History Flashcards starting with Washington

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Election of 1828/Jacksonian Revolution

"Jackson and Reform"- Jackson would "clean sweep" the corruption of Adams to answer the question "shall the people rule". Jackson won E.C. 178-83, and pop greatly, increased voter turnouts=people's gov (New Democ)

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in District of Colombia, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Johnson vs. McIntosh

(marshall). Established that Indian tribes had the rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes

Paternalism

(n.) the policy or practice of treating or governing people in the manner of a father dealing with his children

1811 New Orleans Uprising

- 500 mean and women "armed -destroyed property shouting "freedom or death" -disbanded by an army (some killed) -inspired by Haiti

diff btwn Americans and irish

- Americans r protestant and Irish r Catholic (Catholicism increase) -loyal to the pope more than the US ( popularizing monarchy) - undercut the working class natives

Battle of New Orleansde

- British couldn't maneuver much due to location - formation was ineffective( sitting ducks) - Americans shoot from above at the British

Most known escapes that Still performed

- Henry Box Brown -woman that dressed up as a carriage driver

Problems with the acquisition of land from the Mexican-American War

- Northern Opposition to potential slave states -Southern racist opposition to Mexicans

Way to survive slavery

- able to look up to superordinate slaves ( not all white )

Learning from families/ extended families

- code switching between when masters are around - tecah the slaves how to survive

Slave Families (white thoughts)

- don't look like white families because they can be broken up

examples of small individual slaves rebellions

- faking sickness (common) -stole food (common) -arson (rare) -poisoning (rare) -assault (rare)

Slave families( Blassengames)

- had aunts and uncles that functioned as caretakers if the parents were sold away ( structure ) - slave men are emasculaste ( masters cares for the slaves; wives are raped) and mothers are helpless( cant defend her children and herself)

Brown Painting

- looks likes Moses= leading black people to freedom (God approves of his actions) - humanizes him as someone that is dying for the anti-slavery cause and truly cares

Effect of Fugitive Slave Act on Underground Railroad

- no blacks are safe in the north - being a conductor is even riskier -The railroad just gets longer going all the way to Canada - 1000s of free blacks also venture to Canada as well (neighborhoods and churches)

Stealing the pigs

- providing for the family beyond what master gives - also built furniture

1831 Old South Impact

-Parli trying to implement a program to abolish slavery in England -Turner's rebellion was in the paper ( said that there are enemies of slavery on the inside and outside) -mobs driving out critics of slavery -being an abolitionist was illegal

Who made up the population in Philly PA 1830s

-Quakers (opposed slavery) -free blacks

Opinions of the author of the John Brown Biography

-he was a terrorist/ chose his victims in teh massacre in order to shock people

1850s ways to escape slavery

-hiding on boats -taking horse and carriage

How most slave escape?

-impersonation of slave owners -hiding

human nature according to Hofstadter

-self interested -inherently corrupt -needs to be regulated/controlled

What concepts did they have of bondage to a higher authority b4 slavery

-serfdom (heredity; bound labor- but can work the land for there own benefit; own their work) -indentured servitude

Stanley Elkins

-slavery is a total institution -compared slavery to concentration camps -inflantilization

Why is Elkins comparing slavery and concentration camps?

-supervised by people that have license to kill you -physically and physiological dependent on the supervisor (afraid)

Opinions about Brown

-terrorist -victims chose to shock - bible usage -empathetic - Lovejoy killing

Greatest reasons that slaves ran away

-whipping/overworking - fear that their family would be seperated by auction

Hosfstadter's checks and balances

1) supervising the majority to prevent and uprising; largest change of success 2) Gov is filed with learned men that r properly able to comm its of needs

Issue with soft money

1. Don't have a standard currency- hard to control the amount issued 2. Don't know how much one currency is worth in another state

Poor people's opinions on notes (soft money)

1. Notes increase and decrease in value (so you could be rich or poor at different times) 2. Farmers borrow money (loans)- debtor might not have to pay as much when the money is worth more (the debtor has to pay a fixed amount no matter how much the money is worth)

Still's career as a conductor

14 years in Anti Slavery Society and almost no one was captured. He resigned 2 months after the Civil War had ended. He served in the Civil War and got street cars desegregated. Afterwards he became a coal worker. He became wealthy is the 1870s after publishing the accounts that he had written of the runaway slaves.

