History Midterm

Which of the following statements about political parties is true? a. The Tea Party movement is more popular in New England than in the South. b. The Democratic Party is becoming more popular in the South. c. California is a solid Democratic state today. d. Political elites are not very polarized today.

California is a solid Democratic state today.

Which of the following organizations has a conservative orientation? a. Sierra Club c. World Wildlife Federation b. National Organization for Women d. Chamber of Commerce

Chamber of Commerce

In 1870, Congress passed a law forbidding ________ from becoming U.S. citizens. a. Italians c. Russians b. Chinese d. Mexicans

Chinese

Which group was not permitted to immigrate to the United States from the late nineteenth century until the 1940s? a. Chinese c. Mexicans b. Japanese d. Russians

Chinese

Which of the following statements about public opinion in America is most accurate? a. Political knowledge is fairly high in America. b. Citizens with low levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information and determine its relevancy to their beliefs. c. Citizens with high levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information to determine its relevancy to their beliefs. d. Politically knowledgeable citizens are more likely to consider themselves independent and not have a liberal or conservative ideology.

Citizens with high levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information to determine its relevancy to their beliefs.

The ________ forbade workplace discrimination based on race. a. Fourteenth Amendment b. Civil Rights Act of 1875 c. Civil Rights Act of 1964 d. Nineteenth Amendment

Civil Rights Act of 1964

The American experience with civil rights suggests which of the following things about political change in the United States? a. Political change can only be achieved when citizens bypass the courts and the Congress entirely. b. The courts are far more powerful than the Congress and therefore can advance political change on their own. c. The Congress is far more powerful than the courts and therefore can advance political change on its own. d. Congress needs constitutional authority to act from the courts, and the courts need legislative assistance to implement court orders and focus political support.

Congress needs constitutional authority to act from the courts, and the courts need legislative assistance to implement court orders and focus political support.

________ was the leader of the United Farm Workers union in the 1960s. a. Martin Luther King, Jr. c. Guadalupe Hidalgo b. Gonzalo Mendez d. César Chávez

César Chávez

Which agency regulates broadcast media? a. Federal Bureau of Investigation c. Public Broadcast System b. Federal Communications Commission d. Department of Commerce

Federal Communications Commission

The "Black Lives Matter" protests started in a. Ferguson, Missouri. c. Chicago, Illinois. b. Baltimore, Maryland. d. New York.

Ferguson, Missouri.

Which of the following is true about current trends in public opinion? a. Public opinion can be difficult to manipulate. b. Support for abortion rights has decreased in the past 30 years. c. Fewer Americans favor gun control today than in the 1990s. d. Most Americans support same-sex marriage today.

Fewer Americans favor gun control today than in the 1990s.

The Communications Decency Act was struck down by the Supreme Court because it violated the a. First Amendment's right to freedom of speech. b. Federal Communications Commission's Equal Time Rule. c. Federal Communications Commission's right of rebuttal. d. Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause.

First Amendment's right to freedom of speech.

Which of the following is true of Brown v. Board of Education (1954)? a. The Court outlawed de facto segregation. b. The Court outlawed de jure segregation. c. The Court allowed school systems to desegregate "with all deliberate speed." d. The Court upheld the separate but equal doctrine.

The Court outlawed de jure segregation.

The Vietnam War initiated the growth of ________ journalism. a. yellow c. corporate-driven b. adversarial d. government-regulated

adversarial

The power of the media to draw public attention to particular issues and problems is called ________. a. framing c. agenda setting b. canvassing d. the bandwagon effect

agenda setting

The "metered model" used by many newspaper websites a. allows access only to users who have yearly subscriptions. b. requires that users click on at least one advertisement for each article they read. c. allows a certain number of free visits before requiring users to pay. d. charges users to pay for each and every article they read.

allows a certain number of free visits before requiring users to pay.

A liberal would most likely support a. an expansion in governmental social services. b. an increase in the federal military budget. c. prayer in the public schools. d. a reduction in foreign aid for poor countries.

an expansion in governmental social services.

When did newspapers become financially independent? a. in the early nineteenth century c. in the 1960s b. at the turn of the twentieth century d. in the 1990s

at the turn of the twentieth century

The most important selection bias in news is the ________. a. ideology of the journalists b. audience appeal of a story c. economic interests of the media's owners d. approval of government regulators

audience appeal of a story

Large cities have predominantly ________ populations, while ________ are more numerous in rural and suburban areas. a. Republican; Democrats c. Socialist; Democrats b. Democratic; Republicans d. Democratic; Socialists

b. Democratic; Republicans

If a person supports a candidate because he or she is the front-runner in a poll, it is an example of the ________. a. bellwether effect c. bandwagon effect b. illusion of saliency d. "bounce" effect

bandwagon effect

The difference between a political value and a political attitude is that values are a. conservative, while attitudes are liberal. b. liberal, while attitudes are conservative. c. held for a short term, while attitudes are held for a long term. d. basic principles, while attitudes are specific preferences.

basic principles, while attitudes are specific preferences.

The term public opinion is used to describe a. the president's collected speeches and writings during his term in office. b. the analysis of events broadcast by reporters during the evening news. c. beliefs and attitudes toward different issues, events, and people. d. the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions.

beliefs and attitudes toward different issues, events, and people.

Which of the following did the George W. Bush administration use to maintain support for the war on terror? a. presidential speeches b. press conferences c. both presidential speeches and press conferences d. media appearances by celebrities

both presidential speeches and press conferences

The Fairness Doctrine required that a. all network news reports be balanced and fair-minded or they would be labeled editorials. b. broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints. c. all regulated newspapers establish a section of the editorial page for letters from readers. d. all broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office with equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public.

broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints.

________ states have enacted legislation requiring voters to show positive identification at the polls. a. Nine c. Twenty-seven b. Eighteen d. Thirty-six

d. Thirty-six

Using the aggregate preferences and viewing habits of millions of Netflix subscribers to make predictions about how someone will feel about political issues is an example of a. a framing experiment. c. process tracing. b. a list experiment. d. data mining.

data mining.

Legally enforced segregation in public schools is a form of ________ discrimination. a. de facto c. stare decisis b. de jure d. suspect

de jure

. What did the framers identify as the greatest source of political conflict for the United States? a. racial inequalities b. geographic differences c. differences between the rich and poor d. conflicts between central and local governments

differences between the rich and poor

What is the "gender gap"? a. differences in political opinions between men and women b. differences in education and income levels for men and women c. differing levels of political participation between men and women d. differences in fundamental political values held by men and women

differences in political opinions between men and women

Daily Internet users who participate in society and politics through online activities are called ________. a. 2.0 participators c. Internet junkies b. online activists d. digital citizens

digital citizens

In the United States today, the government a. controls most media content through regulations and tightly controlled press briefings. b. owns, but does not control, the major sources of media. c. does not own but regulates the content and ownership of broadcast media. d. heavily regulates print media but imposes no regulations on radio and television broadcasts.

does not own but regulates the content and ownership of broadcast media.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) a. was established in 1949 by President Harry Truman. b. licenses radio but not television stations. c. bans explicit sexual and excretory references on airwaves during certain hours of the day. d. does not regulate newspapers.

does not regulate newspapers.

