History Flashcards starting with Washington
Missouri Compromise
"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.
James Madison
"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.
Election of 1828/Jacksonian Revolution
"Jackson and Reform"- Jackson would "clean sweep" the corruption of Adams to answer the question "shall the people rule". Jackson won E.C. 178-83, and pop greatly, increased voter turnouts=people's gov (New Democ)
Compromise of 1850
(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in District of Colombia, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas
Indian Removal Act
(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River
Mexican-American War
(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.
Johnson vs. McIntosh
(marshall). Established that Indian tribes had the rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes
Paternalism
(n.) the policy or practice of treating or governing people in the manner of a father dealing with his children
1811 New Orleans Uprising
- 500 mean and women "armed -destroyed property shouting "freedom or death" -disbanded by an army (some killed) -inspired by Haiti
diff btwn Americans and irish
- Americans r protestant and Irish r Catholic (Catholicism increase) -loyal to the pope more than the US ( popularizing monarchy) - undercut the working class natives
Battle of New Orleansde
- British couldn't maneuver much due to location - formation was ineffective( sitting ducks) - Americans shoot from above at the British
Most known escapes that Still performed
- Henry Box Brown -woman that dressed up as a carriage driver
Problems with the acquisition of land from the Mexican-American War
- Northern Opposition to potential slave states -Southern racist opposition to Mexicans
Way to survive slavery
- able to look up to superordinate slaves ( not all white )
Learning from families/ extended families
- code switching between when masters are around - tecah the slaves how to survive
Slave Families (white thoughts)
- don't look like white families because they can be broken up
examples of small individual slaves rebellions
- faking sickness (common) -stole food (common) -arson (rare) -poisoning (rare) -assault (rare)
Slave families( Blassengames)
- had aunts and uncles that functioned as caretakers if the parents were sold away ( structure ) - slave men are emasculaste ( masters cares for the slaves; wives are raped) and mothers are helpless( cant defend her children and herself)
Brown Painting
- looks likes Moses= leading black people to freedom (God approves of his actions) - humanizes him as someone that is dying for the anti-slavery cause and truly cares
Effect of Fugitive Slave Act on Underground Railroad
- no blacks are safe in the north - being a conductor is even riskier -The railroad just gets longer going all the way to Canada - 1000s of free blacks also venture to Canada as well (neighborhoods and churches)
Stealing the pigs
- providing for the family beyond what master gives - also built furniture
1831 Old South Impact
-Parli trying to implement a program to abolish slavery in England -Turner's rebellion was in the paper ( said that there are enemies of slavery on the inside and outside) -mobs driving out critics of slavery -being an abolitionist was illegal
Who made up the population in Philly PA 1830s
-Quakers (opposed slavery) -free blacks
Opinions of the author of the John Brown Biography
-he was a terrorist/ chose his victims in teh massacre in order to shock people
1850s ways to escape slavery
-hiding on boats -taking horse and carriage
How most slave escape?
-impersonation of slave owners -hiding
human nature according to Hofstadter
-self interested -inherently corrupt -needs to be regulated/controlled
What concepts did they have of bondage to a higher authority b4 slavery
-serfdom (heredity; bound labor- but can work the land for there own benefit; own their work) -indentured servitude
Stanley Elkins
-slavery is a total institution -compared slavery to concentration camps -inflantilization
Why is Elkins comparing slavery and concentration camps?
-supervised by people that have license to kill you -physically and physiological dependent on the supervisor (afraid)
Opinions about Brown
-terrorist -victims chose to shock - bible usage -empathetic - Lovejoy killing
Greatest reasons that slaves ran away
-whipping/overworking - fear that their family would be seperated by auction
Hosfstadter's checks and balances
1) supervising the majority to prevent and uprising; largest change of success 2) Gov is filed with learned men that r properly able to comm its of needs
Issue with soft money
1. Don't have a standard currency- hard to control the amount issued 2. Don't know how much one currency is worth in another state
Poor people's opinions on notes (soft money)
1. Notes increase and decrease in value (so you could be rich or poor at different times) 2. Farmers borrow money (loans)- debtor might not have to pay as much when the money is worth more (the debtor has to pay a fixed amount no matter how much the money is worth)
Still's career as a conductor
14 years in Anti Slavery Society and almost no one was captured. He resigned 2 months after the Civil War had ended. He served in the Civil War and got street cars desegregated. Afterwards he became a coal worker. He became wealthy is the 1870s after publishing the accounts that he had written of the runaway slaves.
Denmark Vesey
1767(?)-1822 *A slave who won enough money in a lottery to buy his own freedom *Gained wealth and influence in South Carolina *Accused of using church get-togethers to plan a violent slave revolt -took to rebuking blacks who stepped off the city's sidewalks to allow whites to pass.
Andrew Johnson
17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.
