History of Design Test 2

Bauhaus: Weimar, Dessau, & Berlin, (1919-1933)

**see Bauhaus cards

Bauhaus Phase 1

- Walter Gropius Bauhaus Mainfesto - Gropius and Students: SOMMERFELD HOUSE, Berlin, 1920-22... access to wood, costly, collab on all aspects, language of expressionism=individuality (not replicated, mass produced)... interest in diagonal faceted forms... Joself Albers Stained Glass, Marcel Breuer furniture, interest in Primary Forms, Dorte Helm curtain with applique (shared visual identity)

Exposition Internationale des Art Decoratifs, or "Art Deco Exhibition" Paris, 1925

-Sponsored by french government, developing export markets for French goods (falling behind economically/culturally) -Absent: Germany and USA -luxury, glamor, small pavilions sponsored by entities, shopping street (Rues des Boutiques) Pierre Patout, House of a Collector 1925 Ruhlmann, Grand Salon - 18th c. French Design, classicism revisited, monumentality, craftsmanship, expensive, chandelier (concentric circles), marble fireplace, piano (ebony) -Seen and Bought = consumers Delaunay, Boutique Simltane -female consumer as target audience -coats, patterns, abstraction, geometry, color, craftsmanship, luxury you can make functional objects beautiful

Art Deco and Art Moderne (ca 1917 / 1925-1939), both French and American versions

-amalgom, combination of many styles -THEORETICAL and CONSUMER ORIENTED -International Decorative Arts Expo 1. Phase I : Paris 1925 2. Phase II : America post 1925 (*NY) * poster with tall thin rectangular woman, outline defines form, New Woman, classical column, French architecture = historical backgrounf with modern new woman change, modernization, women Vogue 1920s- middle class market, boyish figures, freedom, legs showing Art Deco Posters- gas, illumination, generation, transition... power generation, modern conveinences... speed movement... radio,culture spreading\ 5 sources slide

5 Phases of Bauhaus, from 1919-1933 (with one example)

1. 1919-23 Weimar Period -walter gropius - SOMMERFELD HOUSE - promote modern design 2. 1923-25 -walter gropius - HAUS AM HORN -use machine as medium 3. 1926-28 Dessau Period -walter gropius - DESSAU BAUHAUS BUILDING -mass production 4. 1928-30 The Meyer Years -hannes myer -BALCONY ACCESS HOUSING BLOCKS -most manufacturing of goods 5. 1930-33 -van de rohe -focus on teaching years remember: 5 3 2 2 3

Art Deco (French and American): 5 major influences

1. Ancient Civilizations - Egyptian 2. Primitivism -African masks, textiles 3. Exoticism -Far East (Chinese textiles to French gown) 4. National Tradition -18th-19th c. French and German Biedermeier (luxury) 5. 20th c. Art and Design (Avant Garde) - Palais Stoclet, Hoffman Cubism, Purism

Werkbund Controversy of 1914: individualize vs standardize

1. Herman Muthesius: modern design about search for new form that is standardized= mass produced high quality goods 2. Van de Velde: proponent of Art Nouveau, individualized design shows character, fluid forms, fine art

Cubism: major sources

1. Hungarian Folk Art 2. French Congo Primitivism- idea of the primitive becomes operative -folk art -reaction against rationalism, traditionalism -moment of history: WWI -expression of chaos/artist's reality -primitive art

3 Big ideas of De Stijl (as published in 1918 Manifesto)

1. Looking for a way to express a new age (mechanized, industrial) 2. Even though daily life was changing, art should be a big part (technology) 3. Idea of collaboration

