enemy's territory. They use bullet creeks warfare - very quick and very fast and very overpowering, they defeat them in a matter of months.

Who were on Axis Power?

Germany, Italy, Japan

Identify Central Issues Why did having the Soviet Union as an ally contradict one of the reasons for United States involvement in the war?

Having the Soviet Union as an ally is one of the reasons for United States involvement in the war because we were trying to stop Hitler from doing the same thing he was doing.

Leader who was hung at the end of World War II

Hirohito

What city was the first atomic bomb dropped?

Hiroshima

Facist leader who benefited from the policy of Appeasement

Hitler

Generate Explanations How did Hitler and Mussolini use the Spanish Civil war to their advantage?

Hitler and Mussolini use the Spanish Civil War to their advantage by taking control and having authority. They also used it to bring people together against a common enemy.

What was not a cause of World War II?

International Terrorism

Square Deal

Increased the role of the Federal Government in dealing with social and economic problems.

Fighter pilots who used suicide bombing as a strategy

Kamikaze

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Law passed by congress in an attempt to limit the power of monopolies.

Senator Joseph McCarthy

Led a "witch hunt" for Communist spies in the U.S. government during the early 1950's.

Wagner Act (1935)

Legalized collective bargaining.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Limited the amount of Chinese immigrants entering the U.S. An example of Nativism.

Predict Consequences Predict two possible consequences for wartime women factory workers when men began to return from overseas after the war.

Many women will not want to give up their jobs, and conflict may occur between women workers and the men returning from the war who need jobs. Women might give up their jobs, but then feel resentful at being forced to do so.

Glided Age

Mark Twain labeled the late 1800's the Gilded Age to describe the extremes of wealth and poverty (big differences between the rich and the poor).

Wartime Propaganda

Media to sway public opinion toward involvement

President Herbert Hoover Definition

President of the U.S. at the start of the Great Depression.

Robert M. LaFollette

Progressive reformer who wanted to start a civil rights movement for African Americans (was unsuccessful).

Hitler believed that he should annex the Sudetenland to...

Protect German Speaking people (Anshluss-Union)

Draw Conclusions Did most Americans support President Roosevelt when he condemned Japanese aggression in Asia?

Most Americans didn't support president Roosevelt when he condemned Japanese aggression in Asia because they weren't ready for another attempt at peace keeping in Europe. Most Americans don't want to get involved in any conflict at all so they don't support Roosevelt.

The second atomic bomb was dropped on which city?

Nagasaki

This British Prime Minister had a policy of Appeasement

Neville Chamberlain

Iron Curtain

Nickname given to the boundary of Soviet domination in Europe during the Cold War.

D-Day is also refered to as...

Operation Overlord

Truman Doctrine

Originally designed to contain communism by giving aid to Greece and Turkey.

New Nationalism

Policy designed to help the U.S. solve problems caused by industrialization.

Support Ideas with Examples After war began in Europe, did Roosevelt follow an interventionist or isolationist policy? Support your answer with examples.

Roosevelt followed an isolationist policy because he really wanted to get involved in the war but he really didn't want to fly planes over so Germany could see that the US was helping. Roosevelt didn't want us to directly transport weapons through Europe.

Berlin Airlift

Soviet forces cut off Berlin from the Western world, causing the U.S. to airlift supplies to West Berlin.

Rosie the Riveter

Symbol of female independent workers

Make Predictions What did the Bataan Death March foreshadow about the war in the Pacific?

The Bataan Death March foreshadowed about the war in the pacific because it wasn't the first time human standards of the treatment of prisoners had been violated during the conflict, and it wasn't the last.

The atomic bomb was created under this codename

The Manhattan Project

Korematsu v. U.S. Definition

The U.S. government considered Japanese Americans a threat to national security during WWII, causing them to place Japanese Americans in confinement in internment camps.

Support Ideas with Examples Was the policy of appeasement successful against Hitler and Germany? Explain your answer.