Irish and German Immigration
1800s *The 1840s saw a dramatic increase in immigration due to the potato famine in Ireland *The poverty of the Irish immigrants led to settlement in eastern cities and competition for jobs *The 1850s had increases in German immigration because of the failed revolution in 1848 *Many Germans settled in Wisconsin because they had money and other resources, which helped to cultivate the upper-midwest portion of the United States *The Five Points neighborhood of New York City included Irish immigrants, African Americans, and Anglo, Italian, and Jewish cultures; it encapsulated the melting-pot phenomenon in the United States
William Lloyd Garrison
1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
Non-Intercourse Act
1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.
Exposition and Protest
1828 (JQA) , John C. Calhoun wrote this in protest to the Tariff of 1828. In it, he said that a state should be able to nullify a federal law (The Tariff of 1828)
Tariff of Abominations
1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. Protected the industry (in the North) on Manufactured goods so that the people would by the North's products and not England
Webster-Hayne Debate
1830 *Debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that focused on sectionalism and nullification *Came after the "Tariff of Abominations" incident *At issue was the source of constitutional authority: Was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom? *Webster stated, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"
Gag Rule
1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate
1817 philadelphia
300 blacks said that they have the same freedom and rights as white people
The Amistad
53 slaves in 1839 stole the Amistad ship and forced it to go to Africa
Battle of New Orleans
A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.People thought it ended the war but a treaty had already been signed.
Popular Sovereignty
A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.
William Still
A black underground railroad conductor that was born free. part of the antislavery society which was undercover as a newspaper.
Erie Canal
A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.
Jumping the Broom
A common part of the slave wedding ceremony. Symbolized the joining of the two people until death or seperation.
Electoral College
A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president
Cabinet
A group of people who head up various government departments, and give the president advice.
Fugitive Slave Act
A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders
Stephen Douglas
A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.
"Am I Not a Man and a Brother"
A motto adopted by abolitionists to highlight the reality that blacks in bondage were no different than the whites in power over them.
Era of Good Feelings
A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.
Slavery after abolition
A peculiar institution
What is gold measured against in 1832
A pound because it is the dominant currency- never absolutely equal (changes)
Nullification Crisis
A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.
Bleeding Kansas
A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.
What type of government did the Federalists believe in?
A strong federal government.
Checks and Balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Tariff
A tax on imported goods to help make prices equal with the same American goods, thereby protecting American workers.
Slavocracy
A term for southern democracy by anti-slavery Union people. The term suggested that slavery dominated all southern politics, and Northerners believed that adding Texas to the United States was the attempts of the south to add one more slave state.
Serfdom
A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies Tight pack and loose pack
War of 1812
A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.- impressment was a cause
Who tied Thomas Jefferson in the election of 1800?
Aaron Burr
In 1804 how did Aaron Burr settle his differences with Alexander Hamilton?
Aaron Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, during which Burr killed Hamilton.
John Brown
Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)
differences between Jackson and Adams
Adams was groomed for presidency; highly prepared, from Boston, market eco, Harvard, ambassador to Great Britain, question of whether he is a "True American", became prez through a "corrupt bargain" with other elitists" and the common man got robbed Jackson is "one of the people", from the frontier (south), agricultural eco, self-made, little official schooling, got the popular vote ( from the common man )- said that the corrupt bargain showed that they stole their voice
When the election of 1824 went to the House who was running?
Adams, Clay, Jackson
Slavery death
Adopted the idea of heaven which was altered (heaven=Africa)
why did Henry Clay support Adams
Agreed with Adams ideas more than Jackson, knew that he wouldn't get as many votes but they had the same ideas, possibly had promised him the position of Secretary of State
What did the Democratic-Republicans believe the emphasis for economy should be on?
Agriculture, Farming
Federalist Members
Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, John Jay
Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien Acts restricted immigrants because the Federalists thought most of them were joining the Democratic-Republican Party. The Sedition Act made it illegal to criticize the Adams administration.
what relates to the Nullification?
Alien and Sedition Acts and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves
Judicial Review
Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws
Elijah Lovejoy
American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and news paper editor who was murdered by a mob for his abolitionist views
Fredrick Douglass
American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published the autobiography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.
Harriet Tubman
American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.
slave narrative
An autobiographical account written by a former slave; usually told by the masters' wives
Gabriel's Rebellion (1800)
An unsuccessful plot organized by a Richmond blacksmith, Gabriel, and his brothers, in which the Virginian slaves involved hoped to gain their freedom.
Nicholas Biddle
As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828.
How are people voting during era of good feelings
Based on the geographical location
why didn't Canada have slavery
Because England abolished it in 1833
Why was Still let go after the trail of Jane Johnson?