Denmark Vesey

1767(?)-1822 *A slave who won enough money in a lottery to buy his own freedom *Gained wealth and influence in South Carolina *Accused of using church get-togethers to plan a violent slave revolt -took to rebuking blacks who stepped off the city's sidewalks to allow whites to pass.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Irish and German Immigration

1800s *The 1840s saw a dramatic increase in immigration due to the potato famine in Ireland *The poverty of the Irish immigrants led to settlement in eastern cities and competition for jobs *The 1850s had increases in German immigration because of the failed revolution in 1848 *Many Germans settled in Wisconsin because they had money and other resources, which helped to cultivate the upper-midwest portion of the United States *The Five Points neighborhood of New York City included Irish immigrants, African Americans, and Anglo, Italian, and Jewish cultures; it encapsulated the melting-pot phenomenon in the United States

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

Exposition and Protest

1828 (JQA) , John C. Calhoun wrote this in protest to the Tariff of 1828. In it, he said that a state should be able to nullify a federal law (The Tariff of 1828)

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. Protected the industry (in the North) on Manufactured goods so that the people would by the North's products and not England

Webster-Hayne Debate

1830 *Debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that focused on sectionalism and nullification *Came after the "Tariff of Abominations" incident *At issue was the source of constitutional authority: Was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom? *Webster stated, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"

Gag Rule

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

1817 philadelphia

300 blacks said that they have the same freedom and rights as white people

The Amistad

53 slaves in 1839 stole the Amistad ship and forced it to go to Africa

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.People thought it ended the war but a treaty had already been signed.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

William Still

A black underground railroad conductor that was born free. part of the antislavery society which was undercover as a newspaper.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Jumping the Broom

A common part of the slave wedding ceremony. Symbolized the joining of the two people until death or seperation.

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

Cabinet

A group of people who head up various government departments, and give the president advice.

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Stephen Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

"Am I Not a Man and a Brother"

A motto adopted by abolitionists to highlight the reality that blacks in bondage were no different than the whites in power over them.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Slavery after abolition

A peculiar institution

What is gold measured against in 1832

A pound because it is the dominant currency- never absolutely equal (changes)

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

What type of government did the Federalists believe in?

A strong federal government.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Tariff

A tax on imported goods to help make prices equal with the same American goods, thereby protecting American workers.

Slavocracy

A term for southern democracy by anti-slavery Union people. The term suggested that slavery dominated all southern politics, and Northerners believed that adding Texas to the United States was the attempts of the south to add one more slave state.

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies Tight pack and loose pack

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.- impressment was a cause

Who tied Thomas Jefferson in the election of 1800?

Aaron Burr

In 1804 how did Aaron Burr settle his differences with Alexander Hamilton?

Aaron Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, during which Burr killed Hamilton.

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

differences between Jackson and Adams

Adams was groomed for presidency; highly prepared, from Boston, market eco, Harvard, ambassador to Great Britain, question of whether he is a "True American", became prez through a "corrupt bargain" with other elitists" and the common man got robbed Jackson is "one of the people", from the frontier (south), agricultural eco, self-made, little official schooling, got the popular vote ( from the common man )- said that the corrupt bargain showed that they stole their voice

When the election of 1824 went to the House who was running?

Adams, Clay, Jackson

Slavery death

Adopted the idea of heaven which was altered (heaven=Africa)

why did Henry Clay support Adams

Agreed with Adams ideas more than Jackson, knew that he wouldn't get as many votes but they had the same ideas, possibly had promised him the position of Secretary of State

What did the Democratic-Republicans believe the emphasis for economy should be on?

Agriculture, Farming

Federalist Members

Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, John Jay

Alien and Sedition Acts

Alien Acts restricted immigrants because the Federalists thought most of them were joining the Democratic-Republican Party. The Sedition Act made it illegal to criticize the Adams administration.

what relates to the Nullification?

Alien and Sedition Acts and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Elijah Lovejoy

American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and news paper editor who was murdered by a mob for his abolitionist views

Fredrick Douglass

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published the autobiography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

slave narrative

An autobiographical account written by a former slave; usually told by the masters' wives

Gabriel's Rebellion (1800)

An unsuccessful plot organized by a Richmond blacksmith, Gabriel, and his brothers, in which the Virginian slaves involved hoped to gain their freedom.

Nicholas Biddle

As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828.

How are people voting during era of good feelings

Based on the geographical location

why didn't Canada have slavery

Because England abolished it in 1833

Why was Still let go after the trail of Jane Johnson?