Bauhaus Phase 3

1. move to Dessau 2. Completion of School/Buildings 3. Changes in teaching/wrkshp -architecture and typography added and emphasis on advertising/marketing 4. emergence of recognizable approach/aesthetic -union of art/design/tech -products designed as PROTOTYPES suitable for mass production (collab w external companies) -design form derived from production methods/materials -shifts to functionalism Walter Gropius Bauhaus Building, Dessau, Germany, 1925-26 - functionalism comes from necessity, divided into small chunks that have function -workshops, auditorium/canteen, studios, administration bridge, technical college -plan 3D form -workshop wing dervied from production methods/materials, T-shaped concrete colums=aesthetic but also supports (plain), concrete, glass, steel=modernity (Breuer Slat Chair 1923 ) Breuer B32 "Cesca" Chair 1926 -no support= same lang as slat but moving to new material (tubular steel=multiples) -artistry/tech -material constraint=use at least amount possible (scarcity) ....... as Breuer B3 Club Chair and Nesting Tables

Peter Behrens and the AEG (corporate branding)

1907: AEG (electrical company) chief design consultant... Logo -Objects modern in function and form, reduced, move away from historical precedent, more reserved, simple geometry, modest in form and materials AEG Showroom, Berlin 1910 - storefront window, looks like a trophy case (prized objects), velvet, encased podium, elegant, select products displayed

Donald Deskey

American skyscraper style of 1920s.... Chrome plated metal and glass lamp table of 1927. New York.

Walter Dorwin Teague

Bantam special camera, Kodak, Rochester, New York, 1936... advertising artist then industrial product designer, smooth plastic housing with vertical ribs for cameras, novelty and functional improvement.... Boeing 707 scale model for interior 1955-1956

Kem Weber

Bathroom for Macy's, New York, 1928 -another show, same concept, different designers -ensemble method : broad range of Moderne style

Sonia Delaunay

Boutique Simultane, Paris, 1925 -female consumer = target audience -coats: pattern, abstraction, geometry, color, craftsmanship, luxury -surface decoration, ornament, expensivve

Mondrian

Composition in Red, Blue, Yellow 1930 Netherlands DeStijl: -new concepts in space/order, roots in Netherlands, started in fine arts -impersonal/universal -line/rectilinear geometry -1918 Manifesto

Picasso

Cubism, language of distortion... many light sources, simultaneous views, no consistent planes, denying understanding of 3D space, no object viewed as a whole, requires involvement of the viewer

Mies van der Rohe, "less is more"

Design as a technical/visual problem to be solved, find way to reduce structures to fundamental elements= structure and skin... no ornament, visual interest from materials (costly)

Kolomon Moser

Designed furniture for Purkersdorf Sanitorium -repeated squares -checkerboard patter unifies design -chair itself is a cube, checkerboard in both 2D and 3D form

Walter Gropius

Director of Bauhaus 1919 Bauhaus Manifesto laid out curriculum and goals of school **see Sommerfeld House, Haus Am Horn, Dessau School

Jacques-Emille Ruhlmann

Exposition Internationale des Art Decoratifs, or "Art Deco Exhibition" Paris, 1925: Ruhlmann, Grand Salon - 18th c. French Design, classicism revisited, monumentality, craftsmanship, expensive, chandelier (concentric circles), marble fireplace, piano (ebony) -Seen and Bought = consumers Pavilion-full ensemble exhibition= designing a set/ design experience "Etat" Cabinet commission for Met in NY, 1925 -ivory inlays, high quality, expensive Ruhlmann Dining Room at Lord and Taylor, 1928

Grete Schutte-Liohotsky (for Frankfurt Kitchen)

Frankfurt Kitchen, Frankfurt, Germany, 1926 Existenzminimum- existence minimum, min. req. for living (rational approach) Efficient domestic spaces Apply idea of scientific research to design, based on objective science rather than art First fitted/built in kitchen, prototype but mass produced Widely publicized, low cost, tenant didn't have to supply anything, rationally produced Rational working space for ONE person (woman by herself) Social Houses partially supported by municipal government, idea of funding and hiring modern designers

Peter Behrens

German Art Nouveau to teacher of good design (merging craft and industrialization) **see AEG info Crematorium, Desden, Germany, 1905-1908 -language of reduced architecture -looking to historic forms, classic architecture, pure geometry (2D and 3D) -new building types, new function