Because she came forward and said that she wasn't forced and she had the right to leave because she wan't a fugitive when she came to Philly because she came with her master
Why couldn't Elkins study slavery
Because there were no documentations
Slaves owners think that they are kind to their slaves
Because they were around their slaves year round
Slave traders
Bottom rung of people that manned ships and things
Black communities in Ontario Canada
Buxton settlement and they said that they were able to get their first tastes of citizenship
Slave song forms
Call and response songs - refrain and pretty easy; but has many different versions (because it came from an oral tradition) Rooted in African culture and not derived from white culture
Power over someone' s life (crusade)
Can mean killing but also meaning owning their life; take their life and put it to another use
Bonds
Certificates of debt that carry a promise to buy back the bonds at a higher price
The Georgia Experiment
Chartered in 1732 as a refuge for debtors or prisoners that served as a buffer, or barrier, against Spanish Florida. James Oglethorpe was the proprietor who banned slavery because he thought atht onwing slaves and advancing in sociey would undermine the lesson taht was to be learned. Within 20 years colonists won the right to an elected assembly where they repealed the ban on slavery. This led to slaves becoming a major part of Georgia and further adding to the fact that southern colonies were primarily slave-based.
An Appeal in Favor of the Class of Americans Called Africans
Children's book that insisted that blacks were fellow countrymen and not foreigners
Christianization of slaves
Christianization them but control what they heard - didn't hear things about freedom, liberations and promise land (no bibles) - heard things about obedience
9th Amendment
Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution
Religions slavery
Combination of Christianity and traditional African faith
Lacompton Constitution
Constitution be pro-slavery people who didn't like the Topeka Constitution
Cotton is King
Cotton had become such a huge import by the time of the Civil War it was 60% of all American Imports. Southerners believed that it was so essential to Europeans that they would intervene in the Civil War. The term "Cotton is King" comes from Senator J. H. Hammond's fro South Carolina boast "Without firing a gun...should they make war on us, we could bring the whole world to our feet...What would happen if no cotton was furnished for three years?... England would topple headlong and carry the whole civilized world with her save the South. No, you dare not to make war on cotton. No power on the earth dares to make war upon it. Cotton is King."
North benefitted from slavery
Cotton trade financed all industrial and internal improvements
William Still Family
Dad bought himself out of slavery Hi mom had tried to escape once with her 4 children but got caught; had to leave her two sons and take her two daughters on the 2nd escape because she thought her sons could fend for themselves whereas her daughters would be assaulted The 2nd attempt was successful and they changed their names when they got to New Jersey and reunited with the father William was born a couple years after and movesd to Penssylvania in his 20s
Angelina Grimke
Daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder that were antislavery. Controversial because they spoke to audiences of both men and women at a time when it was thought indelicate to address male audiences. Womens' rights advocates as well.
An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World
David Walker justified slave rebellion and warned white Americans that violence and retribution would come if justice were delayed
Which party was strict constructionists?
Democratic-Republican
Henry Clay
Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.
Hard and soft money social effects
Division between the wealthy and common man
Slavery vs racism
Do Americans enslave people that they think are inferior or look at them as inferior because they are slaves
Panic of 1819
Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
American System
Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.
Who did the Federalists believe should rule?
Educated, wealthy people
Who did the Democratic-Republicans believe should rule?
Everyone
George Washington did not like the idea of political parties, but believed in the ideas of which future party?
Federalist
Which party was loose constructionists?
Federalist
frontier states- JACKSON
Finds a base withing them, more people to vote for him
John Jay
First Chief Justice of the United States
Topeka Constitution
First attempt to establish a constitution for Kansas Territory. Angered pro-slavery people who claimed it was illegal. Started another dispute and led to "Bleeding Kansas."
Why was Still arrested in the 1850s
For aiding Jane Johnson leaving her master when they ventured to Philadelphia. It was said that Still forced her to leave and that what Still did was illegal according to the Fugitive Slave Act
American Anti-Slavery Society
Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.
Which country did the Democratic-Republican's believe there should be an alliance with?
France
4th Amendment
Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures
1st Amendment
Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition
Deep South States
Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas
How does Lincoln react to the outcome of the Dred Scott v. Sanford case
Going against the liberty and justice for all/ all men are created equal- in the DoI Looking at the Supreme Court as Corrupt and bias Later in his term he ignores the court considers arresting Tanney
Bank Veto Message (1832)
Good : prevent more panic ( good for the poor) Bad: state rights (jackson said that states don't have rights during the nullification)
How did Clay pass the Compromise?
Got it passed in pieces so that the 1/3 of the Congress who wanted a comprise and the 1/3 that wanted the law which outweighed the 1/3 that didn't
Which country did the Federalists believe there should be an alliance with?
Great Britain
Music in Plantation
Had a lot of rhythm complexities and lacks the European attributes of complicated harmonies and melodies They thought that it was primitive West African roots
Great Awakening slavery
Had to make choice of whether or not to convert their slaves because if they did then they would not have a justification for enslaving them
Why did creditors oppose paper money?