Because she came forward and said that she wasn't forced and she had the right to leave because she wan't a fugitive when she came to Philly because she came with her master

Why couldn't Elkins study slavery

Because there were no documentations

Slaves owners think that they are kind to their slaves

Because they were around their slaves year round

Slave traders

Bottom rung of people that manned ships and things

Black communities in Ontario Canada

Buxton settlement and they said that they were able to get their first tastes of citizenship

Slave song forms

Call and response songs - refrain and pretty easy; but has many different versions (because it came from an oral tradition) Rooted in African culture and not derived from white culture

Power over someone' s life (crusade)

Can mean killing but also meaning owning their life; take their life and put it to another use

Bonds

Certificates of debt that carry a promise to buy back the bonds at a higher price

The Georgia Experiment

Chartered in 1732 as a refuge for debtors or prisoners that served as a buffer, or barrier, against Spanish Florida. James Oglethorpe was the proprietor who banned slavery because he thought atht onwing slaves and advancing in sociey would undermine the lesson taht was to be learned. Within 20 years colonists won the right to an elected assembly where they repealed the ban on slavery. This led to slaves becoming a major part of Georgia and further adding to the fact that southern colonies were primarily slave-based.

An Appeal in Favor of the Class of Americans Called Africans

Children's book that insisted that blacks were fellow countrymen and not foreigners

Christianization of slaves

Christianization them but control what they heard - didn't hear things about freedom, liberations and promise land (no bibles) - heard things about obedience

9th Amendment

Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution

Religions slavery

Combination of Christianity and traditional African faith

Lacompton Constitution

Constitution be pro-slavery people who didn't like the Topeka Constitution

Cotton is King

Cotton had become such a huge import by the time of the Civil War it was 60% of all American Imports. Southerners believed that it was so essential to Europeans that they would intervene in the Civil War. The term "Cotton is King" comes from Senator J. H. Hammond's fro South Carolina boast "Without firing a gun...should they make war on us, we could bring the whole world to our feet...What would happen if no cotton was furnished for three years?... England would topple headlong and carry the whole civilized world with her save the South. No, you dare not to make war on cotton. No power on the earth dares to make war upon it. Cotton is King."

North benefitted from slavery

Cotton trade financed all industrial and internal improvements

William Still Family

Dad bought himself out of slavery Hi mom had tried to escape once with her 4 children but got caught; had to leave her two sons and take her two daughters on the 2nd escape because she thought her sons could fend for themselves whereas her daughters would be assaulted The 2nd attempt was successful and they changed their names when they got to New Jersey and reunited with the father William was born a couple years after and movesd to Penssylvania in his 20s

Angelina Grimke

Daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder that were antislavery. Controversial because they spoke to audiences of both men and women at a time when it was thought indelicate to address male audiences. Womens' rights advocates as well.

An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

David Walker justified slave rebellion and warned white Americans that violence and retribution would come if justice were delayed

Which party was strict constructionists?

Democratic-Republican

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Hard and soft money social effects

Division between the wealthy and common man

Slavery vs racism

Do Americans enslave people that they think are inferior or look at them as inferior because they are slaves

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Who did the Federalists believe should rule?

Educated, wealthy people

Who did the Democratic-Republicans believe should rule?

Everyone

George Washington did not like the idea of political parties, but believed in the ideas of which future party?

Federalist

Which party was loose constructionists?

Federalist

frontier states- JACKSON

Finds a base withing them, more people to vote for him

John Jay

First Chief Justice of the United States

Topeka Constitution

First attempt to establish a constitution for Kansas Territory. Angered pro-slavery people who claimed it was illegal. Started another dispute and led to "Bleeding Kansas."

Why was Still arrested in the 1850s

For aiding Jane Johnson leaving her master when they ventured to Philadelphia. It was said that Still forced her to leave and that what Still did was illegal according to the Fugitive Slave Act

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

Which country did the Democratic-Republican's believe there should be an alliance with?

France

4th Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

Deep South States

Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas

How does Lincoln react to the outcome of the Dred Scott v. Sanford case

Going against the liberty and justice for all/ all men are created equal- in the DoI Looking at the Supreme Court as Corrupt and bias Later in his term he ignores the court considers arresting Tanney

Bank Veto Message (1832)

Good : prevent more panic ( good for the poor) Bad: state rights (jackson said that states don't have rights during the nullification)

How did Clay pass the Compromise?

Got it passed in pieces so that the 1/3 of the Congress who wanted a comprise and the 1/3 that wanted the law which outweighed the 1/3 that didn't

Which country did the Federalists believe there should be an alliance with?

Great Britain

Music in Plantation

Had a lot of rhythm complexities and lacks the European attributes of complicated harmonies and melodies They thought that it was primitive West African roots

Great Awakening slavery

Had to make choice of whether or not to convert their slaves because if they did then they would not have a justification for enslaving them

Why did creditors oppose paper money?

Had very little value; cheap. Which caused them to distrust the banks that gave it to people

what is going on outside of the US that makes the South fearful of the abolition of slavery

Haitian Slave Revolt

Between the British and the French, whom did Hamilton favor? Whom did Jefferson favor? Whom did Washington favor?

