History - Middle Ages Unit Test

What were the two methods of deciding the guilt or innocence of accused criminals?

Trial by ordeal or trial by combat

Which of the Catholic Church's rules forbade the knight from fighting during certain times of the year?

Truce of God

True or False: Noblewomen often held fiefs and inherited land

True

How did unfree peasants differe from free peasants?

Unfree peasants had to farm the lord's land and could not leave the lord's manor

What were three reasons why disease spread so rapidly in medieval towns?

no running water, garbage and waste tossed into the street, people lived in small, crowded places

What were the two stages of a knight's education that he had to complete before becoming a knight?

page and squire

Most people during the Middle Ages were

peasants

What clergy member ranked above a cardinal

pope

What clergy member ranks above a cardinal?

pope

Medieval doctors usually believed in a combination treatment of

prayer and medicine

During the High Middle Ages, improvements in agriculture helped towns grow. This is because agriculture

resulted in crop surpluses that could be sold

The Church taught that salvation would come to those who follow the Church's teachings. Define salvation

saving one's soul

Many people in medieval Europe thought that storms, disease, and famine were

sent as punishments by God

A peasant who could not leave the lord's land on which they were born or worked

serf

How did guilds protect and provide for their members

set good prices, controlled work hours, dealt with complaints

Apprentices proved to a guild that they had mastered their trade by

showing them their masterpiece

What was the typical home in a medieval town like?

small, crowded and made of wood

Define clergy

the body of people, such as priests, who perform the sacred functions of the church

The word cathedral comes from the Latin word cathedra meaning

the throne upon which a bishop sits

What is the main reason why the clergy were recorders and advisers to kings?

they could read and write

Late castles were built of stone rather than wood because

they could resist attacks by more powerful siege weapons

What was the function of a castle?

to serve as a home, protect people during times of military conflict, remind people of the power of the ruling classes

While in the beginning of the Middle Ages most people lived in the country side, by the 12th century ___ had emerged

towns

What is true about towns from the Late Middle Ages?

towns were protected by stone walls, had very narrow street, often smelled of garbage

What was the most important part of a squire's education

training to become a warrior

Saint Francis of Assisi founded an order of friars who

traveled from town to town, preaching and caring for the poor

Cathedrals schools gave rise to

universities

Term for someone who pledged his loyalty to a person of higher rank in exchange for land and protection

vassal

How was a town able to become independent of a feudal lord?

violence or purchasing a charter

People went on Crusades to seek

wealth, adventure, salvation

What is the sacrament that is a formal declaration of belief in God and the Church?

Confirmation

What sacrament is a formal declaration of belied in God and the Church

Confirmation

Churches were the center of life in medieval western Europe. True or False: Only a few communities had a church building

False

Why did William of Normandy invade England in 1066

He believed he had the right the be the king of England

In times of war, what could a lord do if he did not wish to fight for his own higher-ranking lord?

He could supply a well-trained fighting force to fight on his behalf

When a king granted a fief to a vassal, what did the vassal owe the king in return?

He gave the king a supply of knights in time of war

Why did Pope Leo III crown Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor

He needed an army to help solidify the Church's power

What was Charlemagne's greatest accomplishment?

He unified nearly all the Christian lands of Europe into a single empire

Who was Thomas Aquinas and why was his work significant?

He was an Italian scholar of philosophy and theology. He tried to bridge the gap between reason and faith by writing logical arguments to prove the existence of God.

The Early Middle Ages were often characterized by

near-constant warfare

The leader of the Franks, who united Christian lands of Europe into one empire

Charlemagne

During the Middle Ages, at about what age did people usually start preparing for their adult roles?

7

How many Crusades where there?

9

What is common law?

A body of rulings made by judges or very old traditional laws that become part of a nation's legal system

What best describes the plot from Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales

A group of pilgrims travel to Canterbury

Define hierarchy

A system of organization with lower and higher positions or ranks

Historians sometimes call the Middle Ages the

Age of Faith

What was difficult about growing up in medieval towns?

Almost half the children died. Those who survived began preparing for their adult lives at age 7

Why did people of medieval Europe often locate their towns near rivers?

Easier trade and defense

What is true of holidays during the Middle Ages?

Entertainment during medieval holidays and festivals could include plays, acrobats, and bonfires

What was true about holidays during the Middle Ages?

Entertainment during medieval holidays and festivals could include prays, acrobats and bonfires

Why did being crowned Holy Roman emperor make Charlemagne more powerful?