Had very little value; cheap. Which caused them to distrust the banks that gave it to people
what is going on outside of the US that makes the South fearful of the abolition of slavery
Haitian Slave Revolt
Between the British and the French, whom did Hamilton favor? Whom did Jefferson favor? Whom did Washington favor?
Hamilton favored the British, Jefferson favored the French, and Washington wanted to remain neutral.
Notions from the crusade
Have the notion that if someone differs from them then they are wrong; its okay to enslave non-christians (slaves are pagans)
Change in American Politics
Have to make a pitch to people in order to win the popular vote
How did William Still first get into anti-slavery
He became a part of a Newspaper that was a covert resistance network/anti slavery society
What did Fredrick Douglass do for the Anti Slavery movement
He gave it authenticity and heat
What was a very risky that Still did while working the Underground Railroad?
He kept records of the escapes which had the possibility, if found, to codemn the fugitives as well as himself. He was convince that just was worth the risk because it helped families reunite.
What did Pierre L'Enfant have to do with Washington DC?
He originally drew up the street plans.
How did Alexander Hamilton affect the election of 1800?
He spoke and wrote against Aaron Burr in order to get the representatives to vote for Jefferson
Why did Jefferson appoint Albert Gallatin to be Secretary of the Treasury?
He wanted Gallatin to decrease the federal spending and debt.
Martin R. Delany
He was the first black man to become a major in the U.S. Army
Assumptions about black people
If your black your are a slave-almost always true
Internal Developments in the American System
Improve unity but making roads connecting north and south
Whiskey Rebellion
In order to help pay the federal debt, Congress passed the Whiskey Tax. Farmers, especially in Western Pennsylvania, argued that this tax wiped out their profit on the corn that had been made into whiskey (to help transport it).
Slave burials
Included objects (canoes- needed to cross the giant river to Africa)
HOW MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS THOUGHT OF EcAH OTHER DURING THE CRUSADES
Infidels because they didn't worship the "right" god
speculative buying
Investors, with hopes of becoming wealthy, would buy bonds from people that thought the Eco would fail in exchange for money. Bonds/ money is being transferred from the farmers to the rich.
Jackson's oppositeion to the bank
Its government owned but wealthy people would invest in the bank so it would only be benefitting the rich
Jackson v. Biddle
Jackson represented the common man and people, whereas Biddle represented the wealthy and power and corruption
Jackson and Pet Banks
Jackson takes out the government money and input sit into his pet banks that a smaller banks that are created by his own political connections— the gov money is gone from the national bank; they don't have the ability to threaten the state banks
Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)
Jackson, Clay, Adams, and Crawford all ran. The House of Reps chose Adams because Henry Clay had supported him. After Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. This was seen as a corrupt bargain by Andrew Jackson
What was the Embargo Act, and what were its effects?
Jefferson had this passed to outlaw trade with Great Britain and France in order to punish those countries, but it ended up punishing American businesses instead.
Who was in Washington's cabinet, and what were their jobs?
Jefferson was Sec of State, Hamilton was Sec of the Treasury, Knox was Sec of War, and Randolph was Attorney General.
Calhoun's Political Theory
John C. Calhoun emerged as the leading theorist of nullification. Exposition and Protest Because states created the Constitution, each one could prevent the enforcement within its borders of federal laws that exceeded powers specifically spelled out in the Constitution. Daniel Webster argued that the people, not the states, created the Constitution.
Election of 1824 candidates
John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, Andrew Jackson
The right given to the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison is known as the right of __________.
Judicial Review
diff btwn Americans and Germans
LANGUAGE BARRIER
Loans from National Banks
Land was in high demand after war of 1812 and bank gave out a bunch of loans. Afterwards when the demand went down the value of the land decreased and people didn't have the money to pay back the banks. This caused the banks to fail
Atlantic Slave Trade
Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.
Democratic-Republicans
Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank
Affect of northern commoners
Made the question their conscience versus their duty to the law
What did the Federalists believe the emphasis for economy should be on?
Manufacturing, Business
The North benefited from slavery in that
Many Northern industries relied all or in part on the slave trade for their economic well-being
Bias in historiography
Many accounts of slavery were written by white men
The District of Columbia was originally created from parts of which two states?
Maryland and Virginia
McCulloch v. Maryland
Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law
Upper South States
Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina ( Baltimore, Richmond, St. Louis )
Plantation Mistress
Matriarch of a planter's household, responsible for supervising the domestic aspects of the estate.
Hartford Convention
Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence
Code of Personal Honor
Men were expected to defend with violence if necessary their own and their farms' reps
gentleman of property and standing
Merchants with close commercial ties to the South that disrupted abolitionist meetings in the northern cities
Major source of slaves
Middle passage-importation
"hard" money vs. "soft" money
Money backed by gold/silver vs. paper money not backed by specie
Did most southerners own slaves?