Support for same-sex marriage has a. remained at a constant level since 1996. b. dramatically increased since 1996. c. dramatically decreased since 1996. d. dramatically decreased between 1996 and 2008, but increased significantly between 2008 and 2015.

dramatically increased since 1996.

Libertarianism is a political ideology that a. argues governments are inherently repressive and should be abolished entirely. b. argues a single ruler should have total control over every aspect of people's lives. c. argues for the need to place strict limitations on voting rights and civil liberties. d. emphasizes freedom and voluntary association with small government.

emphasizes freedom and voluntary association with small government.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 a. made discrimination by state governments illegal, but permitted discrimination by private employers. b. ended some of the most blatant forms of discrimination across the country. c. did not permit the Justice Department to implement federal court orders to desegregate schools. d. was signed into law by President John F. Kennedy.

ended some of the most blatant forms of discrimination across the country.

The press release was created a. during the administration of James Monroe in the 1810s. b. in the early twentieth century by a public relations firm working for a railroad. c. by Franklin Roosevelt in 1933. d. by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War.

in the early twentieth century by a public relations firm working for a railroad.

The Seneca Falls Convention was significant because it a. marked the starting point of the abolitionist movement. b. marked the starting point of the modern women's movement. c. marked the end of the modern women's movement. d. led to the passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments.

marked the starting point of the modern women's movement.

Research into public opinion and public policy has shown that a. every citizen has an equally strong influence over politics and public policy decisions. b. more affluent and more educated citizens have a disproportionate influence over politics and public policy decisions. c. less affluent and less educated citizens have a disproportionate influence over politics and public policy decisions. d. nonvoters have a disproportionate influence over politics and public policy decisions.

more affluent and more educated citizens have a disproportionate influence over politics and public policy decisions.

Between 1970 and 2013, the number of first-generation immigrants living in the United States has a. remained relatively unchanged. b. more than doubled in size. c. more than tripled in size. d. more than quadrupled in size.

more than quadrupled in size.

Google News and Real Clear Politics are good examples of ________. a. nonprofit journalism c. news aggregators b. the penny press d. niche journalism

news aggregators

What is "niche journalism"? a. news reporting targeted for a demographic of readers based on content or ideological presentation b. journalism that is uncritical of government officials and the status quo c. journalism that is highly critical of government officials and the status quo d. any political reporting that can only be found online

news reporting targeted for a demographic of readers based on content or ideological presentation

A website devoted entirely to reporting on climate change and other environmental issues would be an example of ________ journalism. a. protest c. niche b. adversarial d. nonprofit

niche

Which group is the least likely to have high-speed Internet access at home? a. whites c. non-English-speaking Hispanics b. Asians d. African Americans

non-English-speaking Hispanics

28. The 1977 Community Reinvestment Act a. allowed the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to initiate legal action in cases of housing discrimination. b. required banks to lend in the neighborhoods in which they do business. c. outlawed the practice of banks offering subprime mortgage products with higher interest rates to home buyers on the basis of race. d. mandated that all property tax revenue would remain within local communities.

required banks to lend in the neighborhoods in which they do business.

President Harry S. Truman was moved to bring the problem of racial discrimination to the nation's attention by a. the southern states' strategy of "massive resistance" to federal attempts at desegregation. b. the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. c. the 1963 March on Washington. d. revelations of Nazi racial atrocities during World War II.

revelations of Nazi racial atrocities during World War II.

If a radio station aired a personal attack against a candidate but refused to allow the same candidate the opportunity to respond to that attack on its station, the station would be in violation of the ________. a. Telecommunications Act of 1996 c. right of rebuttal b. Fairness Doctrine d. Communications Decency Act

right of rebuttal

In Red Lion Broadcasting Company v. FCC (1969), the Supreme Court upheld the ________. a. Fairness Doctrine c. Equal Time Rule b. right of rebuttal d. Framing Doctrine

right of rebuttal

The percentage of Americans without any religious affiliation has a. risen from 5 percent of the population in the 1990s to more than 20 percent today. b. risen from 25 percent of the population in the 1990s to more than 50 percent today. c. remained relatively constant since the 1990s. d. declined from 20 percent in the 1990s to less than 5 percent today.

risen from 5 percent of the population in the 1990s to more than 20 percent today.

The small group selected by pollsters to represent the entire population is called a ________. a. validity quotient c. sample b. reliability quotient d. quota

sample

Conservatives are more likely than liberals to support a. government regulation of business. b. abortion rights. c. school prayer. d. the expansion of government programs, such as Medicaid.

school prayer.

Under the "rational basis test," a. government classification schemes are enacted only when a cost-benefit analysis proves that they will help more people than they will hurt. b. courts determine whether to uphold government policies based on a "rational" interpretation of the Constitution. c. courts use a points-based formula for calculating whether the plaintiff or the government bears the burden of proof. d. the burden of proof is on the plaintiff to show that there is no rational basis, whatsoever, for the government's rules.

the burden of proof is on the plaintiff to show that there is no rational basis, whatsoever, for the government's rules.

The concept of a marketplace of ideas refers to a. important changes in copyright and patent laws that have restricted Americans' access to free information. b. the competition between varying opinions and ideas that are aired in public forums. c. the use of opinion pollsters who market a politician's speeches, ideas, and votes. d. the explosion of information brought on by the Internet and other advances in electronic communication.

the competition between varying opinions and ideas that are aired in public forums.

What has helped accelerate the trend toward less variety in national news in the past decade? a. the rise of the Internet as a major source of news reporting b. the growing level of government censorship and restrictions on the media c. the corporate consolidation of news media into a small number of conglomerates d. the increasing popularity of AM radio talk shows

the corporate consolidation of news media into a small number of conglomerates

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is owned by a. the government, but allowed to report whatever it wants. b. a private corporation, but not allowed to report anything without first receiving government approval. c. the government and not allowed to report anything without first receiving government approval. d. a private corporation and allowed to report whatever it wants.

the government, but allowed to report whatever it wants.

