History Midterm
What was the British idea of virtual representation (which the colonies disagreed with)?
Each member represented the entire empire
1Unlike the Spanish, what were the English mostly uninterested in doing with the Indians?
English wanted land not dominion over the existing population.
1.) What was Abigail Adams making a discreet reference to when she wrote: "Put it out of the power of husbands to use us as they will"?
A discreet reference to men's legal control over the bodies of their wives and their right to inflict physical punishment on them.
In both law and social reality what essential qualification for political participation did women still lack after the Revolutionary War?
After the war woman still lack the right to vote
In the Treaty of Paris that ended the war, how did the British abandon their Indian allies?
Agreeing to recognize American sovereignty over the entire region east of the Mississippi River , completely ignoring the Indians presence.
What laws in the Carolina colony benefited slave-owners (and thus encouraged their immigration with their slaves)?
Fundamental constitutions of Caroline - they brough slaves including planters, instantly to acquire large new landholdings.
What did Thomas Paine see the English constitution having the "base remains" of?
Two ancient tyrannies monarchical tyranny in the person of the king and aristocratical tyranny in the persons of the peers
What did Thomas Paine say was the essence of a republic?
Was not the particular form of government, but its object: the public good. How a republican government should be structure so as to promote the public good.
North of Mexico, what did the North American Indians lack (which would put them at a disadvantage with European settlers)?
Metal tools and machines, gunpowder
1.) How much was the British East India Company Tea (originally from China) that the colonists threw in the water worth? In today's money?
More than $4 million today.
What did Olaudah Equiano's book set out to prove people of all races were capable of?
Person of all races a capable of intellectual improvement,
1.) Although the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766 due to colonists' protests, what did the Declaratory Act (issued that same year) do?
Rejected America 's claims that only their elected representatives could levy taxes.
Why did Deists like Thomas Jefferson believe that religion was still necessary?
Religion is necessary as a foundation of public morality.
At the time of the colonization of America, what 2 freedoms did the Dutch have that existed nowhere else in Europe?
Religious freedom and their slaves possess rights.
What did John Locke believe should be shielded from the government?
Shield from the government family relations, religious preference, and economic activity.
On March 5, 1770 what did a Boston crowd do to some British troops that escalated to five deaths (of Boston colonists)?
Snowball-throwing crow and British troops escalated into an armed confrontation that left five deaths.
What did South Carolina and Georgia also promise patriot military volunteers?
South Caroline and Georgia promise patriot military a slave at the war's end.
What did most Africans believe about Nature and the dead?
That nature was suffused with spirits and the dead could influence the living
According to the author of this textbook, what is perhaps the greatest irony or contradiction in the history of the 18th century (1700's)?
The simultaneous expansion of freedom and slavery
For how much more money could a slave be sold for in the Americas above the price paid for them in Africa?
The slaves could be sold in America for twenty to thirty times the price in Africa
What structure of three branches of power in Britain did the French Enlightenment philosopher Montesquieu praise?
The three branches of power The House of Commons, House of Lords, and King each check the power of the others.
What "natural rights" did the philosopher John Locke believe should be protected?
The natural rights that should be protected are the security of life, liberty, and property
What fraction of the slaves would die on the overcrowded trip (a planned for loss) by the shippers?
The plan for loss was one out five perished before reaching the New World.
What elements did the various traditional African religions of the arriving African slaves share in common?
The presence of spiritual forces in nature and a close relationship between the sacred and secular worlds.
What was the punishment for witchcraft at this time (throughout Europe and the American colonies)?
The punishment was execution to be hang or pressed to death
What three classes of white society would emerge in the 1600's
The three classes of white society where gentry ,farmers, poor laborers.
What was the legal term "coverture" which applied to English women?
The woman had no independence and legal identity
In 1492, what did King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain do to ensure religious unity in Spain?
They completed the reconquista. The King and Queen ordered all Muslin and Jews to convert to Catholicism or leave the Iberian Peninsula.
What did Puritans who came to New England hope to escape?