Hamilton favored the British, Jefferson favored the French, and Washington wanted to remain neutral.

Notions from the crusade

Have the notion that if someone differs from them then they are wrong; its okay to enslave non-christians (slaves are pagans)

Change in American Politics

Have to make a pitch to people in order to win the popular vote

How did William Still first get into anti-slavery

He became a part of a Newspaper that was a covert resistance network/anti slavery society

What did Fredrick Douglass do for the Anti Slavery movement

He gave it authenticity and heat

What was a very risky that Still did while working the Underground Railroad?

He kept records of the escapes which had the possibility, if found, to codemn the fugitives as well as himself. He was convince that just was worth the risk because it helped families reunite.

What did Pierre L'Enfant have to do with Washington DC?

He originally drew up the street plans.

How did Alexander Hamilton affect the election of 1800?

He spoke and wrote against Aaron Burr in order to get the representatives to vote for Jefferson

Why did Jefferson appoint Albert Gallatin to be Secretary of the Treasury?

He wanted Gallatin to decrease the federal spending and debt.

Martin R. Delany

He was the first black man to become a major in the U.S. Army

Assumptions about black people

If your black your are a slave-almost always true

Internal Developments in the American System

Improve unity but making roads connecting north and south

Whiskey Rebellion

In order to help pay the federal debt, Congress passed the Whiskey Tax. Farmers, especially in Western Pennsylvania, argued that this tax wiped out their profit on the corn that had been made into whiskey (to help transport it).

Slave burials

Included objects (canoes- needed to cross the giant river to Africa)

HOW MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS THOUGHT OF EcAH OTHER DURING THE CRUSADES

Infidels because they didn't worship the "right" god

speculative buying

Investors, with hopes of becoming wealthy, would buy bonds from people that thought the Eco would fail in exchange for money. Bonds/ money is being transferred from the farmers to the rich.

Jackson's oppositeion to the bank

Its government owned but wealthy people would invest in the bank so it would only be benefitting the rich

Jackson v. Biddle

Jackson represented the common man and people, whereas Biddle represented the wealthy and power and corruption

Jackson and Pet Banks

Jackson takes out the government money and input sit into his pet banks that a smaller banks that are created by his own political connections— the gov money is gone from the national bank; they don't have the ability to threaten the state banks

Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)

Jackson, Clay, Adams, and Crawford all ran. The House of Reps chose Adams because Henry Clay had supported him. After Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. This was seen as a corrupt bargain by Andrew Jackson

What was the Embargo Act, and what were its effects?

Jefferson had this passed to outlaw trade with Great Britain and France in order to punish those countries, but it ended up punishing American businesses instead.

Who was in Washington's cabinet, and what were their jobs?

Jefferson was Sec of State, Hamilton was Sec of the Treasury, Knox was Sec of War, and Randolph was Attorney General.

Calhoun's Political Theory

John C. Calhoun emerged as the leading theorist of nullification. Exposition and Protest Because states created the Constitution, each one could prevent the enforcement within its borders of federal laws that exceeded powers specifically spelled out in the Constitution. Daniel Webster argued that the people, not the states, created the Constitution.

Election of 1824 candidates

John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, Andrew Jackson

The right given to the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison is known as the right of __________.

Judicial Review

diff btwn Americans and Germans

LANGUAGE BARRIER

Loans from National Banks

Land was in high demand after war of 1812 and bank gave out a bunch of loans. Afterwards when the demand went down the value of the land decreased and people didn't have the money to pay back the banks. This caused the banks to fail

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Affect of northern commoners

Made the question their conscience versus their duty to the law

What did the Federalists believe the emphasis for economy should be on?

Manufacturing, Business

The North benefited from slavery in that

Many Northern industries relied all or in part on the slave trade for their economic well-being

Bias in historiography

Many accounts of slavery were written by white men

The District of Columbia was originally created from parts of which two states?

Maryland and Virginia

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Upper South States

Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina ( Baltimore, Richmond, St. Louis )

Plantation Mistress

Matriarch of a planter's household, responsible for supervising the domestic aspects of the estate.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Code of Personal Honor

Men were expected to defend with violence if necessary their own and their farms' reps

gentleman of property and standing

Merchants with close commercial ties to the South that disrupted abolitionist meetings in the northern cities

Major source of slaves

Middle passage-importation

"hard" money vs. "soft" money

Money backed by gold/silver vs. paper money not backed by specie

Did most southerners own slaves?

Most owned one or two slaves but relied mostly on home production

Slavery and Moral Suasion

Nearly all abolitionists, despite their militant language, rejected violence as a means of ending slavery. Many abolitionists were pacifists, and they attempted to convince the slaveholder through "moral suasion" of his sinful ways.