What is redlining? a. the practice of bank officials refusing to make loans to people living in certain neighborhoods b. the practice of drawing electoral districts that are biased against minority groups c. denying someone the right to vote by drawing a red line across his or her name in the voter registry d. the practice of drawing school district boundaries in a way that ensures segregated schools

the practice of bank officials refusing to make loans to people living in certain neighborhoods

The practice of push polling involves a. polling services attempting to sell their polling data to major news media organizations at higher prices during election seasons. b. the procedure of asking loaded questions in order to subtly shape the respondent's opinion. c. the effect of polls having to push politicians into adopting policy proposals they would not otherwise adopt. d. the system of repeatedly calling people in the sampling frame until they respond to the survey.

the procedure of asking loaded questions in order to subtly shape the respondent's opinion.

Priming refers to a. the bias that news organizations show toward covering dramatic and entertaining stories. b. the process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue. c. the tendency that people have to seek out news sources that confirm their prior beliefs about politics. d. the fact that many important news stories go uncovered by the mainstream media.

the process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue.

The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions was controversial because it called for a. the right to vote for African Americans. b. a constitutional amendment to outlaw the production and sale of alcohol. c. an end to the slave trade. d. the right to vote for women.

the right to vote for women.

The development of media giants with access to a variety of media holdings raises the question of whether a. local newspapers are still a viable source of news. b. the level of censorship and manipulation of news media by the federal government will increase. c. there is enough competition among the media to produce a diverse set of views and opinions. d. government has the authority to regulate corporations that are so large.

there is enough competition among the media to produce a diverse set of views and opinions.

According to political scientist Amber Boydstun, the media has a(n) ________ for breaking stories and a(n) ________ for covering them in greater depth. a. "alarm mode"; "patrol mode" c. "horse race mode"; "watchdog mode" b. "patrol mode"; "alarm mode" d. "watchdog mode"; "horse race mode"

"alarm mode"; "patrol mode"

________ is the core political value most highly prioritized by American conservatives. a. Liberty c. Family b. Equality d. Justice

Liberty

Facebook has more than ________ users worldwide. a. 100 million c. 1 billion b. 500 million d. 3 billion

1 billion

Approximately ________ percent of immigrants legally living in the United States are from South and East Asian countries. a. 8 c. 35 b. 25 d. 50

25

Approximately ________ individuals of Japanese descent were forcibly placed in internment camps during World War II.

120,000

Latinos currently make up approximately ________ percent of the U.S. population. a. 3 c. 10 b. 6 d. 17

17

The Supreme Court began to change its position on racial discrimination in the ________. a. 1890s c. 1930s b. 1910s d. 1960s

1930s

In ________, Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. a. 1942 c. 1954 b. 1948 d. 1963

1963

In ________, the Supreme Court permitted busing children as a way of bringing about desegregation of schools. a. 1942 c. 1964 b. 1947 d. 1971

1971

About ________ percent of Americans use Twitter. a. 3 c. 23 b. 13 d. 53

23

In 1965, in the seven states of the Old Confederacy covered by the Voting Rights Act (VRA), approximately ________ percent of the eligible black residents were registered to vote, compared with approximately ________ percent of the white residents. a. 10; 85 c. 30; 75 b. 15; 80 d. 40; 70

30; 75

The number of radio stations in the United States has grown from ________ in 1990 to more than ________ today. a. 100; 250 c. 300; 1,000 b. 200; 300 d. 400; 2,000

400; 2,000

Approximately ________ percent of immigrants legally living in the United States are from Mexico and other Latin American countries. a. 8 c. 35 b. 25 d. 50

50

Large media conglomerates own approximately ________ percent of daily newspapers. a. 25 c. 55 b. 40 d. 75

75

Which statement about the Reconstruction era is correct? a. African Americans held no state-level political offices. b. The Constitution was amended only once. c. African American voters supported the Republican Party d. African American voters supported the Democratic Party.

African American voters supported the Republican Party

Which of the following statements best describes opinions on affirmative action policies among African Americans and whites? a. African Americans are more likely than whites to support affirmative action policies. b. Whites are more likely than African Americans to support affirmative action policies. c. Whites and African Americans are equally likely to support affirmative action policies, with both groups expressing very high levels of support. d. Whites and African Americans are equally likely to support affirmative action policies, with both groups expressing very high levels of opposition.

African Americans are more likely than whites to support affirmative action policies.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between public opinion and government policy? a. Public opinion always shifts in opposition to government policy once the policy has been implemented. b. Public opinion always shifts in favor of government policy once the policy has been implemented. c. Shifts in public opinion always lead to changes in government policy. d. Although there is no one-to-one correlation between public opinion and government policy, shifts in public opinion on particular issues frequently lead to changes in government policy.

Although there is no one-to-one correlation between public opinion and government policy, shifts in public opinion on particular issues frequently lead to changes in government policy.

Which of the following statements about agencies of socialization is correct? a. Family, membership in social groups, and education are not significant agents of socialization. b. An individual's religion has a significant effect on his or her political views. c. Attending college makes people less likely to participate in politics. d. Voluntary social groups have an effect on their members' political views, while involuntary social groups have no effect.

An individual's religion has a significant effect on his or her political views.

Which of the following statements about newspapers is accurate? a. Newspapers are the primary source of news for most Americans. b. Political, social, and economic elites rely very little on newspapers. c. As a result of serious financial losses, newspapers have had to make dramatic cutbacks in recent years. d. Newspapers tend to provide less complete coverage of political events than other media.

As a result of serious financial losses, newspapers have had to make dramatic cutbacks in recent years.

38. Which of the following cities had a major racial confrontation concerning school busing in the 1970s? a. Atlanta c. Boston b. New Orleans d. Dallas

Boston

It was during the tenure of Chief Justice ________ that the Supreme Court established gender discrimination as a highly visible area of civil rights law. a. Taft c. Burger b. Warren d. Rehnquist

Burger

Which of the following statements about contemporary public opinion is most accurate? a. Elected officials are more responsive to the poor than the rich. b. Technology has eliminated the challenges of "filter bubbles" in the United States. c. The Internet has reduced the amount of political information available to the public. d. Digital citizenship offers the promise of a more informed electorate.

Digital citizenship offers the promise of a more informed electorate.

Which of the following statements is true about public opinion today? a. Technology has eliminated the challenges of "filter bubbles" in the United States. b. The Internet has reduced the amount of political information available to the public. c. Digital citizenship offers the promise of a more informed electorate. d. The problem of "bomb-throwers" on the Internet has been eliminated.

Digital citizenship offers the promise of a more informed electorate.