They hope to scape religious and worldly corruptions of English society.
What did the California Spanish missions rely on the forced labor of Indians to do?
To grow grain, work in orchards and vineyards, and tend cattle.
Under the theory of mercantilism, what role did colonies serve?
To serve the interests of the mother county by producing marketable raw materials and importing manufactured goods from home.
What did one German colonel fighting for the British say about the way in which the War of Independence (The American Revolution) became an internal "civil war" too?
"This county is the scene of the most cruel events. Neighbors are on opposite sides, children are against their fathers"
How did Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry and James Madison (and also George Washington) lose some slaves during the war?
British promised freedom sanctuary to slaves for those that join the British lines
What did a 1780 Virginia law promise they would reward patriot veterans of the War of Independence with?
1780 Virginia law that rewarded veterans of the War of Independence with 300 acres of land—and a slave.
How many died (of the 150 accused) in the Salem witch trials of the early 1690's?
20 died on the Salem trials
For Chesapeake (Virginia and Maryland) planters, what were some of the advantages of using African slaves rather than poor English indentured servants from England?
As African could not claim protection of English common laws. Slave term never expire. Their children were slaves.
At every sermon, what would he ask his listeners?
At the end of each sermon, he asked his listeners to look into their own hearts and answer the question "Are you saved?" if not they should change their sinful ways and surrender their lives to Christ.
Between 1777 and 1804, what happened in all the northern states (but not in southern states)
Banned slavery took a step toward emancipation.
What were some of the cruelties towards the Indians that a Dominican monk, Bartolome de las Casas narrated in his book written in the 1500's?
Bartolome De Las Casas narrated that Indians including children were burned alive and imposed forced labor.
As shown in the Mel Gibson movie "The Patriot") Why was the American militia leader Francis Marion called "the swamp fox"? Why did the British Colonel Banastre Tarleton turn many Americans to the Patriot side?
Because his men emerged from hiding places in swamps to strike swiftly and the disappear The brutal treatment of civilians
How did the British see themselves (as superior) in contrast to France?
Britain saw itself as realm of widespread prosperity individual liberty, the rule of law and the protestant faith.
After the Seven Years' War (or French and Indian War) at the Peace of Paris signed in 1763, what did France give to Britain? After the defeat of the Indians' French allies, what religious vision did the Indian prophet Neolin have?
Canada to Britain, receiving back in return the sugar island of Guadeloupe and Martinique
What did the laws of Massachusetts give out the death penalty for?
Death penalty for worshiping any got, but eh lord god, practicing witchcraft or committing blasphemy
What did Deborah Sampson do to participate in the war?
Deborah Sampson disguised herself as a man and enlisted in the continental army
What did Roger Williams attack and reject (that led to his banishment and the founding of the colony of Rhode Island)?
Denied that God had singled out any group as special favorites.
In New England by the mid-1700's, what wealthy elite emerged from expanding trade?
Merchants and wealthy farmers/planters
What was shipped down from New England and the Middle Colonies to be consumed by the West Indies (the Caribbean) slave societies?
Fish, grain, livestock, and lumber
What were the main reasons a school was set up in each Puritan town and Harvard College was established in 1636?
For the ability to read the Bible and to train n educated ministry.
Now that Canada had been conquered, who now lived under British rule (making the empire far less Protestant)?
French Catholics lived under British rule.
How did George Whitefield, who helped set off the religious movement called the Great Awakening (that rages over all the colonies from the 1730's to the 1760's) appeal to the passions of his listeners?
George Whitefield appeal to the passion of his listeners by sketching the boundless joy of salvation and the horrors of damnation.
At the end of the war what did George Washington try to insist should happen to slaves kept under British sanctuary?
Gorge Washington insisted that slave most be return.
In the Declaration of Independence, by substituting John Locke's word "property" with "pursuit of happiness," what had Jefferson done?
He tied the new nation's star to an open-ended, democratic process whereby individuals develop their own potential and seek to realize their own life goals.
What charge did Anne Hutchinson make against the ministers (all male) of Massachusetts?
