History of Rock and Roll Midterm

What are two principal ways to think of recordings

1) think of a recording as a audio snapshot 2) think of recording as a way to exploit the possibilities offered by the studio

The Beatles arrived in the United States in which year?

1964

The primary record format for folk and other "serious" styles of music was the

33-rpm.

the first film featuring the Beatles

A Hard Day's Night

The form most commonly associated with Tin Pan Alley songwriting is

AABA

a musical structure employed by the Beatles in songwriting

AABA

one of the most common muscial forms found in Tin Pan Alley songs is

AABA form

What does the designation AABA mean in musical form?

AABA is a 32-bar scheme that combines four 8-bar phrases. We use the designation AABA to show that the first two 8-bar phrases are very similar, the third 8-bar phrase is contrasting, and the last 8-bar phrase is similar to the first two

the American Society of Composers, Artists, and Performers

ASCAP

received coauthor credit for the song "Maybellene"

Alan Freed

Two high-profile individuals associated with the payola scandal were

Alan Freed and Dick Clark.

the rock and roll party was

Alan Freed's radio show in new york

Which event helped signal the end of the Brill Building?

Aldon Music being sold to Columbia Pictures/Screen Gems

one of the important dance shows that became nationally syndicated during the 1950s was

American bandstand

Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran were particularly popular with

Audiences in England

All of the following were professional songwriters at the Brill Building EXCEPT

Avalon and Vinton.

a British government-owned radio station

BBC

Why did it take the Rolling Stones longer to catch on in the United States?

Bad Boy image

Bass players will create their part around the rhythmic pattern played on the ________, stressing those notes rhythmically while filling in the other notes to provide an interesting bass line.

Bass drum

The roots for selling blues records can be traced to ________'s recording of "Down Hearted Blues."

Bessie Smith

The era from about 1935 to 1945 is considered to be

Big band era

Who took control of American popular music as the first wave of rock and roll ended?

Big record and publishing companies

The development of bluegrass can be primarily traced to

Bill Monroe and His Blue Grass Boys

The most important pop singer in the 1930s and 1940s was ________.

Bing Crosby

Which 1950s movie featured Bill Haleys (We're Gonna) Rock around the Clock?

Blackboard jungle

The music of folk musician ________ significantly influenced the lyrics written by the Beatles.

Bob Dylan

Who was the first host of American Bandstand

Bob Horn

all of the following are examples of crossover artists EXCEPT

Bog Joe Turner

female rockabilly singer

Brenda Lee

In the early years of the Rolling Stones, the group was led by

Brian Jones.

An important component of the Beach Boys' success was

Brian Wilson's production and writing.

How was Buddy Holly influential as a songwriter?

Buddy Holly was influential because he wrote his songs in multiple forms rather than just one.

"That'll Be the Day" was the first hit for

Buddy Holly.

All of the following were artists with Sun Records EXCEPT

Buddy Holly.

songwriter with the Brill Building

Carole King

Chess Records was instrumental in the development of what style of blues?

Chicago electric blues

A ________ is a section that repeats the same music and lyrics intact in each presentation

Chorus

The Animals' break in the music industry came after a UK tour with which musical act?

Chuck Berry

often performed a trademark "duck walk" during guitar solos.

Chuck Berry

________ radio stations were licensed for the use of a particular frequency and could reach multistate regions of the country.

Clear channel

Alan Freed Began his career in

Cleveland

Who was NEVER a member of the Beatles?

Cliff Richard

The song "Living Doll" was the only British record by ________ to cross over the Atlantic prior to 1964. Cliff Richards

Cliff Richards

List two professional songwriters associated with Tin Pan Alley

Cole porter, and Jerome Kern

Elvis Presley's manager

Colonel Tom Parker

"Josie," by Steely Dan, is an example of ________ form.

Compound AABA form

Buddy Holly's "That'll Be the Day" is an example of

Contrasting verse-chorus

Explain two reasons why the Beatles decided to stop playing in public in 1966.

Controversy and the constant work

The Carter Family is an example of ________ from the Southeast and Appalachia

Country music

the name of the label that initially passed on the Beatles in 1962 was ________.

Decca

List three of the major record labels that were in Britain.

Decca, EMI, Philips

King of the Surf Guitar

Dick Dale

In the early 1950s, mainstream pop was designed to appeal to white and black middle-class audiences.

False

It was a common practice for major record labels to watch the country and western charts for hits and then cover those songs for the pop market.

False

Pop albums, not singles, are the measure of artists' success in the youth market.

False

Prior to the 1960s, an A&R man was a specialist in charge of shaping the sound of a record.

False

Prior to the 1960s, folk music rarely addressed problems faced by the less fortunate in American society.