In 1985, the federal government stopped enforcing the ________, arguing that it was no longer necessary due to the increasing number of television and radio stations. a. Fairness Doctrine c. Equal Time Rule b. right of rebuttal d. Communications Decency Act

Fairness Doctrine

Which statement best describes the path to women's suffrage in the United States? a. Some states granted women the right to vote first, and then a constitutional amendment extended the right to all women in the United States. b. A constitutional amendment gave all women the right to vote, and then each state passed laws granting women the right to vote. c. During the fall of 1920, every state passed a law granting women the right to vote, and then the U.S. Constitution was amended to give women the right to vote. d. The Supreme Court ruled that laws prohibiting women's suffrage were unconstitutional, and all states were forced to give women the right to vote.

During the fall of 1920, every state passed a law granting women the right to vote, and then the U.S. Constitution was amended to give women the right to vote.

If a television station sold commercial time to a Republican candidate for governor but refused to sell time to the Democratic candidate for governor, this station would be in violation of the ________. a. Telecommunications Act of 1996 c. Equal Time Rule b. Fairness Doctrine d. Communications Decency Act

Equal Time Rule

The ________ provides candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages. a. Equal Time Rule c. Diversity in Media Doctrine b. Fairness Doctrine d. agenda-setting provision

Equal Time Rule

________ is the most important core value of liberalism. a. Liberty c. Equality b. Democracy d. Justice

Equality

Which statement about the Telecommunications Act of 1996 is true? a. The act tightened federal restrictions on media ownership. b. The act did not attempt to regulate the content of material transmitted over the Internet. c. Following passage of the act, several mergers between telephone and cable companies produced a greater concentration of media ownership. d. The act required broadcasters who aired programs on controversial issues to provide time for opposing views.

Following passage of the act, several mergers between telephone and cable companies produced a greater concentration of media ownership.

Which U.S. president promoted his policy agenda to the American people through "fireside chats?" a. Warren Harding c. Harry Truman b. Franklin D. Roosevelt d. John F. Kennedy

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Why does the marketplace of ideas often have a moderating effect on people's opinions? a. Given constant exposure to other people's ideas, it is almost impossible for one not to modify one's own viewpoints. b. Moderate ideas usually have the best financial backing and the greatest publicity. c. Those who shop in the marketplace of ideas typically start with moderate viewpoints. d. Moderate ideas are always closest to the truth and are therefore most successful in the marketplace of ideas.

Given constant exposure to other people's ideas, it is almost impossible for one not to modify one's own viewpoints.

The fact that Americans strongly support minimal governmental interference with individuals' lives and property illustrates their commitment to ________. a. anarchy c. liberty b. democracy d. socialism

Liberals

________ generally support abortion rights and oppose state involvement with religious institutions. a. Liberals c. Socialists b. Conservatives d. Internationalists

Liberals

Which president inaugurated government affirmative action programs? a. Franklin Roosevelt c. Lyndon Johnson b. Dwight Eisenhower d. Ronald Reagan

Lyndon Johnson

Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, a. the United States closed its border with Mexico. b. the United States granted "most favored nation" trade status to Mexico. c. the United States set strict limits on the number of immigrants who were allowed to settle from Mexico each year. d. Mexico ceded to the U.S. territory that now comprises Arizona, California, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah.

Mexico ceded to the U.S. territory that now comprises Arizona, California, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah.

Which of the following statements about voter identification (ID) laws is accurate? a. More than 30 states have enacted legislation requiring voters to show positive identification at the polls. b. Nine states require prospective voters to show an official photo ID before they are allowed to cast a ballot. c. The Supreme Court has never upheld the constitutionality of a state-level voter ID law. d. Republicans generally oppose voter ID laws.

More than 30 states have enacted legislation requiring voters to show positive identification at the polls.

Women were guaranteed the right to vote with the passage of the ________ Amendment in 1920. a. Fourteenth c. Nineteenth b. Fifteenth d. Twenty-Seventh

Nineteenth

The media's reporting of the Watergate affair led to a. a fundamental change in the nation's libel laws. b. President Richard Nixon's defeat in the 1972 election. c. President Richard Nixon's resignation. d. President Richard Nixon's reelection.

President Richard Nixon's resignation.

Which of the following statements is true about the forces that shape public opinion? a. Groups with public or private institutional support are less successful in marketing their ideas than groups who do not have such support. b. The news media are neutral messengers for the ideas developed by others. c. Presidents often attempt to influence public support for the policies they are promoting. d. The ways in which the news media frame or interpret events have little influence on how the public responds to these events.

Presidents often attempt to influence public support for the policies they are promoting.

Which of the following statements about the marketplace of ideas is true? a. The British created the marketplace of ideas in the seventeenth century. b. Private groups and the news media play important roles in shaping opinions in the marketplace of ideas. c. Exposure to the marketplace of ideas rarely leads people to change their minds about political issues. d. Government officials are legally prohibited from promoting ideas in the marketplace of ideas.

Private groups and the news media play important roles in shaping opinions in the marketplace of ideas.

________ is one of the most important mechanisms for promoting equality of opportunity. a. Public education c. Transportation b. Affirmative action d. Commerce

Public education

Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)? a. Racially segregated schools can never be equal. b. States that segregate must spend more money to make African American schools equal. c. States that segregate must spend less money on all-white schools in order to make them equal with African American schools. d. School segregation is unethical but does not violate the Fourteenth Amendment.

Racially segregated schools can never be equal.

Which of the following statements best describes the media's role in the Watergate affair? a. Relentless investigations by journalists revealed various abuses of power by President Nixon and led to his resignation. b. Journalists did not investigate the Watergate affair until after President Nixon resigned. c. Journalists investigated the Watergate affair, but uncovered no wrongdoing on the part of President Nixon. d. The journalistic reporting of the Watergate affair was filled with errors and led to government attempts to regulate the print media's coverage.

Relentless investigations by journalists revealed various abuses of power by President Nixon and led to his resignation.

Which U.S. president ushered in the tax revolt and the deregulation of many government policies in the 1980s? a. Jimmy Carter c. George W. Bush b. Richard Nixon d. Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan

Who began the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-1956? a. Martin Luther King, Jr. c. George Wallace b. Orbal Faubus d. Rosa Parks

Rosa Parks

Which of the following statements about public opinion is true? a. Shifts in public opinion on particular issues can lead to changes in public policy. b. Elected officials are rarely constrained by public opinion. c. Liberal states have no conservative laws. d. Public opinion is generally well informed in the United States.

Shifts in public opinion on particular issues can lead to changes in public policy.

What is the "social desirability effect"? a. The bias in surveys that comes from the failure of pollsters to interview respondents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. b. The strong desire that people have to express their opinions to survey researchers. c. The fact that respondents report what they think the interviewer wishes to hear or whatever they think is socially acceptable rather than what they actually believe. d. The impression conveyed by polls that something is important to the public when actually it is not.