It made people believe the God was on Charlemagne's side

What was the purpose of feudalism?

It provided people with protection and safety by establishing a stable social order

What did English king Alfred the Great do to defeat the Vikings?

King Alfred the Great stopped the Vikings from advancing. He built a series of forts that kept the Vikings from being able to raid the villages. The Vikings depended on short, fast attacks for their raids and they were not equipped to fight a long battle.

How did trade change from the beginning of the Middle Ages to the High Middle Ages?

Luxury goods (which only the wealthy could afford) to everyday items such as food and clothing

During the High Middle Ages, why were merchants usually mayors or on town councils?

Merchants had grown wealthy and powerful

Which three groups threatened Western Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries?

Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings

Why were guilds established?

To make sure members were treated fairly and produced quality goods

Thomas Aquinas's concept that there is a universal order built into nature, guiding people's moral thinking is called the

Natural Law

When Rome was conquered by barbarians in 476 C.E., what was the psychological effect it had on the people living in Europe?

People felt depressed/angry/hopeless because they were surrounded by evidence of the greatness of Roman society, but they couldn't do anything to better their situation

During the Early Middle Ages, what are some of the difficulties that people faced?

People had to work hard to survive and have enough to eat. They needed to protect themselves from conquest by invading barbarians and neighboring kingdoms. They also had a lack of education and had to avoid widespread diseases.

What was one result of the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV?

Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry IV

What are the ways Jews were mistreated in medieval Europe?

Religious prejudice and hostility, violence and taking of property

How did rulers convince knights to fight for them?

Rewarded them with land and privileges

Who developed the monastic way of life in western Europe

Saint Benedict

Who developed the monastic way of life in western Europe?

St. Benedict

Why did the Catholic Church have supreme authority in Europe during the Middle Ages?

The Catholic Church had supreme authority in Europe during the Middle Ages because they held the most economic power, built architectural wonders, and they knew how to gain salvation.

The Early Middle Ages were also known as

The Dark Ages

Why did Clovis, King of the Franks, convert to Christianity?

To get the Catholics of the region to be loyal to him

How did the Franks become Christians?

The followed their leader Clovis into Christianity after he married a Christian woman

Why was the overwhelming majority of artwork religious during the Middle Ages?

The majority of artwork was religious because most people didn't know how to read or write. Through stained glass found in the Church, everyone was able to understand the Bible stories.

Why did people believe that trial by combat showed whether a person was innocent or guilty?

They believed God would make sure the right party won

What did monks do in the scriptorium?

They copied books and ancient manuscripts

What is true of all religious orders

They devoted their lives to God and the Church

Ruler who successfully invaded England in 1066 AD, and became the king of both England and France

William the Conqueror

Who would have been most likely to make the following statement? "I am traveling to Jerusalem to show God how sorry I am for having sinned. I pray we have a safe journey."

a pilgrim

Define sacrament

a sacred rite of the Christian religion

Most medieval monarchs

believed that God game them the right to rule

By the start of the High Middle Ages, around 1000 C.E, feudalism had

brought stability to much of Europe

The most feared disease of the Middle Ages was

bubonic plague

Early medieval castles are to late medieval castles as

carpenters are to stonemasons

Knights lived by a strong code of behavior called

chivalry

The medieval knight's code of ideal behavior

chivalry

The center of life in a medieval community was the

church

In medieval Europe, the people most likely to be educated were

clergy

The Church gained economic power by

collecting taxes, taking some land by force, receiving gifts of land from the wealthy

In England, the decisions of royal judges helped lead to a system of

common law

How did a lord exert power over the peasants?

demanded the yearly payment of "head money", required serfs to grind their grain at the lord's mill, could impose a tallage any time he needed money

During the Middle Ages, people expected the Church to

explain world events, help the poor and sick, hold town meeting and events

The economic & political system of medieval Europe in which people exchanged loyalty and labor for a lord's protection

feudalism

Land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

fief

Why did the Vikings originally attack the people of Europe?

for food

What set Charlemagne apart from other monarchs during this time period?

his commitment to education

Christians who went on a pilgrimage bisited

holy sites

What technology enabled the Vikings to be so successful in their raids?

long, shallow wooden boats

Which of these is a sacrament in the Roman Catholic Church, birthday, marriage, graduation, pilgrimage?

marriage

What were the two main types of guilds in the Middle Ages

merchant and craft