Her charge was that all the ministers in Massachusetts were guilty of faulty preaching for distinguishing "saints" from the damned on the basis of activities such as church attendance and moral behavior rather than inner state of grace.
Making, using and wearing what kinds of products became the symbol of American resistance to the Townshend Acts (which the Daughters of Liberty had a key role in)?
Homespun clothing rather than imported finery. Women who spun and wove at ho as not to purchase British goods
In the 1700's, among the farmer class of the northeast colonies (the majority middle - rank people of the colonies), what kind of work did white colonial wives do (as gender defined lines became solidified)?
House hold - domestic chores, child care and hard labor
What was the percentage of blacks in Virginia in 1700?
In 1700s 10% of the population
What was the percentage of blacks in Virginia in 1750?
In the 1750s made up nearly 50% of the population
What special freedoms and powers did Indian women have (that was not true for European women of the 1500's and 1600's)?
Indian women own dwellings and tools, husbands move to live with their wife's family. Children become members of the mother's family.
In the mid-1600's, what rights did the Levellers and Diggers (groups that arose from the lower classes) demand before they were crushed
Levellers propose abolish the monarchy and house of lords and to greatly expand the right to vote.
What freedoms did Dutch women have in the 1600's and 1700's that English women did not have?
Married women retained their separate legal identity. Women can go to court, borrow money and own property.
After the defeat of the Indians' French allies, what religious vision did the Indian prophet Neolin have?
Neolin had a religion vison of the Master of life - instructed his follower to reject European technology, free themselves from commercial ties with whites and dependence on alcohol cloth themselves with garb of their ancestors and drive the British from their territory
How did Hernan Cortes conquer the huge Aztec city of Tenochtitlan with only about five hundred men?
On superior military technology such as iron weapons and gunpowder.
In successfully opposing a Virginia tax for the general support of Christian churches, what did James Madison say about separation of church and state?
One reason for the complete separation of church and state was to reinforce the principle that the new nation offed "asylum to the persecuted and oppressed of every nation and religion.
Why was the Stamp Act of 1765 something new that the British Parliament had never done before?
Parliament attempted to raise money from direct taxes instead through regulation of trade.
In 1675, what happened to Po-pe and 47 other Pueblo Indians of New Mexico (that would lead 5 years later to a successful Indian revolt against the Spanish)?
Pope and 47 Pueblo Indians were arrested for sorcery. Four of the prisoners were hanged and the rest, including Pope, were brought to Santa Fe to be publicly whipped.
1.) What rights did the English settlers to America come to enjoy (that colonists in other empires often did not)?
Power of select members of elected assemblies, protection of the common law such as the right to trial by jury, and access to land, and economic independence, and more religious freedom
What were some Indian products introduced to Europe from America?
Products introduced from America were corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco and cotton.
What were some things that were introduced to the Americas from Europe?
Products introduced from Europe were wheat, rice, sugarcane, horses, cattle, pigs, and sheep. Europe also introduced germs, diseases like smallpox, influenza, and measles that were unknown in America therefore Indians had no antibodies to fight them.
1.) What became the main lure for English emigrants to leave from England to the New World in Virginia (a wild and dangerous land for Europeans)?
Propagating of the Christian religion
What rights did English common law (developing out of the Magna Carta) provide all freeborn people of England?
Protection against being imprisoned without a legal charge, the right to face once accuser, and trial by jury
What religious conviction did Puritans (also called Congregationalists) all share?
Puritans shared many of the beliefs of the Church of England and the society as a whole, including a hatred of Catholicism
How did Puritans think one sought Truth?
Puritans sought the truth by reading the Bible ans listening to sermons by educated ministers.
Where did a new group called the Quakers see God's Truth dwelling in (rather than the Bible or educated ministers)?
Quakers held that the spirit of God dwelled within every individual not jus eth elected.
What did the Enlightenment thinkers seek to apply the new scientific method to? How were institutions, authorities, and traditions now to be judged? What was Deism?