The fact that respondents report what they think the interviewer wishes to hear or whatever they think is socially acceptable rather than what they actually believe.

4. Which of the following statements best describes the effect of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on voter registration in southern states? a. A smaller percentage of African Americans registered to vote in southern states after passage of the Voting Rights Act. b. A much larger percentage of whites registered to vote in southern states after passage of the Voting Rights Act. c. The percentage of African Americans registering to vote did not change after passage of the Voting Rights Act. d. The gap between the percentage of whites registering to vote and the percentage of African Americans registering to vote declined significantly after passage of the Voting Rights Act.

The gap between the percentage of whites registering to vote and the percentage of African Americans registering to vote declined significantly after passage of the Voting Rights Act.

Which of the following statements about the judicial standard of strict scrutiny is NOT accurate? a. The burden of proof is placed on the government. b. The government must show that the discrimination it is engaging in serves a "compelling interest." c. The government must show that the law is "narrowly tailored" to achieve its stated goal. d. The government must show that the law has a "rational basis" in evidence for helping a sufficiently large number of people.

The government must show that the law has a "rational basis" in evidence for helping a sufficiently large number of people.

Why did President Dwight D. Eisenhower deploy federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957? a. There were massive race riots as a result of a federal court order to bus white children into African American neighborhoods for schooling. b. The governor of Arkansas mobilized the Arkansas National Guard to block the enforcement of a federal court order to integrate Little Rock Central High School. c. Ku Klux Klan members from Little Rock were making terrorist threats against President Eisenhower if the local school district tried to integrate. d. The local police refused to respond to calls from African American neighborhoods.

The governor of Arkansas mobilized the Arkansas National Guard to block the enforcement of a federal court order to integrate Little Rock Central High School.

Which of the following statements is true about the news media? a. The mass media are neutral messengers for ideas. b. The mass media have an enormous impact on public opinion. c. National journalists tend to avoid investigating political scandals. d. Journalists tend to provide negative coverage of a president during a crisis.

The mass media have an enormous impact on public opinion.

Why did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) rely primarily on the courts to press for black political rights in its early years? a. The NAACP was composed of five members and, due to the fact that they were all lawyers, the strategy of litigation seemed to be the most logical choice. b. The NAACP was legally prohibited from contacting elected officials at the state and local levels and therefore had no other alternative than a strategy of litigation. c. Many judges were African American and therefore more sympathetic than legislators to the claims of the NAACP. d. The northern African American vote was too small to bring about policy change at the legislative level, so the NAACP chose a strategy of litigation.

The northern African American vote was too small to bring about policy change at the legislative level, so the NAACP chose a strategy of litigation.

Which of the following statements best describes the number of peaceful civil rights demonstrations during the 1950s and 1960s? a. Most demonstrations were held in the mid-1950s, and the number of demonstrations declined throughout the 1960s. b. There were almost no demonstrations prior to 1968. c. The number of demonstrations grew in the early 1960s and peaked in 1965. d. There were almost no demonstrations during the 1950s and 1960s.

The number of demonstrations grew in the early 1960s and peaked in 1965.

Which of the following statements is true? a. The top news source for Americans is the radio. b. The top news source for Americans is the newspaper. c. The number of radio stations has grown considerably over the last 25 years. d. More Americans subscribe to newspapers today than 20 years ago.

The number of radio stations has grown considerably over the last 25 years.

Which of the following statements about the ideological preferences of Americans is true? a. More Americans have identified themselves as liberals than as conservatives over the last 20 years. b. The percentage of Americans identifying themselves as liberals has increased significantly since the 1990s. c. More Americans have identified themselves as liberals than as moderates over the last 20 years. d. More Americans have identified themselves as socialists rather than as conservatives over the last 20 years.

The percentage of Americans identifying themselves as liberals has increased significantly since the 1990s.

Which of the following statements about gender equality is correct? a. Women currently make up a smaller percentage of college students than men. b. Women currently make up a larger percentage of representatives in state legislatures than men. c. The percentage of female representatives in Congress has increased over the last 20 years. d. The percentage of female representatives in Congress has decreased over the last 30 years.

The percentage of female representatives in Congress has increased over the last 20 years

Which of the following statements about political opinions is correct? a. Race, income, and education are not factors that lead to differences in opinion. b. The poor are generally more supportive of economic and social programs than the wealthy. c. Whites and blacks generally have the same views on racism. d. Men are more opposed to military intervention than women.

The poor are generally more supportive of economic and social programs than the wealthy

Which statement best describes the relationship between public opinion and government policy? a. Government policy never influences public opinion because most Americans pay very little attention to politics. b. Public opinion always influences government policy because lawmakers are legally bound to enact the majority's preferences. c. The relationship between government policy and public opinion is dynamic, wherein government policy responds to public opinion but public opinion also shifts based on new government policies. d. Government policy almost never influences public opinion.

The relationship between government policy and public opinion is dynamic, wherein government policy responds to public opinion but public opinion also shifts based on new government policies.

Which of the following statements best describes current controversies about immigration among conservatives? a. There is a division of opinion among conservatives, with pro-business conservatives opposing immigration and social conservatives strongly supporting immigration to the United States. b. There is a division of opinion among conservatives, with pro-business conservatives accepting immigration and social conservatives strongly opposing immigration to the United States. c. There is no division of opinion among conservatives because almost all conservatives accept immigration. d. There is no division of opinion among conservatives because almost all conservatives strongly oppose immigration.

There is a division of opinion among conservatives, with pro-business conservatives accepting immigration and social conservatives strongly opposing immigration to the United States.

What is one of the main differences between those who have gone to college and those who have not? a. Those with a college education are less likely to believe that women and men should have equal roles. b. Those with a college education are more likely to believe that abortion should never be allowed. c. There is a higher level of political participation among those with a college education. d. There is a lower level of political participation among those with a college education.

There is a higher level of political participation among those with a college education.

________ civil rights acts were passed during the first decade after the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education. a. No c. Ten b. Three d. Twenty

Three

President ________ appointed the first President's Commission on Civil Rights in ________. a. Lincoln; 1863 c. Roosevelt; 1942 b. Wilson; 1920 d. Truman; 1946

Truman; 1946

Which of the following is true of trust in government? a. People have more trust in government today than in the 1960s. b. Republicans have more trust in government than Democrats. c. Very low trust in government is a reality in contemporary politics. d. Very high trust in government is a reality in contemporary politics.

Very low trust in government is a reality in contemporary politics.