New Orleans Slave Market

New Orleans was the largest slave market in the country in the years leading up to the Civil War, according to the National Park Service. In 1854, the city claimed to have at least 19 slave yards, many of them concentrated in what is now the Central Business District. An estimated 135,000 people were sold in the city between 1804 and 1862. New Orleans built its booming economy before the Civil War largely on the backs of slaves, a cruel reality in a city that also contained the largest population of free black people in the nation. The cotton and sugar trades were deeply dependent on forced labor on plantations throughout Louisiana. In the city, slaves often performed more skilled jobs or toiled in homes cooking or cleaning. Some slave women were purchased simply to bear children, which were born into slavery and would in time be sold. Even the city owned slaves, using them to perform manual labor such as digging ditches and building roads. p. 365

8th Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

3rd Amendment

No quartering of soldiers in private homes

hard money

Note that could be exchanged for a specific amount of hard money

How many terms of office did Adams serve as president?

One

Landon Carter

One of the richest planters in Virginia. Owned several slaves and wanted to defend people and the world. His most important slave, Moses rebels; therefore, his children and slaves rebel too. Believes in deference. (143; The Social Revolution)

Mason-Dixon Line

Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery.

Individual Banks during American System

Paper money had different values depending of the stability and reputation of the bank which meant money was fluctuating

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. It authorized the president to negotiate with Indians tribes in the Southern U.S. for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands. The act was strongly supported by non-native people of the South, who were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the Five Civilized Tribes. The Removal Act paved the way for the reluctant migration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West, an event widely known as the "Trail of Tears".

Benefits of slavery

Perpetuity Heredity

What is an important city in the Underground Railroad and why is it important?

Philadelphia because it is the southern most city of the north making the closest place for fugitive slaves to escape to

What is an important state of the Underground Railroad and why was it important

Philadelphia because it was the southern most state in the North making it the most popular place for fugitive slaves

10th Amendment

Powers Reserved to the States

Rice Kingdom

Primarily in the early Carolina colony. Rice was a task based system of slavery. You were assigned a job, and once the job was over you had leisure time (Time for culture, religion, and language) The success of The Rice Kingdom was based upon new importation of slaves as so many were dying from harsh conditions. (2/3 of all Carolina enslaved)

Slave Preachers

Prophesied part of the bible that talked about the stuff the masters didn't want them to know

Tarrifs in American System

Protected american manufacturers making price pf imported good similar to those in America

self-sufficient economy

Providing for all of your own needs

John Woolman

Quaker who spoke out against slavery in the colonies.

Great Awakening

Religious movement in the colonies which stressed religious emotion was more important than outward religious behavior

5th amendmant

Right against self incrimination Double Jeopardy - No person shall be tried for the same offense twice

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

Militant Abolitionism

Rose in the 1830's and was quite different from Colonization. A new generation of reformers rejected the traditional approach of gradual emancipation and pushed immediate abolition. They believed that blacks should stay in the country, and be equal citizens. David Walker, a free black, promoted the idea of immediate abolition, and using force if necessary. They wanted blacks to respect themselves more, and stand up for themselves.

importance of property ownership

STAKE IN SOCIETY- less likely to be corrupt

Winthrop Jordan

Said that racism and slavery came about together; mix of assumed and reinforced superiority

Hamilton and the bonds

Says that anyone that has bonds should get the money no matter who it is or how much it is- wanted to gain people's trust in the new gov; likely to invest later on; bigger stake in society

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. After losing the election of 1828 he was elected to the house

Early slavery

Servitude and slavery were interchangeable

Carribean Stop

Shape up of slaves -exercise -food -health -fixed wounds

Hard money advocate

Should only print enough notes for gold and silver to back it.

John Blassingames

Show how people's look at the planation culture

Instruments slaves made

Similar to instruments in WAdd

Difference between plantations and concetration camps

Slave owners don't want to kill their slaves

Slavery in the North

Slavery was gradually abolished

What was important im the south

Slaves and land were more importnat than how much money you had

How much were slaves worth

Slaves were worth more than things like railroads and banks and only land was worth more.

Precedent

Something that is done once and then everyone is expected to do the same thing afterwards.

What does the South want?

South wants more guarantees of slavery- more slave states

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Why was the Compromise of 1850 not passed all at once

Southerners wouldn't vote for the Northern stuff and northerners wouldn't viote for the Southern stuff

Where are most slaves concentrated?

Spanish and Portuguese America, Haiti

Trying to equate inmates and slaves to infants

Starts to love their guards and slave owners (lots of backlash)

What type of government did the Democratic-Republicans believe in?