The policy of appeasement was allowing certain actions to go unpunished in the hopes of avoiding war. This policy was indeed not successful.

Identify Patterns What was Franklin Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy?

The good neighbor policy was to mend fences with American neighbors. It encouraged friendly relationships in the Western Hemisphere.

Marshall Plan (1948)

U.S. plan to economic aid to European nations threatened by communism.

This organization was created after 1945 to stop future wars and genocides

United Nations

Social Dawinism Definition

Theory which believed that the growth of large business at the expense of others was merely survival of the fittest (the stronger businesses will succeed and the weaker one will fail).

Rations

To limit to small portions in order to make something last.

War Production Board (WPB)

Transfer of industry from peace to wartime

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Tried to restore public confidence in banks. Safeguards savings (government insures the money you have in the bank so that you can't lose it if the bank fails).

True or False: FDR was president during World War II

True

Which leader ordered the dropping of two atomic bombs?

Truman

Henry Ford

Use of the assembly line in the production of automobiles led directly to a decrease in the cost of automobiles.

Which Happened first? V-E Day or V-J Day

V-E Day

Human Costs of the War:

WWII most destructive war in human history

Lend-Lease Act

Weapons, materials and services supplied by the U.S. to its allies during World War II.

Washington Naval Conferences & Kellog-Briand Pact

Were attempts by the U.S. to achieve peace and arms control in the decade after WWI

Identify Central Issues What were some positive effects of the war on the U.S. economy?

Women and minorities found new opportunities in the workplace. African Americans achieved some improvements in civil rights. However, injustices, such as Japanese internment, occurred. The U.S. government also helped manage the economy. Thousands of jobs were created because of the war. (What ends the great depression - world war ll)

Which happened first? Yalta Conference or Potsdam Confrence

Yalta Confrence

Installment Buying

paying for something a little at a time rather than all at once.

During WWII rationing was used to...

provide more resources for the military

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

tried to control inflation

Causes of WWI

• At the outbreak of WWI in Europe (1914), most Americans believed that their country should stay out of war. • During the first 3 years of WWI, the U.S. tried to maintain freedom of the seas and trade with European nations (Britain & France) but Germany attacked any ships that traded with their enemies. • German's violate the freedom of the seas by resuming unrestricted submarine warfare (which became a major reason for why the U.S. entered WWI in 1917. • Wilson declares "The world must be made safe for democracy" in order to justify his decision to ask Congress to declare war against Germany.

Corporation

• Became an important form of business organization in the U.S.after the Civil War. • Has advantage because corporations could generate large amounts of capital (money and materials needed to run a business) with limited liability (risk/responsibility) for investors. • Major goal was to consolidate (unite into one) the manufacture and distribution of products. • Used mechanization and the division of labor which made it difficult for smaller industries to be competitive. • Increased efficiency in production methods.

U.S. Global Involvement/ Imperialism

• Between the 1890's and the start of World War I (1914), the U.S. expanded its access to overseas markets and raw materials through the policy of imperialism (a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries). • U.S. practices economic nationalism by implementing protective tariffs to help American industry. • U.S. annexes (take over a territory) Hawaii and the Philippines.

U.S. Involvement in WWII

• Bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japan brought the U.S. directly into World War II. • U.S. became involved to fight totalitarian aggression (Germany, Italy Japan) and because Germany and Japan achieved important military successes in Europe and Asia. • The cooperation between the U.S. and Soviet Union during WWII supports the idea that alliances are built upon mutual self-interest (the U.S. and Soviet Union were enemies but formed an alliance because they were both enemies with Germany). • 1944 election of FDR to a fourth term can be attributed to the unwillingness of voters to change leadership during a major crisis. • The personal diplomacy conducted by FDR during WWII strengthened the President's role in shaping U.S. foreign policy.

Urbanization concepts

• Caused by industrialization. • Urban middle class increased the most as a result of the Industrial Revolution.