Journalists at the ________ exposed the Watergate scandal. a. Washington Post c. Indianapolis Star b. Boston Globe d. Los Angeles Times

Washington Post

In recent years, ________ has released thousands of secret government documents. a. the New York Times c. WikiLeaks b. the Washington Post d. Lewis "Scooter" Libby

WikiLeaks

Which was the first state to allow women to vote? a. Massachusetts c. New York b. Wyoming d. California

Wyoming

A political ideology is best defined as a. the specific preferences individuals contemplate while discussing an issue. b. a cohesive set of beliefs that form a general philosophy about the government. c. the concrete interests that people try to defend through public policy. d. the various attitudes that citizens possess toward political issues, events, and people.

a cohesive set of beliefs that form a general philosophy about the government.

In the 2012 presidential election, Gallup surveys significantly overestimated a. Latino support for Mitt Romney. b. African American support for Barack Obama. c. Caucasian support for Mitt Romney. d. Native American support for Mitt Romney.

a. Latino support for Mitt Romney.

One step taken toward the desegregation of public schools was a. busing children from poor urban school districts to wealthier suburban ones. b. opening numerous private schools and academies. c. providing white parents with tax credits if they enrolled their children in all-black schools. d. attracting more black students to white schools by hiring only African American teachers.

a. busing children from poor urban school districts to wealthier suburban ones.

What best explains the increased attention the federal government paid to the problem of racial discrimination during the 1940s? a. The NAACP had successfully lobbied members of Congress for better federal legislation against disenfranchisement. b. Northern migration of African Americans increased their voting strength. c. The fight against the Nazis challenged the assumptions of white supremacy. d. The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment forced the federal government to act on racial discrimination.

b. Northern migration of African Americans increased their voting strength.

During the last decade, the number of newspaper journalists working in the United States has ________. a. grown by more than 40 percent. c. decreased by 100 percent. b. decreased by 40 percent. d. remained constant.

b. decreased by 40 percent.

What occurs when electoral districts are drawn so that one group or party is unfairly advantaged? a. disenfranchisement c. logrolling b. gerrymandering d. redlining

b. gerrymandering

Which government institution would most likely handle a complaint about a case of workplace discrimination? a. Supreme Court b. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission c. Department of Commerce d. Executive Office of the President

b. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

In public opinion surveys, a sample of the total population a. must be at least 50 percent of the targeted population. b. need be only 25 percent of the targeted population. c. must be representative in that the views of those in the sample must accurately and proportionately reflect the views of the whole population. d. must be based on all the registered voters in the targeted population.

c. must be representative in that the views of those in the sample must accurately and proportionately reflect the views of the whole population.

The Lincoln-Douglas debates took place a. through a series of competing newspaper editorials. b. on radio, making it the first political broadcast in the United States. c. outside, in the cornfields and town squares of Illinois. d. in Madison Square Garden during the Republican Convention of 1860.

c. outside, in the cornfields and town squares of Illinois.

In the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress expanded the role of the executive branch and the credibility of court orders by a. mandating that the southern states racially gerrymander their legislative districts to ensure that more African Americans were elected to Congress. b. creating a Department of Civil Rights. c. requiring that federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments for education be withheld from any school system that practiced racial segregation. d. ordering the desegregation of the military.

c. requiring that federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments for education be withheld from any school system that practiced racial segregation.

"Retail politics" refers to a. attempts made by political machines in the nineteenth century to buy votes from citizens through cash payments. b. debates about how extensively government should regulate the manufacture and sale of consumer goods. c. campaigns in which candidates meet citizens face-to-face to discuss politics. d. government-run auctions to sell public property.

campaigns in which candidates meet citizens face-to-face to discuss politics.

In response to the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), southern officials a. passed laws requiring schools to desegregate. b. centralized school boards to prevent local districts from obeying the Supreme Court. c. praised the Court's decision. d. enacted "pupil placement" laws, which put the burden of transferring to all-white schools on local school boards rather than parents.

centralized school boards to prevent local districts from obeying the Supreme Court.

The transition many white southerners made from the Democratic to the Republican Party in the 1960s is a good example of the a. changes in political conditions and circumstances in the South, rather than in opinions or values. b. growing conservative ideology in the South. c. growing liberal ideology in the South. d. rise of labor unions and other associations in the South.

changes in political conditions and circumstances in the South, rather than in opinions or values.

The fact that survey respondents overreport voting in elections and the frequency of their church attendance is an example of the ________ effect. a. Hawthorne c. social desirability b. coattail d. bandwagon

coattail

The fact that only 63 percent of high school graduates have broadband Internet access at home, while almost 90 percent of college graduates do is an example of a. the filter bubble. c. the digital divide. b. collegiate privilege. d. the education dividend.

collegiate privilege.

Opposition to legalized abortion is a position most likely supported by ________, while support for legalized abortion is a position most likely supported by ________. a. liberals; conservatives c. libertarians; conservatives b. conservatives; liberals d. conservatives; libertarians

conservatives; liberals

Restrictive covenants were a. state-level bans on interracial marriage. b. policies enacted by the U.S. military during World War II that segregated soldiers on the basis of race. c. agreements between state and local governments to provide higher levels of funding for all white schools than for all black schools. d. contract clauses added by the seller of a home that required the buyer to agree never to sell the home to any non-Caucasian.

contract clauses added by the seller of a home that required the buyer to agree never to sell the home to any non-Caucasian.

Strict scrutiny refers to a. a set of regulations determining which schools receive grants-in-aid from the federal government. b. a test used by the Supreme Court that places the burden of proof partially on the government and partially on the challengers to show that the law in question is unconstitutional. c. the apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party. d. a test used by the Supreme Court that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional.

d. a test used by the Supreme Court that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional.

"Pupil placement" laws a. required that states bus children from poor urban school districts to wealthier suburban ones. b. were ruled constitutional in Brown v. Board of Education. c. were struck down as unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education. d. delayed desegregation efforts...

d. delayed desegregation efforts...

A wealthy businessperson who is very liberal is an example of the a. fact that group memberships can fully explain all of an individual's political views. b. fact that group memberships never fully explain all of an individual's political views. c. power of the bandwagon effect. d. negative consequences of the power of the mass media.

fact that group memberships never fully explain all of an individual's political views.

5. "Affective intelligence" refers to the a. fact that people often determine their policy preferences and voting decisions through rational calculations of costs and benefits. b. skill that some political leaders and media communicators have to make their audiences feel empathy for others. c. fact that individuals will often quickly form opinions in response to current events by using their emotions as a guide. d. belief that one's feelings are right, even if well-accepted facts contradict these feelings.

fact that individuals will often quickly form opinions in response to current events by using their emotions as a guide.