Most owned one or two slaves but relied mostly on home production
Slavery and Moral Suasion
Nearly all abolitionists, despite their militant language, rejected violence as a means of ending slavery. Many abolitionists were pacifists, and they attempted to convince the slaveholder through "moral suasion" of his sinful ways.
New Orleans Slave Market
New Orleans was the largest slave market in the country in the years leading up to the Civil War, according to the National Park Service. In 1854, the city claimed to have at least 19 slave yards, many of them concentrated in what is now the Central Business District. An estimated 135,000 people were sold in the city between 1804 and 1862. New Orleans built its booming economy before the Civil War largely on the backs of slaves, a cruel reality in a city that also contained the largest population of free black people in the nation. The cotton and sugar trades were deeply dependent on forced labor on plantations throughout Louisiana. In the city, slaves often performed more skilled jobs or toiled in homes cooking or cleaning. Some slave women were purchased simply to bear children, which were born into slavery and would in time be sold. Even the city owned slaves, using them to perform manual labor such as digging ditches and building roads. p. 365
8th Amendment
No cruel or unusual punishment
3rd Amendment
No quartering of soldiers in private homes
hard money
Note that could be exchanged for a specific amount of hard money
How many terms of office did Adams serve as president?
One
Landon Carter
One of the richest planters in Virginia. Owned several slaves and wanted to defend people and the world. His most important slave, Moses rebels; therefore, his children and slaves rebel too. Believes in deference. (143; The Social Revolution)
Mason-Dixon Line
Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery.
Individual Banks during American System
Paper money had different values depending of the stability and reputation of the bank which meant money was fluctuating
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. It authorized the president to negotiate with Indians tribes in the Southern U.S. for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands. The act was strongly supported by non-native people of the South, who were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the Five Civilized Tribes. The Removal Act paved the way for the reluctant migration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West, an event widely known as the "Trail of Tears".
Benefits of slavery
Perpetuity Heredity
What is an important city in the Underground Railroad and why is it important?
Philadelphia because it is the southern most city of the north making the closest place for fugitive slaves to escape to
What is an important state of the Underground Railroad and why was it important
Philadelphia because it was the southern most state in the North making it the most popular place for fugitive slaves
10th Amendment
Powers Reserved to the States
Rice Kingdom
Primarily in the early Carolina colony. Rice was a task based system of slavery. You were assigned a job, and once the job was over you had leisure time (Time for culture, religion, and language) The success of The Rice Kingdom was based upon new importation of slaves as so many were dying from harsh conditions. (2/3 of all Carolina enslaved)
Slave Preachers
Prophesied part of the bible that talked about the stuff the masters didn't want them to know
Tarrifs in American System
Protected american manufacturers making price pf imported good similar to those in America
self-sufficient economy
Providing for all of your own needs
John Woolman
Quaker who spoke out against slavery in the colonies.
Great Awakening
Religious movement in the colonies which stressed religious emotion was more important than outward religious behavior
5th amendmant
Right against self incrimination Double Jeopardy - No person shall be tried for the same offense twice
2nd Amendment
Right to bear arms
Militant Abolitionism
Rose in the 1830's and was quite different from Colonization. A new generation of reformers rejected the traditional approach of gradual emancipation and pushed immediate abolition. They believed that blacks should stay in the country, and be equal citizens. David Walker, a free black, promoted the idea of immediate abolition, and using force if necessary. They wanted blacks to respect themselves more, and stand up for themselves.
importance of property ownership
STAKE IN SOCIETY- less likely to be corrupt
Winthrop Jordan
Said that racism and slavery came about together; mix of assumed and reinforced superiority
Hamilton and the bonds
Says that anyone that has bonds should get the money no matter who it is or how much it is- wanted to gain people's trust in the new gov; likely to invest later on; bigger stake in society
John Quincy Adams
Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. After losing the election of 1828 he was elected to the house
Early slavery
Servitude and slavery were interchangeable
Carribean Stop
Shape up of slaves -exercise -food -health -fixed wounds
Hard money advocate
Should only print enough notes for gold and silver to back it.
John Blassingames
Show how people's look at the planation culture
Instruments slaves made
Similar to instruments in WAdd
Difference between plantations and concetration camps
Slave owners don't want to kill their slaves
Slavery in the North
Slavery was gradually abolished
What was important im the south
Slaves and land were more importnat than how much money you had
How much were slaves worth
Slaves were worth more than things like railroads and banks and only land was worth more.
Precedent
Something that is done once and then everyone is expected to do the same thing afterwards.
What does the South want?
South wants more guarantees of slavery- more slave states
War Hawks
Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.
Why was the Compromise of 1850 not passed all at once
Southerners wouldn't vote for the Northern stuff and northerners wouldn't viote for the Southern stuff
Where are most slaves concentrated?
