History - Middle Ages Unit Test
What were the two methods of deciding the guilt or innocence of accused criminals?
Trial by ordeal or trial by combat
Which of the Catholic Church's rules forbade the knight from fighting during certain times of the year?
Truce of God
True or False: Noblewomen often held fiefs and inherited land
True
How did unfree peasants differe from free peasants?
Unfree peasants had to farm the lord's land and could not leave the lord's manor
What were three reasons why disease spread so rapidly in medieval towns?
no running water, garbage and waste tossed into the street, people lived in small, crowded places
What were the two stages of a knight's education that he had to complete before becoming a knight?
page and squire
Most people during the Middle Ages were
peasants
What clergy member ranked above a cardinal
pope
What clergy member ranks above a cardinal?
pope
Medieval doctors usually believed in a combination treatment of
prayer and medicine
During the High Middle Ages, improvements in agriculture helped towns grow. This is because agriculture
resulted in crop surpluses that could be sold
The Church taught that salvation would come to those who follow the Church's teachings. Define salvation
saving one's soul
Many people in medieval Europe thought that storms, disease, and famine were
sent as punishments by God
A peasant who could not leave the lord's land on which they were born or worked
serf
How did guilds protect and provide for their members
set good prices, controlled work hours, dealt with complaints
Apprentices proved to a guild that they had mastered their trade by
showing them their masterpiece
What was the typical home in a medieval town like?
small, crowded and made of wood
Define clergy
the body of people, such as priests, who perform the sacred functions of the church
The word cathedral comes from the Latin word cathedra meaning
the throne upon which a bishop sits
What is the main reason why the clergy were recorders and advisers to kings?
they could read and write
Late castles were built of stone rather than wood because
they could resist attacks by more powerful siege weapons
What was the function of a castle?
to serve as a home, protect people during times of military conflict, remind people of the power of the ruling classes
While in the beginning of the Middle Ages most people lived in the country side, by the 12th century ___ had emerged
towns
What is true about towns from the Late Middle Ages?
towns were protected by stone walls, had very narrow street, often smelled of garbage
What was the most important part of a squire's education
training to become a warrior
Saint Francis of Assisi founded an order of friars who
traveled from town to town, preaching and caring for the poor
Cathedrals schools gave rise to
universities
Term for someone who pledged his loyalty to a person of higher rank in exchange for land and protection
vassal
How was a town able to become independent of a feudal lord?
violence or purchasing a charter
People went on Crusades to seek
wealth, adventure, salvation
What is the sacrament that is a formal declaration of belief in God and the Church?
Confirmation
What sacrament is a formal declaration of belied in God and the Church
Confirmation
Churches were the center of life in medieval western Europe. True or False: Only a few communities had a church building
False
Why did William of Normandy invade England in 1066
He believed he had the right the be the king of England
In times of war, what could a lord do if he did not wish to fight for his own higher-ranking lord?
He could supply a well-trained fighting force to fight on his behalf
When a king granted a fief to a vassal, what did the vassal owe the king in return?
He gave the king a supply of knights in time of war
Why did Pope Leo III crown Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor
He needed an army to help solidify the Church's power
What was Charlemagne's greatest accomplishment?
He unified nearly all the Christian lands of Europe into a single empire
Who was Thomas Aquinas and why was his work significant?
He was an Italian scholar of philosophy and theology. He tried to bridge the gap between reason and faith by writing logical arguments to prove the existence of God.
The Early Middle Ages were often characterized by
near-constant warfare
The leader of the Franks, who united Christian lands of Europe into one empire
Charlemagne
During the Middle Ages, at about what age did people usually start preparing for their adult roles?
7
How many Crusades where there?
9
What is common law?
A body of rulings made by judges or very old traditional laws that become part of a nation's legal system
What best describes the plot from Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales
A group of pilgrims travel to Canterbury
Define hierarchy
A system of organization with lower and higher positions or ranks
Historians sometimes call the Middle Ages the
Age of Faith
What was difficult about growing up in medieval towns?
Almost half the children died. Those who survived began preparing for their adult lives at age 7
Why did people of medieval Europe often locate their towns near rivers?
Easier trade and defense
What is true of holidays during the Middle Ages?
Entertainment during medieval holidays and festivals could include plays, acrobats, and bonfires
What was true about holidays during the Middle Ages?
Entertainment during medieval holidays and festivals could include prays, acrobats and bonfires
Why did being crowned Holy Roman emperor make Charlemagne more powerful?