States have power

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process (5th amendment) - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

How does the bank of us control sate banks

Take out a bunch of notes which forces the banks to have the money- hold that threat

After affects in the views of the court

Tarnishes the rep of the Court for Northerners and Southerners love it because they are getting protection for slavery See the South having the upper hand/ getting what they want----> John Brown

Which party was George Washington and why?

Technically he was neither, but his beliefs were more like the Federalists.

What fears did white Canadians have?

That the influx of blacks would decrease the property value which lead to racism

Why did Jefferson worry about the big purchase of 1803?

The Constitution does not say anything about the government buying land from a foreign country.

Haitian Slave Revolt

The Haitian Revolution was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation of Haiti. 1791-1804

What body chooses the president if the election was tied (or today if no candidate has a majority)?

The House of Representatives

What was the large purchase made by Jefferson in 1803?

The Louisiana Purchase

After what battle was the Treaty of Greenville signed, and how did it affect land ownership of Indians?

The Treaty of Greenville was signed following the Battle of Fallen Timbers. This treaty gave Indians a small amount of money, and allowed white settlers to move into Ohio.

Impressment

The act of (British) boarding American ships and kidnapping sailors to serve in the British Navy

moral suasion

The effort to move others to a particular course of action through appeals to moral values and beliefs, without the use of enticements or force.

Chesapeake Slavery

The first Africans in NA who arrived in Virginia in 1619, were treated as slaves w/ terms of labor that eventually ended, allowing them to acquire freedom. From the beginning of African residency in the New World, there were very strict laws governing their behavior and interactions with whites. Virginia passed laws prohibiting blacks from serving in the militia. It was not until the 1660s when the Chesapeake laws explicitly referred to slavery.

Political Liberty

The freedom to participate in government; it can only exist when there is no abuse of power.

Second Middle Passage

The massive trade of slaves from the upper South (Virginia and the Chesapeake) to the lower South (the Gulf states) that took place between 1820 and 1860.

Denmark Vesey's conspiracy

The most carefully devised slave revolt in which rebels planned to seize control of Charleston in 1822 and escape to freedom in Haiti, a free black republic, but they were betrayed by the other slaves, and 75 conspirators were executed. HIstorians doubt the trithg behind the conspiracy because the trials regarding tehm were in secret

qualitative growth

The north invested in what was new

6th Amendment

The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person

Proslavery Argument

The series of arguments defending the institution of slavery in the South as a positive good, not a necessary evil. The arguments included the racist belief that black people were inherently inferior to white people, as well as the belief that slavery, in creating a permanent underclass of laborers, made freedom possible for whites. Other elements of the argument included biblical citations.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Quantative growth

The south invested in more of the same thing

Historiography

The study of how history is done, such as how different people perceive past events and how a source's point-of-view impacts its portrayal of the past.

Thoughts about African Culture (Elkins)

There is no African culture and slave culture is a reduced form of white culturetf

Indian Slavery

There was not much of this, because Indians were not very good slaves, but for those that were slaves, the whites treated them just as they did the Africans. The whites felt superior to the Indians and felt that it was their Christian duty to help them.

Why are indentured servants cheaper than slaves?

They all had shorter life spans so it made more sense to pay less for an indentured servant; and its not perpetual only 7 years

Different between slavery and serfdom

They don't own the person in serfdom like in slavery

How did the Appalachian Mountains affect settlement west of the 13 states?

They were a barrier which settlers found difficult to cross, thereby hindering settlement.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Stake in Society Theory

This theory that developed during the 19th century states that those who govern should have something to lose. In this fashion only the bourgeois and the aristocracy should have a vote. This was reflected by the fact that only 1 in 30 men could vote in the July Monarchy and only 1 in 8 could vote after the Reform Act of 1832 in Britain.

Democratic-Republican Members

Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

Who was John Adams' vice-president, and why didn't they agree on policies?

Thomas Jefferson, they were from two different political parties.

XYZ Affair

Three Americans went to France to meet with the French foreign minister, but three "unknown" Frenchmen met them and demanded a bribe in order for them to meet with Talleyrand. This almost led to war between the US and France.

Ratification

To officially approve something (like a Constitution or a treaty)

Marbury v. Madison was the case which established the right of the Supreme Court to do what?

To review the constitutionality of US laws and if necessary, declare them unconstitutional.

How did the National Bank regulate the Individual banks

Took notes from the individual bank with threat that they could come and collect their gold at any time Banks made sue that they had the gold

Theordore Weld

Trained a band of speakers to preach the abolitionist message

How many terms of office did Washington serve as president?