The fact that journalists referred to the Obama administration's health care initiative as "reform" instead of as "health care rationing" is an example of ________. a. agenda setting c. sound bites b. framing d. adversarial journalism

framing

The greatest challenge for journalism organizations today is a. obtaining access to high-level political leaders. b. protecting themselves from libel and slander lawsuits. c. generating enough revenue to finance traditional investigative journalism. d. fact-checking the stories written by their journalists and columnists.

generating enough revenue to finance traditional investigative journalism

The Fair Housing Act of 1968 a. had little effect on housing segregation because its enforcement mechanisms were very weak. b. had little effect on housing segregation because it was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1969. c. dramatically increased housing segregation. d. dramatically reduced housing segregation.

had little effect on housing segregation because its enforcement mechanisms were very weak.

Advertising revenue at print newspapers is ________ what it was in 2005. a. roughly equal to c. half b. one-tenth d. more than double

half

Besides their ideological biases, journalists also exhibit selection biases in favor of news stories they view as a. favorable to leaders and issues they support. b. having a great deal of dramatic or entertainment value. c. sympathetic to the government as a whole. d. critical of leaders and issues they oppose.

having a great deal of dramatic or entertainment value.

Support for freedom of speech, a free Internet, and the press is a. higher in the United States than in most other countries in the world. b. lower in the United States than in most other countries in the world. c. roughly the same in the United States as most other countries in the world. d. nearly nonexistent in the United States.

higher in the United States than in most other countries in the world.

In the American media, there has been a recent trend toward a. homogenization of national news, as conglomerates have come to own a larger percentage of media outlets. b. homogenization of national news because the Telecommunications Act of 1996 required print media outlets to follow the Fairness Doctrine. c. diversification of national news, as conglomerates have come to own a smaller percentage of media outlets. d. diversification of national news because the Telecommunications Act of 1996 required print media outlets to follow the Fairness Doctrine.

homogenization of national news, as conglomerates have come to own a larger percentage of media outlets.

The belief that government is wasteful and should be limited to as few activities as possible is an example of a political ________. a. culture c. ideology b. value d. interest

ideology

The fact that many middle-class and lower-middle-class citizens who did not stand to benefit from President George W. Bush's tax cuts seemed to favor them is an example of the a. importance of political knowledge. b. importance of self-interest. c. importance of political efficacy. d. "spiral of silence."

importance of political knowledge.

What level of scrutiny do federal judges apply to cases involving gender discrimination? a. strict scrutiny c. loose scrutiny b. intermediate scrutiny d. stare decisis

intermediate scrutiny

The increased importance that politicians have placed on public opinion polls over the last 50 years is due in part to the fact that a. public opinion polling is provided to political leaders free of charge. b. the Supreme Court has struck down a number of state and federal laws that made public opinion polling illegal. c. it has become very difficult for political leaders to experience public opinion directly. d. media organizations no longer cover political issues as much as they once did.

it has become very difficult for political leaders to experience public opinion directly.

Suffragists called the Statue of Liberty "the greatest hypocrisy of the nineteenth century" because a. it was in New York—a state that had prohibited women from owning property throughout its history. b. "liberty" had historically been represented as a male figure, not a female figure. c. it was supposed to represent "liberty," yet women could not vote in the United States. d. the statue wore clothes that were inappropriate for women during the time.

it was supposed to represent "liberty," yet women could not vote in the United States.

In terms of combating racism, the NAACP had the most success with ________ a. mass marches and protests c. lawsuits b. civil disobedience d. radio and television advertising

lawsuits

Edward Snowden is most known for a. creating and maintaining the WikiLeaks site. b. leaking the Pentagon Papers to the press. c. leaking the material that revealed widespread global surveillance programs by the U.S. government and major telecommunication companies. d. leaking information about the Iraq War to the press while serving as Vice President Dick Cheney's chief of staff.

leaking the material that revealed widespread global surveillance programs by the U.S. government and major telecommunication companies.

Which of the following is NOT one of the potential disadvantages of shifting away from traditional media and toward digital media? a. a decline in investigative journalism b. uneven quality in news content c. less "horse race" coverage during elections d. a decline in knowledge and tolerance

less "horse race" coverage during elections

A majority of newspaper reporters identify themselves as ________. a. liberal c. anarchist b. conservative d. nonpolitical

liberal

The fact that Americans strongly support minimal governmental interference with individuals' lives and property illustrates their commitment to ________. a. anarchy c. liberty b. democracy d. socialism

liberty

Which of the following sets of terms describes America's fundamental political values? a. liberal and conservative b. internationalist and isolationist c. independent and moderate d. liberty, equality of opportunity, and democracy

liberty, equality of opportunity, and democracy

The tendency for black Americans to perceive other blacks as members of a group with a common identity and a shared political interest is called a. reverse racism. c. linked fate. b. symbolic racism. d. intergroup commonality.

linked fate.

Which of the following was used as a way to limit the electoral influence of African Americans? a. literacy tests c. open primaries b. restrictive covenants d. closed primaries

literacy tests

The Communications Decency Act a. made it illegal to make "indecent" sexual material on the Internet accessible to those under age 18. b. made it illegal to broadcast explicit sexual and excretory references between 6 A.M. and 10 P.M. on the radio and on television. c. imposed a tax on all websites containing obscene material. d. required that individuals be given the opportunity to respond to personal attacks broadcast on radio and television.

made it illegal to make "indecent" sexual material on the Internet accessible to those under age 18.

Congress strengthened voting rights in 1975 by a. making literacy tests mandatory for presidential elections. b. making literacy tests illegal and mandating bilingual ballots or other assistance for non-English-speaking Americans. c. giving 18-year-olds the right to vote. d. making poll taxes illegal.

making literacy tests illegal and mandating bilingual ballots or other assistance for non-English-speaking Americans.

48. The Reconstruction era came to an end because a. African Americans had been granted full social, political, and economic equality in the South. b. northern Republicans agreed to end federal occupation of the South if southern Democrats allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to become president. c. the Supreme Court ruled that federal troops could not be stationed in southern states. d. in 1876, state legislatures in the South passed laws forcing the federal government to remove all troops immediately.

northern Republicans agreed to end federal occupation of the South if southern Democrats allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to become president.

Which of the following requires a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license in order to legally broadcast in the United States? a. satellite radio channels c. Internet websites b. cable television stations d. over-the-air television stations

over-the-air television stations

The Supreme Court justified its decision to strike down the use of white primaries in the South by claiming that a. the practice infringed on Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. b. parties were "an agency of the State," and therefore any practice of discrimination against blacks was a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment. c. separate but equal elections violated the Fourteenth Amendment. d. only Congress had the authority to conduct primaries under the Constitution.

parties were "an agency of the State," and therefore any practice of discrimination against blacks was a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment.