False

The Animals found popularity in the United States with the "Manchester sound."

False

The Beatles played their last public concert at Yankee Stadium in 1966.

False

The first singing cowboy was known as Roy Acuff

False

The group that was referred to as the anti-Beatles was the Yardbirds.

False

The music from rock's first wave from the United States in the 1950s had only a small impact on British rock in the 1960s

False

Toast of the Town was the show responsible for igniting the early 1960s dance craze.

False

a bass players job is to "lock in" with the vocalist rhythmically and to provide bass notes to chord progressions played by the guitar

False

in music, meter refers to the ways in which musical sounds are organized in time

False

reverb and echo are the exact same effect

False

the 12-measure structure of the 12-bar blues is distinctive because its measures fall into four groups of three

False

paved the way for future pop singers

Frank Sinatra

a producer who worked with the Beatles

George Martin

Which other Beatles-type Liverpool band was managed by Brian Epstein?

Gerry and the Pacemakers

was the original performer of "The Twist."

Hank Ballard

Which country and western artist has been referred to as "pure country"?

Hank Williams

Explain how payola was beneficial to indie record labels as well as independent radio stations.

He helped indie record labels fit in, and helped independent radio stations compete with other radio stations

How was Elvis's image and music used to appeal to a wider audience?

He sang a broad range of music which appealed to more than one type of person, and he was also in the military which gave him the image of a good patriotic soldier.

Why did Sam Phillips sell Elvis's contract?

He sold Elvis's contract because he needed to keep Sun records in business

Which of the following statements about Buddy Holly is FALSE?

He was a cover artist.

Peter Noone was the lead singer of which of the following British bands?

Herman's Hermits

List two Manchester bands that were part of the British invasion.

Herman's Hermits, Freddie and the Dreamers

Which part of a drum set does a drummer often use to play the fastest notes

High-hat

Amos 'n' Andy is an example of

a popular comedy program broadcast on network radio.

One reason many radio stations opted for a local or regional approach in the 1950s was because

audiences for popular music shifted from radio to television.

Songs released by Atlantic Records often

blended gospel, blues, and big band pop sounds.

The early songs in the Rolling Stones' career were primarily

blues-inspired cover songs.

Name one of the groups that popularized Western swing.

bob wills and his texas playboys

combinations of notes played together

chords

a chord is a

combination of notes played together

the song "smoke on the water" by Deep Purple begins with

contrasting verse-chorus

Early in his career, Elvis was marketed as a

country and western artist.

The intermingling of soldiers from all regions of the United States helped spread the popularity of

country and western.

in addiction to conveying the lyric of a song, the lead singer's role is to

create melodic interset

one of the purposes of an instrumental solo is to

create musical contrast so the return of the vocals will sound fresh

the practice of payola involved

creating business friendships with disc jockeys by offering gifts

Elvis is often thought of as a song stylist because he

did not write his own songs but chose which material he would record.

the structure of compound AABA form means

each section of the AABA form is made of smaller verse and chorus sections

two sonic images of the same event

echo

The pop audience's perception of the image and authenticity of folk music was the result of the

effort of the music industry to market the movement.

The subject matter of the Beatles' "Eleanor Rigby" is

existential alienation.

Female singers had been completely absent from teen pop before the girl groups of the 1960s.

false

a chorus is a section in music that repeats the same music but with different lyrics in each presentation

false

in the simple verse form, all verses are based on the same music, followed by a chorus

false

Little Richard's aggressive piano playing and "wild man" image were a direct contrast to

fats Domino

"Beatlemania" refers to the

frenzy created by fans at the Beatles' live performances.

instrumentalist during the big band era

glenn miller

when recording music with the "audio snapshot" approach, which element is necessary in a space to re-create the live sound

good acoustical balance

A distinctive vocal feature of the Everly Brothers was

harmonies sung at the high end of the male vocal range.

Why is Bill Haley's version of "Shake, Rattle, and Roll" considered acceptable for white audiences?

he changed the lyrics to make it cleaner and better

Hank Williams is viewed as a romantic image for later rock singers because of ________.

he died young

the country and wester chart was originally called

hillbilly

Ralph Peer made early recordings of which type of music?

hillbilly music

Which aspects of "Leader of the Pack" indicate it is a playlet?

It contains a story line and an epilogue.

How does Ray Charles's song "I Got a Woman" bridge both sacred and secular music styles?

It had a gospel tune

In the United States, why was the British invasion believed to be a fad?

It was a lot about fashion and music

Explain the concept of "the Wall of Sound."

It's a large amount of instruments being recorded in a small room

"Dead Man's Curve" was a splatter-platter hit by

Jan and Dean.

All of the following were considered rockabilly pop musicians EXCEPT

Jan and Dean.