Mies van der Rohe

German Pavillion at International Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain, 1929 "Barcelona Pavillion" -design as a tech/visual problem to be solve -find a way to reduce structures to fundamental elements =structure and skin -less is more -universal space: open floor plan could be used for anything -flat roof supported by 8 columns -a few walls that divide space/float, don't support -no ornament, visual interest from costly materials Mies, Barcelona Chair, 1929 -refined, monumental -Roman precendent -minimalist -mass production via Bamburg = inelegant joint - Thonet and Knoll after Mies, Tugendhat House, Brno, Czech Republic, 1929 -How to live in a modern way -commissioned, traditional neighborhood, stands out -upper level private, mid level primary living space -chrome cruciform columns: support system and guiding path -dining room; built in table, curved wooden wall -softness through rubber/vinyl floor -open flexible, minimal, rich materials, craftsmanship -Lilly Reich collaborator (furniture, materials, color schemes, textiles) -windows opening up space, moveable, sink into wall Mies, Brno Chair, 1929 -for Tugendhat House, cantilever, no support under back bent tubular steel, simple, chrome plated, leather seats -master bedroom, in production later Mies, Tugendhat Chair, 1929 -flat bar structure with slight bend

Frankfurt Kitchen

Grete Schutte-Lihotsky Frankfurt, Germany 1926 Existenzminimum- existence minimum, min. req. for living (rational approach) Efficient domestic spaces Apply idea of scientific research to design, based on objective science rather than art First fitted/built in kitchen, prototype but mass produced Widely publicized, low cost, tenant didn't have to supply anything, rationally produced Rational working space for ONE person (woman by herself)

Bauhaus Phase 2

Influences: 1. De Stijl 2. Russian Constructivism -primary colors, rectilinear, planes shift in aesthetics, rational/economical/reproduceable design language Bauhaus Exhibition- show of graphic Design in Weimar, 1923 ** Haus Am Horn : housed exhibition -Adolf Meyer, Georg Muche, under Gropius -idea of a cube (3D square, rectangle) -language of destijl planes -windows are not just cut out squares/rectangles -read interior space from exterior, middle square sticks up -linear, planes, simple, low to ground, geometric furniture -Breuer, wood slat chair, 1923, exploration in wood, de stijl influence, cantilever seat (moves supports from edge inward-physics, handmade but could be reproduced

Cubism / Czech Cubism (in art, ca.1907-1917; in design, after 1912 to ca. 1925)

Jean Metzinger: Woman With a Horse: 1911-1912 changes artists conception of space, reject rational treatment, shows motor space rather than just visual space Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Maison Cubiste, Paris 1912: Bring Cubism to architecture, 3D, faceted forms, diagonal projecting of front plane of building, symmetrical (not expected), only hints of Cubism in details Czech Cubism: PRAGUE, expressive of chaotic moment in time, conveys parallel reality Paul Janak, Study for an interior, Prague 1912: manipulating form rather than creating a style language, prismatic form based on diagonals, didnt speak to structural rationalism, motion Alphabet* Leopold Ehrmann, Franz Kafka's tombstone, Prague, 1924

Purism (art movement), in context of Le Corbusier

LeCorbusier took idea of simplifying painting to elementary form-geometry an early-20th-century artistic style and movement founded by Le Corbusier and the French painter Amédée Ozenfant (1886-1966) and emphasizing purity of geometric form. It arose out of a rejection of cubism and was characterized by a return to the representation of recognizable objects.

How did Charlotte Perriand influence the work of Le Corbusier?