Two

Syncretism of slave Christianity

Understood Christianity as a hierarchical System (God, priests, saints)

Advantages of African Slaves

Unfamiliar territory Skin was darker (identification and isolation-from whites)

US versus the Amistad

United States v. Schooner Amistad, 40 U.S. 518, was a United States Supreme Court case resulting from the rebellion of Africans on board the Spanish schooner La Amistad in 1839. It was an unusual freedom suit that involved international issues and parties, as well as United States law.

Mill Girls

Unmarried women from New England cities who went to work in mills where they lived in boarding houses and were supervised very closely. Families were reluctant to allow their girls to leave for the first time into stranger's supervision, so much leisure time spent at these houses was centered around faith and God, and there were strict behavioral rules. Many of them left to get married and were soon widely replaced by immigrants (mostly Irish). Still, leaving to work in the mill gave women a sense of independence and allowed them to notice their responsibilities outside the home.

How did Douglas overcome these issues

Used popular sovereignty to let the people decide whether Kansas would be a slave state because it was above the 36 degrees 30 line which says that it should be a free state

New States

Vermont - 1791 Kentucky - 1792 Tennessee - 1796 Joined the Union white male suffrage no property requirement

Wealthy people's opinions on notes (soft money)

Want the notes to go up in value- prefer hard money (policy)

What was the problem with the Liberia theory

Wanted to send them back to Africa because they don't fit in. The problem with that was that the black people they were referring to were born in America and while they descended from Africa they knew nothing about it.

John Adams

Washington's vice-president and the second president of the U.S.

Oppositions to r Internal Developments in the American System

Wasn't stated in Constitution; danger to individual liberty

part of constitution that disproves the compact theory

We The People ( not we the Sates) created it together and based upon the people's agreement create a more perfect union (together states unified under 1 law )

What were Jefferson's beliefs about the power of the federal government and state governments?

Weak federal government; stronger state governments.

Why did abolitionists use moral suasion to show whites that slavery was bad

Weren't concerned with the black people but were worried the slave owners souls' are in great danger from sin

domestic circle

White Southern women trapped by this idea of "Man loves his children because they are weak, helpless and dependent. He loves his wife for similar reasons." Plantation mistresses often complained of loneliness and isolation.

call and response songs continued

You can sing it while you are working in the fields Rhythm goes well with the rhythm of work Verse come and go

staple crops

a crop that is continuously in demand

total institution

a place that is almost totally controlled by those who run it, in which people are cut off from the rest of society and the society is mostly cut off from them

wage slavery

a situation where a person's livelihood depends on wages or a salary, especially when the dependence is total and immediate

Self-created society

a society based on individual choices instead of public obligations

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Trandscendentalism

a theology that reflected a powerful personal experience of life; 1814, founded a utopian community called Brook farm

charity fair

a way for abolitionists to raise funds-consumer activism

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Joseph Brown

an attorney and politician, serving as the 42nd governor of Georgia, and two term U.S. Governor of Georgia, the only governor to serve 4 terms

market economy

an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services

Force Acts (1833)

authorized the president to use whatever force he deemed necessary to enforce federal tariffs.

why did no one get the majority vote in 1824

because there were 4 candidates but Jackson did get the popular vote

Loose Constructionists

believe the Constitution allows the government to pass any laws which may help the country (as long as the Constitution does not forbid it that law).

Strict Constructionists

believe the government can only do exactly what the Constitution says.

Problems Stephen Douglas trying to get railroad in his town

between Missouri and California, there was an unorganized territory ; would have to be determined whether they were slaves or free states

William Still-The Underground Railroad

chief conductor on one of the busiest parts of the Underground Railroad

white gold

cotton

What did people think was the only way to get rid of slavery

deportation because racism was embedded so deep that they would never truly be free

how did people feel about bonds

distrusted it because the government had just fallen and if it feel again the bonds wouldn't be worth anything

Advantages of having a railroad stop in your town

economic boom

Black Abolitionists

escaped slaves and free blacks were outspoken and convincing, spoke about brutality and degradation of slavery, Douglass, Harriet Tubman, David Ruggles, Sojourner Truth, William Still, helped organize efforts to assist fugitive slaves escape to the North

other fear in addition to the north having power- comes from the Missouri compromise

fear that the government will abolish slavery. Want to est nullification now so that they can still have slavery after abolition

fugitive slaves in the Deep South

fled to New Orleans and Charleston where there were larger population of free slave ( hope to hide in plain sight) also hid with the Indian that offered refuge

Famous Tanney Line

free blacks are not citizens and can never be because they have no legal standing

Liberty 1790

freedom of property

Slavery in the Northern Colonies

had more opportunities to improve their lives some could earn money by taking on extra jobs at night and on weekends, less slaves than the south, slaves lived and worked in towns and cities, strict laws for slaves could not travel or go on a ship without permission