U.S. Neutrality

• Congress passes Neutrality Acts in mid 1930's in attempt to avoid mistakes that led to WWI. • Japan invades Chinese territory which heightens tensions between U.S. and Japan.

President Harry Truman

• Decided to drop atomic bombs on Japan (Hiroshima & Nagasaki) because the bombs' destructive power might end the war quickly. • Decided to use atomic weapons against Japan in order to end the war while limiting the loss of American lives. • Truman believed that an invasion of Japan would result in excessive casualties. • Advanced the cause of civil rights for African Americans by ordering the desegregation of the Armed Forces (Black and White troops fight together and are no longer separated). • Relieved General Douglas MacArthur of his command in the Korean conflict because General MacArthur challenged the concept of civilian control over the military. • Required loyalty checks due to the fear of communist influence in government.

Causes of The Great Depression

• Decline in farm prosperity. • Overproduction and the excessive use of credit. • Overproduction and underconsumption (U.S. businesses and factories were making more products than the U.S. people could buy). Consumer demand was low, while industrial production was high. • Uneven distribution of income between the rich and poor (people were either really rich or really poor). • Wages lagged behind the cost of living (workers were getting paid too little and could not pay their bills). • Rapid, worldwide spread of the Great Depression of the 1930's was evidence of global financial interdependence (economies all over the world are tied to each other and depend on each other. If one falls they all fall).

During War

• During WWI, relations between the U.S. and Mexico were characterized by hostility and suspicion. • Wilson ordered controls on the U.S. industry to fight WWI. • These actions show that Executive (aka Presidential) power can increase during times of international crises. Similar to Andrew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, and Franklin D. Roosevelt because they all expanded presidential powers.

President John F. Kennedy

• Established the Peace Corps- Gave support to developing nations.

FDR and The New Deal

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) wins an easy victory over Herbert Hoover (1932), demonstrating that most voters blamed Herbert Hoover for the Great Depression. • The big difference between FDR and Hoover was that FDR was more willing to use government intervention to solve economic problems. • The election of FDR in 1932 reflected the desire of many Americans to have government take an active role in solving economic problems

Economic Change

• Growth of the automobile industry changed the economy by stimulating the development of other new industries. • Development of many new consumer goods led to rapid economic growth during the 1920's. • The number of credit purchases increased (people bought on credit rather than using cash). • Emergence of a "consumer culture" because advertising and installment payments encourage buying. • A belief in never-ending prosperity (economic success) helped to promote heavy increases in stock speculation. • During the 1920's prevailing view of government's role in the economy was that the government should interfere as little as possible.

President Herbert Hoover Description

• His policies favored big business. • Believed that the problems of the Depression could be solved by relying on private enterprise and individual initiative to improve economic conditions. • Hoover's response to the Great Depression was criticized because it failed to provide direct relief for the neediest people. • Refused to provide funds for the unemployed during the Depression based on his belief that Federal relief programs would destroy individual initiative (people would not be motivated to work hard if the government helped them). • Hoover and the Republican party believed that the economy would recover on its own.

Social Change

• Immigration acts of the 1920's attempted to use quotas to limit immigration from southern and eastern Europe. • Automobiles, radio, and motion pictures standardized American culture (influenced what people considered to be "American culture").

In the 1930's...

• In the 1930's Fascism rises in Europe (Germany & Italy). U.S. responds by passing a series of neutrality laws. • In the 1930's Germany was seeking to dominate the European continent. Great Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement (avoid war at all costs) when they allowed Germany to expand its territory. WWII started when Germany went too far and invaded Poland (1939) causing Britain & France to declare war on Germany.

Immigration concepts

• Large numbers of immigrants were admitted to the U.S. during most of the 1800's because the economy needed many unskilled factory workers. Factory owners strongly supported an open immigration policy in order to get cheap labor. • Immigration increased from Ireland to the U.S. during the 1840's due to crop failures (Irish Potato Famine) in Ireland that led to mass starvation. During the 1850's, Irish immigrants were discriminated against because they practiced the Roman Catholic Religion. • During the late 1800's and early 1900's many members of Congress supported legislation requiring literacy tests for immigrants in an attempt to restrict immigration from southern and eastern Europe.