Led him away from his sole focus on furniture as "equipment, focus on production methods/industrial design she had more of an aesthetic expertise, cohesive designs, she created more appealing atmospheres, for future, modern femininity, elegant... New Woman... She changed his assumption that women could only work with kitchen/bathroom

Paul Frankl

Library for Macy's, New York, 1927 -sleek, trim -skyscraper cabinet, mimicked profile (American design language plus French influence)... bookcase 1928 : clear modern forms, rich materials, 3D sculptural form, important part of American identity 1. modern design captures attention of public/press 2. modern design takes many forms 3. modern design would sell

Thonet (furniture)

Marcel Breuer produced furniture 1925-1928

Raymond Duchamp-Villon [hint : Cubism]

Masion Cubiste, Paris 1912 -bring cubism to architecture, 3D model -faceted forms, diagonal projecting off of front plane of building (windows, door) -symmetrical (not expected), basic form out of 18th c. traditional form, only hint of cubism in small details, not very successful but good effort

Joseph Olbrich

Member of Deutscher Werkbund

Bauhaus Phase 4

Meyer director of Bauhaus 1928-30 -furniture/architecture emphasized -design for greatest # of people focus more on function and econ Meyer, Balcony Access Housing Blocks, Dessau, 1928-30 -The New Objectivity (design= function x economics)... Affordable Housing - folding table/chairs= functional, "people oriented demand" -Hoffman wallpaper industrial/affordable Van der Rohe shifts away from politics and focuses on arch. lead school until Nazis

Bauhaus Phase 5

Mies van der Rohe Lily Reich-interior design emphasis on architecture The increasingly unstable political situation in Germany, combined with the perilous financial condition of the Bauhaus, caused Mies to relocate the school to Berlin in 1930, where it operated on a reduced scale. He ultimately shuttered the Bauhaus in 1933.

German Expressionism: -2 categories of Expressionism, as briefly mentioned in class -Big ideas from The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (how is design used on film)

Modern movement, starts in fine art, emerged along same lines as cubism... wanted to communicate movement in time, dehumanizing aspect of industrialization, response to chaotic urbanization and social upheaval, reaction against tradition and historic forms and Art Nouveau Dr. Caligari- designers trying to come to terms with reality: alternate version, fear, anxiety, uncertainty (express emotion) Sharp diagonals, dark colors, conveys fear/uncertainty Potrayal of city: jumbled angles, dark murky colors Uneasiness, the sets are going to collapse, like the world falling in on itself in real life after the war, dramatic (drawn out) theatrical, gets a reaction from the viewer

Werkbund Cologne Exhibition of 1914

Nearly 2000 members, headquarters in Berlin Launch international exhibition, shopping showcase to show Germany's advancements -first big exhibit sponsored by Werkbund (wasn't monolithic Pavillion: Gropius and Meyer, Cologne, 1914 -simple industrially produced materials -showing materials for what they are (revealed) -easily standardized/mass produced Van de Velde Theater: -don't see materials -curvilinear forms, pure geometry, natural/apomorphic forms, landscape curving, no sense of rigor

"New Woman" of the 1920s (as discussed in Charlotte Perriand and Art Deco context)

New Woman as consumer and producer of design under Art Deco and Moderne... rise of a servantless house, women going to college, more professions, women could do things on their own (movies, car, short hair), professional/youthful/active, breaking social barriers (e.g. Perriand)

Gustav Klimt

Palais Stoclet Dining Room / Frieze -collab. stone masons, gilding, enamel, mosaic...craftspeople -restrained volume clad in expensive and visually dense materials, quality of materials adds to design (integrated)

American "Skyscraper Style"

Paul Frankl skyscraper cabinets, mimicked profile (very American design language, identity) 3D sculptural form Parkinson & Parkinson Bullock's Wilshire Dept. Store 1929, LA: art deco skyscraper, tall tower with decorative aspects, vertical/ornament, blocky... elevators... low relief, abstract/stylized forms, repetition of motifs like flowers and fountains... Herman Sachs mural transportation... even in a department store, lavish materials, emphasis on vetical, light sources to create drama, dileniate space, indicate modernity Charles Lee, Wiltern Theater, LA, 1929: stage with sun burst on ceiling, sun rays are skyscrapers... vertical with horizontal aspect (building itself)- growing automobile culture, Paris is precedent, escapist interior

De Stijl (1917-1931)