Spanish and Portuguese America, Haiti
Trying to equate inmates and slaves to infants
Starts to love their guards and slave owners (lots of backlash)
What type of government did the Democratic-Republicans believe in?
States have power
Worcester v. Georgia
Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process (5th amendment) - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens
How does the bank of us control sate banks
Take out a bunch of notes which forces the banks to have the money- hold that threat
After affects in the views of the court
Tarnishes the rep of the Court for Northerners and Southerners love it because they are getting protection for slavery See the South having the upper hand/ getting what they want----> John Brown
Which party was George Washington and why?
Technically he was neither, but his beliefs were more like the Federalists.
What fears did white Canadians have?
That the influx of blacks would decrease the property value which lead to racism
Why did Jefferson worry about the big purchase of 1803?
The Constitution does not say anything about the government buying land from a foreign country.
Haitian Slave Revolt
The Haitian Revolution was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation of Haiti. 1791-1804
What body chooses the president if the election was tied (or today if no candidate has a majority)?
The House of Representatives
What was the large purchase made by Jefferson in 1803?
The Louisiana Purchase
After what battle was the Treaty of Greenville signed, and how did it affect land ownership of Indians?
The Treaty of Greenville was signed following the Battle of Fallen Timbers. This treaty gave Indians a small amount of money, and allowed white settlers to move into Ohio.
Impressment
The act of (British) boarding American ships and kidnapping sailors to serve in the British Navy
moral suasion
The effort to move others to a particular course of action through appeals to moral values and beliefs, without the use of enticements or force.
Chesapeake Slavery
The first Africans in NA who arrived in Virginia in 1619, were treated as slaves w/ terms of labor that eventually ended, allowing them to acquire freedom. From the beginning of African residency in the New World, there were very strict laws governing their behavior and interactions with whites. Virginia passed laws prohibiting blacks from serving in the militia. It was not until the 1660s when the Chesapeake laws explicitly referred to slavery.
Political Liberty
The freedom to participate in government; it can only exist when there is no abuse of power.
Second Middle Passage
The massive trade of slaves from the upper South (Virginia and the Chesapeake) to the lower South (the Gulf states) that took place between 1820 and 1860.
Denmark Vesey's conspiracy
The most carefully devised slave revolt in which rebels planned to seize control of Charleston in 1822 and escape to freedom in Haiti, a free black republic, but they were betrayed by the other slaves, and 75 conspirators were executed. HIstorians doubt the trithg behind the conspiracy because the trials regarding tehm were in secret
qualitative growth
The north invested in what was new
6th Amendment
The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person
Proslavery Argument
The series of arguments defending the institution of slavery in the South as a positive good, not a necessary evil. The arguments included the racist belief that black people were inherently inferior to white people, as well as the belief that slavery, in creating a permanent underclass of laborers, made freedom possible for whites. Other elements of the argument included biblical citations.
Andrew Jackson
The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
Quantative growth
The south invested in more of the same thing
Historiography
The study of how history is done, such as how different people perceive past events and how a source's point-of-view impacts its portrayal of the past.
Thoughts about African Culture (Elkins)
There is no African culture and slave culture is a reduced form of white culturetf
Indian Slavery
There was not much of this, because Indians were not very good slaves, but for those that were slaves, the whites treated them just as they did the Africans. The whites felt superior to the Indians and felt that it was their Christian duty to help them.
Why are indentured servants cheaper than slaves?
They all had shorter life spans so it made more sense to pay less for an indentured servant; and its not perpetual only 7 years
Different between slavery and serfdom
They don't own the person in serfdom like in slavery
How did the Appalachian Mountains affect settlement west of the 13 states?
They were a barrier which settlers found difficult to cross, thereby hindering settlement.
Tariff of 1816
This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.
Stake in Society Theory
This theory that developed during the 19th century states that those who govern should have something to lose. In this fashion only the bourgeois and the aristocracy should have a vote. This was reflected by the fact that only 1 in 30 men could vote in the July Monarchy and only 1 in 8 could vote after the Reform Act of 1832 in Britain.
Democratic-Republican Members
Thomas Jefferson, James Madison
Who was John Adams' vice-president, and why didn't they agree on policies?
Thomas Jefferson, they were from two different political parties.
XYZ Affair
Three Americans went to France to meet with the French foreign minister, but three "unknown" Frenchmen met them and demanded a bribe in order for them to meet with Talleyrand. This almost led to war between the US and France.
Ratification
To officially approve something (like a Constitution or a treaty)
Marbury v. Madison was the case which established the right of the Supreme Court to do what?
To review the constitutionality of US laws and if necessary, declare them unconstitutional.