The fact that Democratic Party leaders have become more liberal and Republican Party leaders more conservative is important because a. Republicans have become less hawkish over time. b. Democrats have become more hawkish over time. c. partisans in the public tend to rely on party leaders for cues on the appropriate positions to take on major political issues. d. partisans in the public no longer rely on party leaders for cues on the appropriate positions to take on major political issues.

partisans in the public tend to rely on party leaders for cues on the appropriate positions to take on major political issues

The cheap, tabloid-style newspapers produced in the nineteenth century were collectively referred to as the ________. a. broadsheets c. nickel newsies b. penny press d. dime dailies

penny press

A person's political party preferences are primarily acquired through the influence of the a. person's family. b. region of the country the person inhabits. c. person's education. d. media.

person's family.

Liberalism and conservatism are examples of a. public opinions. c. political ideologies. b. political attitudes. d. political preferences.

political ideologies.

During the nineteenth century, newspapers were controlled by ________. a. Wall Street c. churches and other religious groups b. political parties d. the federal government

political parties

The process by which political values are formed is known as a. political socialization. c. brainwashing. b. ideological education. d. value enhancing.

political socialization.

A frequent cause of measurement error in polls is due to ________. a. Unresponsiveness b. poorly worded questions c. push polling d. the increased use of cell phones

poorly worded questions

a. regressive tax policies. b. programs that assist the poor and needy. c. the elimination of the earned income tax credit. d. drastically cutting the size of the American military.

programs that assist the poor and needy.

The DREAM Act would a. provide federal scholarships and student loans for all undocumented immigrants who came to the United States as young children. b. provide a route to permanent residency via military service or college attendance for undocumented immigrants who came to the United States as young children. c. prohibit undocumented immigrants from receiving benefits from any federal government education program. d. increase the number of student visas available to foreigners by 50 percent.

provide a route to permanent residency via military service or college attendance for undocumented immigrants who came to the United States as young children.

"Policy feedback" occurs when a. government policy shifts in response to changes in public opinion. b. public opinion shifts in response to changes in government policy. c. interest groups provide congressional testimony during the lawmaking process. d. members of the federal bureaucracy report to Congress about a law's effectiveness.

public opinion shifts in response to changes in government policy.

During the 2000 South Carolina Republican primary, George W. Bush supporters telephoned conservative white voters to ask if they would be more or less likely to vote for John McCain if they knew he had fathered an illegitimate black child. This was an example of a a. push poll. c. saliency illusion. b. bandwagon poll. d. nonresponse bias.

push poll.

Strict scrutiny is the level of judicial review that federal judges give to all cases that involve ________ classifications. a. racial c. age b. gender d. ability

racial

"Filter bubbles" appear when a. news aggregation sites include content from a wide variety of sources and give no preference to American media organizations. b. search engines automatically screen out information that might challenge or broaden a person's worldview. c. journalists choose to cover only those stories that are acceptable to advertisers. d. people intentionally expose themselves to perspectives that challenge what they already believe to be true about the political world.

search engines automatically screen out information that might challenge or broaden a person's worldview.

Desegregating schools in northern states proved to be difficult because a. very few minorities lived in the North. b. segregation in the North was generally de facto and hard to prove. c. discrimination in the South was so visible and pervasive that little attention had been given to other parts of the country. d. there was less tax revenue to fund integration efforts in the North.

segregation in the North was generally de facto and hard to prove.

29. In Loving v. Virginia (1967), the Supreme Court a. struck down Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. b. upheld the constitutionality of state laws banning interracial marriage. c. struck down state laws banning interracial marriage. d. upheld the constitutionality of Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

struck down state laws banning interracial marriage.

In international affairs, conservatism has come to mean a. support for military intervention and the maintenance of American military power. b. opposition to military intervention and the ramping down of American military power. c. opposition to the United States' membership in the United Nations. d. opposition to the continued existence of the European Union.

support for military intervention and the maintenance of American military power.

Despite its widespread availability, ________ typically provide(s) the least depth of news coverage. a. radio c. the Internet b. television d. newspapers

television

Which media source is regulated by the federal government? a. newspapers c. magazines b. television d. the Internet

television

Which of the following news sources reaches the most Americans? a. radio c. the Internet b. television d. newspapers

television

The rights of disabled individuals to access public businesses is guaranteed by a. the Civil Rights Act of 1964. b. the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. c. the amended Civil Rights Act of 1991. d. the federal courts, not laws passed by Congress.

the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

Much of the national news that is published in local newspapers is provided by ________. a. United Press International (UPI) c. the New York Times b. the Associated Press d. National Public Radio

the Associated Press

After the Civil War, which amendments to the U.S. Constitution offered African Americans the most hope for achieving full citizenship rights? a. the First, Second, and Third amendments b. the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh amendments c. the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments d. the Twentieth, Twenty-First, and Twenty-Second amendments

the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments

After World War II, which government institution first began drawing attention to the problem of racism in America? a. the Supreme Court c. Congress b. the White House d. the State Department

the White House

Which of the following is NOT a reason that many Americans appear to prefer online news? a. the accuracy and objectivity compared to traditional media outlets b. the depth of the information available online c. the up-to-the-moment currency of the information available online d. the convenience of getting news online

the accuracy and objectivity compared to traditional media outlets

Pollsters use random digit dialing to gather national samples for surveys because a. sampling errors are typically too low when other techniques are used. b. sampling errors are typically too high when other techniques are used. c. there is not a complete list of all Americans that can be used to identify the population. d. it is the only method that generates high levels of measurement error.

there is not a complete list of all Americans that can be used to identify the population.

The Equal Rights Amendment failed to pass because it a. won approval in the House but not in the Senate. b. won approval in the Senate but not in the House. c. was not ratified by the necessary 38 states. d. was vetoed by President Ronald Reagan.

was not ratified by the necessary 38 states.

Before 1924, Native Americans a. were federal citizens but not citizens of the states in which they lived. b. were considered to be foreigners because their tribes were regarded as separate nations. c. were considered to be unauthorized immigrants, unless they lived on reservations. d. had the same legal status as any other citizen of the United States.

were considered to be foreigners because their tribes were regarded as separate nations.

Low-level officials who hope to publicize what they view as their bosses' or the government's improper activities are usually called ________. a. bell ringers c. adversarial journalists b. whistle-blowers d. watchdogs

whistle-blowers

Most local newspapers get their national news from ________. a. local reporters b. wire services c. the Internet d. government reports, press briefings, and announcements

wire services

The attempt to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment was an important struggle for ________. a. Native Americans c. gays and lesbians b. women d. Latinos

women