Prohibition description

• Led to an increase in organized crime. • Respect for the law decreased. • Led to a public awareness that unpopular laws are difficult to enforce. • Prohibition was officially ended by the 21st Amendment.

The New Deal

• Most immediate goal was to provide work for the unemployed. • Tried to stimulate economic recovery by creating public works jobs. • Social welfare programs were expanded. • Increased government involvement with both business and labor. • Declared a bank holiday (1933) in order to restore confidence in the nation's banks.

Laissez-faire capitalism Concepts

• Prices of products are determined by the interaction of supply & demand/ marketplace. • Claimed that government regulation of business would be harmful to economic growth. • Influenced the growth of the U.S. economy during the late 19th century, which led to economic domination by business trusts. EX: Standard Oil Trust was intended to control prices and practices in oil refining.

Impact of the New Deal

• Raised national debt (the U.S. owed a lot of borrowed money). • Resulted in the expansion of the power of the Federal Government • Resulted in a stronger link between the national and local levels of government. • Changed political thinking in the U.S. because it supported the idea that the government should become more involved in the social and economic life of the people. • Sate governments increased their powers of taxation. • The effectiveness of the New Deal in ending the Great Depression is difficult to measure because the U.S. involvement in WWII rapidly accelerated economic growth (many historians say that WWII ended the Great Depression, rather than the New Deal).

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Smaller industries had difficulty maintaining their competitiveness. • Many business practices were developed to eliminate competition. Ex: Monopolies, trusts. • Growth of big business resulted in the widening of the economic gap between rich and poor. • Immigration to the U.S. increased, because more jobs were made available as industry was growing • Urban middle class increased.

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

• Starts in the northeast in the 19th century (1800's) because this region had the greatest supply of capital and labor. • After the Civil War, the Federal Government provided land and money to build railroads. • Availability of water to power machines. • Mechanization of agriculture-Led to an increase in production

Woodrow Wilson

• Supported the creation of the Federal Reserve System (1913) in order to regulate the amount of money in circulation. • Worked to limit the power of big business. • Adopted a policy of neutrality (not taking sides in the war) at the beginning of World War I. • Claimed that the Progressive movement would be best served by continued peace (avoiding WWI). • During his reelection campaign in 1916 he used the slogan "He kept us out of war," but after he was reelected in 1917 Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany because Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. • In the years before the U.S. entered WWI, Wilson violated his position of strict neutrality by supporting economic policies that favored the Allied nations (Britain & France).

FDR's Administration

• Supreme Court declared several New Deal laws unconstitutional because they overextended the power of the federal government. FDR responded by proposing legislation to increase the size of the court (court packing) to make it favorable to New Deal laws. This was seen by his opponents as a threat to the system of checks & balances. • Used deficit spending to stimulate economic growth. • FDR's reelection to 3rd term in 1940 eventually led to the establishment of presidential term limits.

Korematsu v. U.S. Description

• Supreme Court said that the removal of Japanese Americans from their homes was constitutional because this type of action was necessary during a national emergency. • Supreme Court ruled that wartime conditions justified limitations being placed on civil liberties. • Many Japanese lost their homes and businesses.

Effects of Vietnam War

• The U.S. questioned its role as a police officer of the world. • Caused a reluctance to commit U.S. troops for extended military action abroad. • Showed that foreign policy can be altered by public opinion. • Led to greater public distrust of governmental policies. • U.S. experience in the war showed that superior military technology does not guarantee victory.

Scopes Trial Description

• The conviction was supported by some Americans who wanted to promote traditional fundamentalist values (people who believe strictly in a set of principals and do not consider other views or opinions). • Illustrated a conflict concerning religious beliefs and scientific theories. • Illustrated a larger conflict over cultural values in American society during the 20's.