It made people believe the God was on Charlemagne's side
What was the purpose of feudalism?
It provided people with protection and safety by establishing a stable social order
What did English king Alfred the Great do to defeat the Vikings?
King Alfred the Great stopped the Vikings from advancing. He built a series of forts that kept the Vikings from being able to raid the villages. The Vikings depended on short, fast attacks for their raids and they were not equipped to fight a long battle.
How did trade change from the beginning of the Middle Ages to the High Middle Ages?
Luxury goods (which only the wealthy could afford) to everyday items such as food and clothing
During the High Middle Ages, why were merchants usually mayors or on town councils?
Merchants had grown wealthy and powerful
Which three groups threatened Western Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries?
Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings
Why were guilds established?
To make sure members were treated fairly and produced quality goods
Thomas Aquinas's concept that there is a universal order built into nature, guiding people's moral thinking is called the
Natural Law
When Rome was conquered by barbarians in 476 C.E., what was the psychological effect it had on the people living in Europe?
People felt depressed/angry/hopeless because they were surrounded by evidence of the greatness of Roman society, but they couldn't do anything to better their situation
During the Early Middle Ages, what are some of the difficulties that people faced?
People had to work hard to survive and have enough to eat. They needed to protect themselves from conquest by invading barbarians and neighboring kingdoms. They also had a lack of education and had to avoid widespread diseases.
What was one result of the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV?
Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry IV
What are the ways Jews were mistreated in medieval Europe?
Religious prejudice and hostility, violence and taking of property
How did rulers convince knights to fight for them?
Rewarded them with land and privileges
Who developed the monastic way of life in western Europe
Saint Benedict
Who developed the monastic way of life in western Europe?
St. Benedict
Why did the Catholic Church have supreme authority in Europe during the Middle Ages?
The Catholic Church had supreme authority in Europe during the Middle Ages because they held the most economic power, built architectural wonders, and they knew how to gain salvation.
The Early Middle Ages were also known as
The Dark Ages
Why did Clovis, King of the Franks, convert to Christianity?
To get the Catholics of the region to be loyal to him
How did the Franks become Christians?
The followed their leader Clovis into Christianity after he married a Christian woman
Why was the overwhelming majority of artwork religious during the Middle Ages?
The majority of artwork was religious because most people didn't know how to read or write. Through stained glass found in the Church, everyone was able to understand the Bible stories.
Why did people believe that trial by combat showed whether a person was innocent or guilty?
They believed God would make sure the right party won
What did monks do in the scriptorium?
They copied books and ancient manuscripts
What is true of all religious orders
They devoted their lives to God and the Church
Ruler who successfully invaded England in 1066 AD, and became the king of both England and France
William the Conqueror
Who would have been most likely to make the following statement? "I am traveling to Jerusalem to show God how sorry I am for having sinned. I pray we have a safe journey."
a pilgrim
Define sacrament
a sacred rite of the Christian religion
Most medieval monarchs
believed that God game them the right to rule
By the start of the High Middle Ages, around 1000 C.E, feudalism had
brought stability to much of Europe
The most feared disease of the Middle Ages was
bubonic plague
Early medieval castles are to late medieval castles as
carpenters are to stonemasons
Knights lived by a strong code of behavior called
chivalry
The medieval knight's code of ideal behavior
chivalry
The center of life in a medieval community was the
church
In medieval Europe, the people most likely to be educated were
clergy
The Church gained economic power by
collecting taxes, taking some land by force, receiving gifts of land from the wealthy
In England, the decisions of royal judges helped lead to a system of
common law
How did a lord exert power over the peasants?
demanded the yearly payment of "head money", required serfs to grind their grain at the lord's mill, could impose a tallage any time he needed money
During the Middle Ages, people expected the Church to
explain world events, help the poor and sick, hold town meeting and events
The economic & political system of medieval Europe in which people exchanged loyalty and labor for a lord's protection
feudalism
Land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service
fief
Why did the Vikings originally attack the people of Europe?
for food
What set Charlemagne apart from other monarchs during this time period?
his commitment to education
Christians who went on a pilgrimage bisited
holy sites
What technology enabled the Vikings to be so successful in their raids?
long, shallow wooden boats
Which of these is a sacrament in the Roman Catholic Church, birthday, marriage, graduation, pilgrimage?
marriage
What were the two main types of guilds in the Middle Ages
merchant and craft