Piet Mondrian, Composition in Red, Blue, Yellow 1930 -new concepts in space/order, roots in Netherlands, started in fine arts Modrian, Theo VanDoesburg... axonometric, mechanized/ industrial society, not interested in personal expression of emotion; more about impersonal universal ideas rectilinear geometry and primary colors, language of planes **Gerrit Rietveld, Red/Blue Chair 1917-1918 : -paintings of Mondrian into 3D - one off, handmade, could be mass produced, standardized, plywood, screwed together, simple, visible planes, primary colors

Gerrit Rietveld

Red/Blue Chair 1917-1918 Netherlands -paintings of Mondrian into 3D - one off, handmade, could be mass produced, standardized, plywood screwed together, simple construction, visible planes, primary colors

Knoll (furniture)

Reproduced cheaper Mies Chair in 1947

Christine Frederick

Scientific Management in the Home, USA, 1915 -where you should place a stove in relation to other items (etc) -how objects should be designed to be more useful -research**

Lee Lawrie (hint: Nebraska State Capitol doors, Rockefeller Center sculpture)

Senate Chamber Doors, 1932 -Native American Influence (figures in ceremonial dress in flattened/graphic style)

Mies van der Rohe, "universal space"

Show the new Germany to the world... viable, progressive, liberal, modern, international, clarity, simplicity, honesty... vastly open floor that could be used of anything

Le Corbusier

Small House for Weissenhoff Siedlung, Stuttgart, 1927 -ad with woman in car (modern, industrial, NW) -vibrancy, small spaces, minimum existence, some degree of comfort, functionality

Pavel Janak

Study for an Interior, Prague, 1912 -manipulating form rather than creating a new style language -interest in prismatic form based on diagonals, didn't speak to structural rationalism, diagonal indicates motion CHAIRS, SOFA, COFFEE SET, CERAMIC BOX

Simultaneity (in Cubism)

Time it takes you to move around object is gone, artist is capturing this moment but with these views simultaneously, elastic, active engagement... multiple planes as a way to show motor space (movement) rather than just visual space

Le Corbusier (including Pavilion L'Espirit Nouveau, Paris 1925)

Villa Fallet, Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, 1907 -ornamental language, vernacular tradition (Swiss Art Nouveau) ---- Paris= modern art Purism movement simplifying painting to elementary form=geometry Domino House, 1914 -stripping down building to purest form -horizontal surfaces stand on structure, skin to wrap it Corbusier with Jeanneret : Pavilion L'Espirit Nouveau -horizontal top and bottom, skinny columns/supports, flimsy skins, windows - Thonet Chair -built in storage units to reduce clutter... doubles as a spatial divider -unrefined furniture, simples, on market, no cohesive design theory, not modern -purist art on walls -stripped down, pure box, uncluttered

Deutscher Werkbund (German Werkbund)

Weissenhof Siedlung (Werkbund Housing Settlement Exhibition), Stuttgard, Germany, 1927: -solution to housing crisis -housing units, rational kitchen and living space 1. modern design has social meaning 2. maturing language of modern design -Modernism=international style, future -Le Corbusier Small House - JJP Oud, Workers Housing Block : balcony, lots of windows -Mies Van der Rohe Apartments : windows, controlled/restrained, composition on every level, perfectly planned

Weissenhof Seidlung Exhibition, Stuttgart Germany, 1927

Weissenhof Siedlung (Werkbund Housing Settlement Exhibition), Stuttgard, Germany, 1927: -solution to housing crisis -housing units, rational kitchen and living space 1. modern design has social meaning 2. maturing language of modern design -Modernism=international style, future -Le Corbusier Small House : ad with woman in car (modern, industrial, NW), vibrancy, small spaces, minimum existence, some degree of comfort, functionality - JJP Oud, Workers Housing Block : balcony, lots of windows -Mies Van der Rohe Apartments : windows, controlled/restrained, composition on every level, perfectly planned

Lyonel Feininger

Worked for Bauhaus under Gropius... proponent of expressionism.... Cathedral of Socalism

Hermann Muthesius (in context of Werkbund)

architect, educator, starting new design schools (started poaching good designers) Werkbund Controversy of 1914: modern design about search for new form that is standardized= mass produced high quality goods