Opposition to New Deal

• The strongest opposition to FDR's New Deal programs came from business leaders. New Deal policies ran contrary to (against) the tradition of Laissez-faire (government shouldn't interfere with the economy). • Republicans criticized the New Deal because it spent more money than was taken in. • Critics of the New Deal claimed the TVA and Social Security System threatened the U.S. economy by applying socialist principles.

Vietnam War Description

• U.S. became involved to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia/Indochina (following the policy of containment). • The ratification for the 26th amendment, which lowered the voting age to 18, was a result of the participation of the U.S. in the Vietnam War (many 18 year olds went to war, causing the people to feel they deserved the right to vote). • Presidential wartime powers were expanded during the war (but limited after). • U.S. pulls out of Vietnam in 1975 resulting in a North Vietnam victory and all of Vietnam falling to communism.

Political Effects

• U.S. follows a policy of neutrality & isolationism during the 1920's and 30's because of a disillusionment (disappointment, frustration) with WWI and its results. • Congress refuses to sign the Treaty of Versailles (even though President Wilson wanted them to) because many Senators objected to the U.S. membership in the League of Nations, fearing that it would pull the U.S. into another major war.

End of World War II/ Impact of Word War II

• U.S. foreign policy changed following WWII as the U.S. became more involved in world affairs. • In the decade after WWII, rapid growth in personal income contributed to the expansion of the middle class.

Theodore Roosevelt

• U.S. influence in the Caribbean Sea region is significantly increased as a result of Roosevelt's policies. • Helped negotiated the end of the Russo-Japanese war (war between Russia and Japan). • A primary objective of his was to awaken public interest in conservation efforts (saving the environment). Set aside land for national forests and water projects.

Korean War Description

• U.S. intervened in the war because of its policy of containment (stop the spread of communism). • Marked the first time that the United Nations used military force to oppose aggression. • General Douglas MacArthur was relieved of his command in the Korean War because he threatened constitutional principle of civilian control of the military. • Presidential wartime powers were expanded. • Major outcome of the Korean War was that Korea continued to be a divided nation (neither side was able to win).

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Used the "Domino Theory" to justify U.S. involvement in Vietnam. • Sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957 to enforce a Supreme Court decision to desegregate public schools. • In a farewell message to the American public, Eisenhower warned of the growth of the "military-industrial complex" referring to the influence of defense contractors on Congress.

Social Dawinism concepts

• Used to justify the formation of business monopolies. • Used to explain the differences in income between the rich and poor. • Believed that economic success comes to those who are the hardest working and most competent.

Economic Effects of WWI

• WWI was a significant benefit to the U.S. economy because it provided a market for the U.S. industry (the armies of the U.S. and its allies needed a lot of supplies which gave U.S. factories a lot of business). • Growth of automobile industry after WWI changed the U.S. economy by stimulating the development of other new industries. • In terms of international trade and finance, the U.S. emerged from WWI as a leading creditor nation (U.S. becomes the world's leading economic power). • American women helped gain support for the suffrage (right to vote) movement by working in wartime industries. • African Americans migrate to the North during and following WWI as a result of the availability of new factory jobs.

The U.S. Home-Front During World War II

• Women replaced men in essential wartime industries. • Posters of Rosie the Riveter were used to recruit women into wartime industries. • During the war, economic opportunities expanded for women. • After the end of the war, many working women left their factory jobs because they were forced to give up their jobs to returning war veterans. • More African Americans migrated to large cities because industry was expanding. • U.S. government ordered rationing during WWII to conserve raw materials for the war effort. • To help pay for WWII, the U.S. government relied heavily on the sale of war bonds (lends from citizens to help fund the war. Also contributed to the national debt). • WWII impacted the U.S. economically by accelerating its recovery from the Great Depression.

Women's Rights

• Women were granted the right to vote through the 19th Amendment during the Progressive Era (1917). • The national effort to ratify women's suffrage (right to vote) was strengthened by the economic opportunities created by World War I because women had to perform the jobs of men while they were away at war.