What determines the size of a city?

how much food there is- railroads transport food over short amts of time

what do the founding fathers think of democracy.

it destroys liberty. brought to the masses when its unchecked-anarchy;"the mob" that will become tyranny

what happens if no one gets the majority of the electoral college

it goes to the house; because they represent the people.

tariff 1833

lowers the tariff for SC but they still say the Force Acts are NULL AND VOID

Slaves during the War of Independence

many escaped during teh war by servoing teh Bristish

what did Turner's rebellion inspire in the South

more debates regarding the emancipation of slavery

fugitive slaves in Upper South

most successful fugitives because the Upper South States bordered the free states (women didn't go because making the journey with children was nearly impossible)

2nd National Bank

national bank organized in 1816; closely modeled after the first Bank of the United States, it held federal tax receipts and regulated the amount of money circulating in the economy. The Bank proved to be very unpopular among western land speculators and farmers, especially after the Panic of 1819

Where were slave rebellions more successful

outside the heart of the plantation south where there is less of a chance of discovery

How did masters try to discourage slaves from running away?

painting an awful picture of Canad- said that they were overpopulated and didn't have enough resources and that they even hads their own slave operations taht tehy were running

Compact Theory

people are a part of the states and the states fir the union- people do not form the union directly

Kansas 1856

people from the north are recruited to dettle in Kanasac to poulate it with antislavery peopel so taht it woukdl be difficult to ake it a slave states

Thoughts on African Colonization

persuaded foes of slavery that blacks must be recognized as part of American Society, not viewed as aliens the need to be shipped overseas

1st factories

powered by water so they needed to be on a river, in less unpopulated areas so they looked towards orphanages for cheap labor

Madison and the bonds

said the og holders of the bond should get some of the money as well

what did Jefferson get rid of after Hamilton

sedition act all taxes( sans tarrif) paid of national debt navy/army

syncretic religion

separate religions that combine into a new religion; often borrow from the past and the present.

What did the secret trails show

showed that blacks didn't have the same rights in court as whites because they were not "free men"

what was the impact of slavery on the south?

slavery limited industrial growth and urbanization

Slave revolts in the US

smaller and less frequent because unlike the successful ones in other countries they didn't involve 20,000 slaves

two kinds of slavery

social slavery in the north and legal slavery in the South

American Colinization Society

society founded in 1817 that tried to gradually eliminate slavery and relocated slaves to present day Liberia

Tar Baby

something from which it is nearly impossible to extricate oneselfe

What did fugitive slaves use to notify others about their departure

songs

How was Politics affected during revolts?

strained relationship when countries wouldn't return runaway slaves

Roger Tanney

supreme court justice that made the decision that slaves do not have the same rights as citizens and ruled that the Missouri compromise is unconstitutional- because slavery can't be restricted by Congress anywhere (extended slavery)

Real wages

the actual purchasing power of income

Chesapeake Slavery

the largest and oldest of the three distinct colonial slave systems; consisted of tobacco-based plantations with over 270,000 slaves in 1770 (half of population); expanded west as Virginia's territory did; had smaller plantations and more master-slave interactions

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.; true Americans vs Immigrants

What was Brown and his father a part of

the underground railroad

Virginia legislature in 1832

there were more laws/ stronger controls -no black preachers -stronger militia -banned the education of blacks - blacks couldn't carry firearms

what is the greatest desire of the abolitionists

to perfect the nation- make it more christian

infantalization

treat (someone) as a child or in a way that denies their maturity in age or experience.

How was Proslavery affected during revolts?

undermined by fugitive slaves because it showed that they were not content

Spirit of '76

values/reasons for the revolution: for freedom, liberty, pursuit of happiness, self governing.

How did the North feel about Douglas

vilified him becasue he didn't abide byu the Misourri Compromise

Types of Mankind

was a book written by Josiah Clark Nott. Publicized the idea that humankinds should be divided by "types." Each type is native to a specific geographic area and descended from different ancestor. Characteristics of people are specific to things like climate, etc. He also looked at brain size, which they thought indicated intellectual capacity. Used this to explain why some groups of people more advanced than others. Made Europeans think they were superior, used this to justify slavery.

small individual slaves rebellions

went against the everyday commands- went against paternalism

Slave Economy

when a nation's economy depends entirely on slavery; for example, Haiti-- When the slaves were emancipated its economy collapsed. A country can have slaves (eg., Mexico) that work in a particular sector, but their entire economy is not dependent on them.

Slave cabins

where slaves on the plantation lived

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

cession

yielding to another; ceding