Georges Lepape

cover of Vogue magazine Jan 1925 British 1. idea of change 2. idea of social modernization -USA roaring 20s to bust -political change... paralleled rise of fascism and communism in Europe and rise of USA as a world power -technology, modernization, women taking on new roles --dress Sonia Delaunay -middle class, boyish, freedom La Belle Dame sans Merci image- greek, roman, chinese with New Woman

How were the cultural circumstances (and / or economic circumstances and goals) of the early 20th century (including technology, transportation, media, etc) reflected in the various design movements we discussed in class, for example, in Cubism, Expressionism, De Stijl, the Bauhaus, International Style Modernism (Le Corbusier), and Art Deco?

cubism- reaction against rationalism, traditionalism, moment of history: WWI.......... expressionism- chaotic urbanization and social upheaval.......... De stijl- Bauhaus, new language, flourishing........ Art deco- New Woman, women going to college, more professions, women could do things on their own (Cars)

Raymond Loewy

designers working as a team, division of labor with competing viewpoints and objectives... used public image to promote through magazines, etc. ADS... design consultant for Studebaker automobiles... commercial advantages of design in industry... original aerodynamic designs, 1954

Wiener Werkstatte (Vienna Workshop)

good design for an elite market... explored modernizing design market (machine production) 1903.... Hoffman.... Purkersdorf Sanatorium and Palais Stoclet

Charlotte Perriand

image of modern living, Dining room collab. functional, elegant, industrial, mobility, appealing atmosphere, for future, modern femininity, proved women could design more than just kitchen, bathroom- New Woman

Hannes Meyer

second director of Bauhaus 1928-1930, shifts school to furniture/architecture production, POLITICS becomes important, design for the greatest number of people..... Balcony access housing blocks, Dessau, 1928-30, the new objectivity, design=function x economics... affordable housing,,,

Josef Hoffmann

similar designs/relationship with Mackinstosh Sitzmaschine, Vienna, 1905 1. increasing interest in geometric form 2. good design and craftsmanship (don't need expensive materials) 3. allegorical celebration of the machine (simple forms) - more clear in function and intention than morris chair Josef Hoffman & Werkstatte: Purkersdorf Sanitorium Vienna (Austria), 1904-1906 -collab, total work of art -advanced... concrete floor and supports -radically simplified -geometry, flat planar walls, cubic volume, symmetrical, windows balanced -CHECKERBOARD pattern outlining window, integrated = motif to unify (furniture both 2d and 3d) - dining room introduced circle, emphasis on trimming spaces Josef Hoffman & Werkstatte: Palais Stoclet Brussels, Belgium 1905-1911 -total work -no budget limits 1. giant house to entertain 2. showpiece that doubles as an exhibition space -collision of pure forms, clearly shown, contrast of plain/framed and light/dark -wave/circle pattern trim, top looks vegetal -central hall: columns and walls faced in costly marble, wooden parquet checkerboard flooring, double height verticality, plane and frame clearly see parts -lowback easy chair silk hammered silver costly, UNITY -dining room: Klimt's Stoclet Frieze collab stone masons, gilding, enamel, mosaic=craftspeople -restrained volume clad in expensive and visually dense materials, quality -Lady's Dressing Room: grey,black white, feminine space in masculine color, backdrop fades and emphasized apparel -Children's room: harmonizes but more playful checkerboard slightly askew -Bathroom: easy to clean, durable, every spce considered

How did the Bauhaus change its direction / philosophy from the time of the school's founding in 1919 to its closure in 1933? (Think of influences on the Bauhaus, emphasis in the curriculum, on their attitude toward mass production, etc).

start with collaboration, costly, not mass produced ----- destijl : rational, economical, reproduceable----- art/design/tech, prototypes. functionalism ----- furniture, architecture, politics, design for greatest # ------ architecture, less politics, financial instability

Taylorism

the methods of labor management introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to streamline the processes of mass production in which each worker repeatedly performs one specific task