Scientific method of careful investigation based on research and experiment to political and social life. The institution, authorities, and traditions should be judged before the bar of reason. Deism is a belief that God essentially withdrew after creating the world, leaving it to function according to scientific laws without divine intervention.
In the seventeenth century, who were the two-thirds of English settlers called "indentured servants"?
Servants who voluntarily surrendered their freedom for a specific time in exchange for a passage to America.
What was the "white gold" of the colonies?
Sugar
How did idea of Pocahontas' husband John Rolfe to introduce tobacco growing to Virginia completely change the colony?
Tabaco become Virgina's substitute of Gold.
How much had Britain borrowed to fight The Seven Years' War (also called The French and Indian War)?
Ten trillion of dollars
What did the preamble to Jefferson's Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom declare?
That God "hath created the mind free"
What was the repartimiento system set up in response to Las Casas' criticisms (replacing the encomienda system)?
That Indians were deprived of freedom and put in servitude and captivity in the most terrible conditions.
What did the Scottish economist Adam Smith (whose ideas were just beginning to become known in the America) argue about the free market?
That the invisible had of the free market directed economic life more effectively and fairly than governmental intervention offed intellectual justification for those who believed that the economy should be left to regulate itself.
1.) Although the British general Sir William Howe took Philadelphia (causing the Congress to flee) in the summer of 1777, what great victory for the American colonists happened in the fall of 1777? What did this victory mean for United States - France relations?
The Battle of Saratoga. The victory provided a significant boost to American morale. Treaty of Amity and Commerce in which France recognized the United States and agree to supply solitary assistance.
Why did the Dutch identify themselves with the Indians and have more sympathy with the Indians?
The Dutch identified with American Indians as fellow victims of Spanish oppression.
In the 1600's what was the average age of marriage for a New England woman
The average age of marriage in New England for woman was twenty -two
What is "animism" (a word anthropologists and historians use)?
The believe sacred spirits could be found in all kinds of living and inanimate things( animals, plants, trees, water and aid)
What did a Virginia law of 1662 declare about the children that came out of interracial relationships?
The children illegitimate, severely punish white women give birth to child with a black man. Prohibit the freedom of freedom of any slave unless it was transported out of the colony.
What made successive British governments to seek ways to make the colonies share the cost of empire?
The debt and vastly enlarged overseas possession to defend.
By the mid-1700's, what wealthy elite dominated the Chesapeake and Lower South?
The gentry
What happened around 14,000 years ago (during a slow global warming period)?
The land link between the Western Hemisphere separated from Asia as it was submerged in water
How were Quakers unique among the English in the 17th and 18th centuries in their attitude towards women, blacks and Indians?
They see them as their equal
What protein did they supplement this with?
They supplement with fishing, and hunting deer, turkeys and other animals.
By financially supporting Columbus (also in 1492), what did the King and Queen of Spain, along with Spanish (and Italian) merchants, want to circumvent (go around)?
They want it to circumvent the Muslim stranglehold on Easter trade.
What was usually the only way for the accused to avoid prosecution (and execution) for witchcraft?
To confessed and name other
What did George Washington, seeing a great opportunity, do when Lord Charles Cornwallis' army camped at Yorktown?
Washington rushed his forces, augmented by French troops
By the 1740s, what strange, ironic, and contradictory spectacle was happening in Georgia (originally established by James Oglethorpe as a slave-free place)?
Wealthy reformers whose causes included improved conditions for imprisoned debtors and the abolition of slavery.
Who were "witches" to 17th century English people? What
Were woman beyond childbearing age who were outspoken, economic independent or estranged from their husband, or who in other ways violated traditional genders
What version of the Bible did Thomas Jefferson create (the "Jefferson Bible")?
While Jesus had lived a deeply moral life, he was not divine and performed no miracles. He rejected the biblical account of creation in favor of a prolonged process of geological change.
What three plant foods formed the basis of Native American Indian Agriculture?
corn, squash, and beans
How many times would the average woman in New England give birth?
give birth to seven times.
What kind of people in New England were most often singled out as "witches"?
women