How did the National Bank regulate the Individual banks
Took notes from the individual bank with threat that they could come and collect their gold at any time Banks made sue that they had the gold
Theordore Weld
Trained a band of speakers to preach the abolitionist message
How many terms of office did Washington serve as president?
Two
Syncretism of slave Christianity
Understood Christianity as a hierarchical System (God, priests, saints)
Advantages of African Slaves
Unfamiliar territory Skin was darker (identification and isolation-from whites)
US versus the Amistad
United States v. Schooner Amistad, 40 U.S. 518, was a United States Supreme Court case resulting from the rebellion of Africans on board the Spanish schooner La Amistad in 1839. It was an unusual freedom suit that involved international issues and parties, as well as United States law.
Mill Girls
Unmarried women from New England cities who went to work in mills where they lived in boarding houses and were supervised very closely. Families were reluctant to allow their girls to leave for the first time into stranger's supervision, so much leisure time spent at these houses was centered around faith and God, and there were strict behavioral rules. Many of them left to get married and were soon widely replaced by immigrants (mostly Irish). Still, leaving to work in the mill gave women a sense of independence and allowed them to notice their responsibilities outside the home.
How did Douglas overcome these issues
Used popular sovereignty to let the people decide whether Kansas would be a slave state because it was above the 36 degrees 30 line which says that it should be a free state
New States
Vermont - 1791 Kentucky - 1792 Tennessee - 1796 Joined the Union white male suffrage no property requirement
Wealthy people's opinions on notes (soft money)
Want the notes to go up in value- prefer hard money (policy)
What was the problem with the Liberia theory
Wanted to send them back to Africa because they don't fit in. The problem with that was that the black people they were referring to were born in America and while they descended from Africa they knew nothing about it.
John Adams
Washington's vice-president and the second president of the U.S.
Oppositions to r Internal Developments in the American System
Wasn't stated in Constitution; danger to individual liberty
part of constitution that disproves the compact theory
We The People ( not we the Sates) created it together and based upon the people's agreement create a more perfect union (together states unified under 1 law )
What were Jefferson's beliefs about the power of the federal government and state governments?
Weak federal government; stronger state governments.
Why did abolitionists use moral suasion to show whites that slavery was bad
Weren't concerned with the black people but were worried the slave owners souls' are in great danger from sin
domestic circle
White Southern women trapped by this idea of "Man loves his children because they are weak, helpless and dependent. He loves his wife for similar reasons." Plantation mistresses often complained of loneliness and isolation.
call and response songs continued
You can sing it while you are working in the fields Rhythm goes well with the rhythm of work Verse come and go
staple crops
a crop that is continuously in demand
total institution
a place that is almost totally controlled by those who run it, in which people are cut off from the rest of society and the society is mostly cut off from them
wage slavery
a situation where a person's livelihood depends on wages or a salary, especially when the dependence is total and immediate
Self-created society
a society based on individual choices instead of public obligations
Underground Railroad
a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada
Trandscendentalism
a theology that reflected a powerful personal experience of life; 1814, founded a utopian community called Brook farm
charity fair
a way for abolitionists to raise funds-consumer activism
Monroe Doctrine
an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
Joseph Brown
an attorney and politician, serving as the 42nd governor of Georgia, and two term U.S. Governor of Georgia, the only governor to serve 4 terms
market economy
an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services
Force Acts (1833)
authorized the president to use whatever force he deemed necessary to enforce federal tariffs.
why did no one get the majority vote in 1824
because there were 4 candidates but Jackson did get the popular vote
Loose Constructionists
believe the Constitution allows the government to pass any laws which may help the country (as long as the Constitution does not forbid it that law).
Strict Constructionists
believe the government can only do exactly what the Constitution says.
Problems Stephen Douglas trying to get railroad in his town
between Missouri and California, there was an unorganized territory ; would have to be determined whether they were slaves or free states
William Still-The Underground Railroad
chief conductor on one of the busiest parts of the Underground Railroad
white gold
cotton
What did people think was the only way to get rid of slavery
deportation because racism was embedded so deep that they would never truly be free
how did people feel about bonds
distrusted it because the government had just fallen and if it feel again the bonds wouldn't be worth anything
Advantages of having a railroad stop in your town
economic boom
Black Abolitionists
escaped slaves and free blacks were outspoken and convincing, spoke about brutality and degradation of slavery, Douglass, Harriet Tubman, David Ruggles, Sojourner Truth, William Still, helped organize efforts to assist fugitive slaves escape to the North
other fear in addition to the north having power- comes from the Missouri compromise
fear that the government will abolish slavery. Want to est nullification now so that they can still have slavery after abolition
fugitive slaves in the Deep South
fled to New Orleans and Charleston where there were larger population of free slave ( hope to hide in plain sight) also hid with the Indian that offered refuge
Famous Tanney Line
free blacks are not citizens and can never be because they have no legal standing
Liberty 1790
freedom of property
Slavery in the Northern Colonies
had more opportunities to improve their lives some could earn money by taking on extra jobs at night and on weekends, less slaves than the south, slaves lived and worked in towns and cities, strict laws for slaves could not travel or go on a ship without permission
What determines the size of a city?
how much food there is- railroads transport food over short amts of time
what do the founding fathers think of democracy.
it destroys liberty. brought to the masses when its unchecked-anarchy;"the mob" that will become tyranny
what happens if no one gets the majority of the electoral college
it goes to the house; because they represent the people.
tariff 1833
lowers the tariff for SC but they still say the Force Acts are NULL AND VOID
Slaves during the War of Independence
many escaped during teh war by servoing teh Bristish
what did Turner's rebellion inspire in the South
more debates regarding the emancipation of slavery
fugitive slaves in Upper South
most successful fugitives because the Upper South States bordered the free states (women didn't go because making the journey with children was nearly impossible)
2nd National Bank
national bank organized in 1816; closely modeled after the first Bank of the United States, it held federal tax receipts and regulated the amount of money circulating in the economy. The Bank proved to be very unpopular among western land speculators and farmers, especially after the Panic of 1819
Where were slave rebellions more successful
outside the heart of the plantation south where there is less of a chance of discovery
How did masters try to discourage slaves from running away?
painting an awful picture of Canad- said that they were overpopulated and didn't have enough resources and that they even hads their own slave operations taht tehy were running
Compact Theory
people are a part of the states and the states fir the union- people do not form the union directly
Kansas 1856
people from the north are recruited to dettle in Kanasac to poulate it with antislavery peopel so taht it woukdl be difficult to ake it a slave states
Thoughts on African Colonization
persuaded foes of slavery that blacks must be recognized as part of American Society, not viewed as aliens the need to be shipped overseas
1st factories
powered by water so they needed to be on a river, in less unpopulated areas so they looked towards orphanages for cheap labor
Madison and the bonds
said the og holders of the bond should get some of the money as well
what did Jefferson get rid of after Hamilton
sedition act all taxes( sans tarrif) paid of national debt navy/army
syncretic religion
separate religions that combine into a new religion; often borrow from the past and the present.
What did the secret trails show
showed that blacks didn't have the same rights in court as whites because they were not "free men"
what was the impact of slavery on the south?
slavery limited industrial growth and urbanization
Slave revolts in the US
smaller and less frequent because unlike the successful ones in other countries they didn't involve 20,000 slaves
two kinds of slavery
social slavery in the north and legal slavery in the South
American Colinization Society
society founded in 1817 that tried to gradually eliminate slavery and relocated slaves to present day Liberia
Tar Baby
something from which it is nearly impossible to extricate oneselfe
What did fugitive slaves use to notify others about their departure
songs
How was Politics affected during revolts?
strained relationship when countries wouldn't return runaway slaves
Roger Tanney
supreme court justice that made the decision that slaves do not have the same rights as citizens and ruled that the Missouri compromise is unconstitutional- because slavery can't be restricted by Congress anywhere (extended slavery)
Real wages
the actual purchasing power of income
Chesapeake Slavery
the largest and oldest of the three distinct colonial slave systems; consisted of tobacco-based plantations with over 270,000 slaves in 1770 (half of population); expanded west as Virginia's territory did; had smaller plantations and more master-slave interactions
Nativism
the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.; true Americans vs Immigrants
What was Brown and his father a part of
the underground railroad
Virginia legislature in 1832
there were more laws/ stronger controls -no black preachers -stronger militia -banned the education of blacks - blacks couldn't carry firearms
what is the greatest desire of the abolitionists
to perfect the nation- make it more christian
infantalization
treat (someone) as a child or in a way that denies their maturity in age or experience.
How was Proslavery affected during revolts?
undermined by fugitive slaves because it showed that they were not content
Spirit of '76
values/reasons for the revolution: for freedom, liberty, pursuit of happiness, self governing.
How did the North feel about Douglas
vilified him becasue he didn't abide byu the Misourri Compromise
Types of Mankind
was a book written by Josiah Clark Nott. Publicized the idea that humankinds should be divided by "types." Each type is native to a specific geographic area and descended from different ancestor. Characteristics of people are specific to things like climate, etc. He also looked at brain size, which they thought indicated intellectual capacity. Used this to explain why some groups of people more advanced than others. Made Europeans think they were superior, used this to justify slavery.
small individual slaves rebellions
went against the everyday commands- went against paternalism
Slave Economy
when a nation's economy depends entirely on slavery; for example, Haiti-- When the slaves were emancipated its economy collapsed. A country can have slaves (eg., Mexico) that work in a particular sector, but their entire economy is not dependent on them.
Slave cabins
where slaves on the plantation lived
Uncle Tom's Cabin
written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.
cession
yielding to another; ceding