Which Sun Records singer was dubbed the "female Elvis"?

Janis Martin

the guitarist who replaced Eric Clapton in the Yardbirds

Jeff Beck

songwriters of "Hound Dog"

Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller)

All of the following were guitarists for the Yardbirds EXCEPT

John McLaughlin.

Jimmy Page's new band, ________, performed the remaining dates booked by the Yardbirds after the group disbanded.

Led Zeppelin

was probably the most flamboyant performer in the early years of rock and roll.

Little Richard

The first rock-and-roll artist to cultivate the "wild man" persona was

Little Richard.

The Beatles were formed in which UK city?

Liverpool

the center of the UK blues revival

London

What is the main difference between mono and stereo

Mono is a method of sound reproduction that produces only one discreet sound signal. Stereo is a method of sound reproduction that produces two discreet sound signals

regional boundaries in popular culture began to diminish in the 1920a as a result of

NBC radio broadcasting coast-to-coast with a national radio network

geographic center for country and western music

Nashville

Which of the following was a country music program broadcast out of Chicago

National Barndance

Although he covered many rhythm and blues songs, _______ played a central role in establishing rock and roll in mainstream pop in the 1950s.

Pat Boone

All of the following events affected the first wave of rock and roll EXCEPT

Pat Boone having the first rock-and-roll hit song.

Ringo Starr replaced ________ as the Beatles' drummer.

Pete Best

Which folksinger was a member of the Weavers

Pete Seeger

Who was responsible for songwriting for the Who?

Pete Townshend

Who developed "the Wall of Sound"?

Phil Spector

Which of the following cities produced an especially high number of teen idol hits from 1957 to 1963?

Philadelphia

How did the Beatles hone their craft as performing musicians?

Playing longs nights in the bars in Hamburg

Dick Dale was known for

his trademark fast tremolos on the guitar.

Big Joe Turner's "Shake, Rattle, and Roll" is an example of

hokum blues.

which instrument(s) is/are added to tracks to provide an additional "punch" to the music

horns

The study of musical form includes

how sections are organized to create a larger structure

Teen idols were marketed primarily as

ideal boyfriends

"Rave-ups" was/were

improvisatory passages performed by the Yardbirds.

Most rhythm and blues performers learned to sing

in church

Memphis was an important music scene for blues due to the

migration of rural blacks to urban centers.

controls EQ, ambience/volume, and stereo placement

mixing board

during the first decade of rocks inception, most of the music was recorded in

mono

one speaker for playback

monophonic sound

Horn sections are used frequently to give a tune a little more ________.

Punch

Elvis Presley's contract was bought by

RCA Records

The Kinks featured the songwriting of

Ray Davies.

_____ was a regional radio show in Memphis hosted by Dewey Phillips.

Red, Hot, Blue

Why did gospel artists struggle with crossing over into the pop market?

Regular music was considered bad or "the devils music"

A simple verse structure has

no chorus

From the perspective of American youth, the British invasion was centered on

nonmusical matters such as a band's image and its members' accents.

All of the following are examples of Chicago blues musicians EXCEPT

Robert Johnson.

Whom did BMI represent during the payola scandal?

Rock and Roll artists

sang in falsetto

Roy Orbison's vocal trademark

Johnson

Rural blues musician

Which of the following was NOT a major record label in the 1950s?

Sun

All of the following are used by a drummer EXCEPT the

Synthesizer

What were three forms of video-based media that were important to the spread of rock?

TV, Movie (films), and Music videos

a lower or higher version of the same note

octave

How is pop success measured for folk artists?

The number of album sales

At the end of the 1950s, how was rock and roll a threat to the old-guard music business?

The wrong type of people were in control of the business

What is the purpose of music-industry periodicals such as Cashbox and Billboard?

They are used to help track and see music patterns for what is popular and what is not

Explain how folk music and the Brill Building were similar in the early 1960s.

They both appealed to specific audiences and they were both controlled by the music industry

Which of following can be said about Bob Dylan and Joan Baez during the folk revival?

They had top 40 albums.

What were some of the similarities between the Brill Building and Tin Pan Alley?

They were actual places

How were performances on American Bandstand usually featured?

They were lip synched

Western music is most often associated with the

open prairie and cowboys.

the "smoke on the water" by Deep Purple, which instrument performs the role of rhythm guitar

organ

"Bubblegum music" is a term used to describe the music that emerged from teen idols in the late 1950s.

True

"Country" music is a regional style that is associated with the southeast and Appalachia.

True

AABA form is one of the most commonly used formal patterns in Tin Pan Alley songs

True

After World War II, most of the new rhythm and blues record labels that emerged were independent labels.

True

Almost no aspect of pop music in the early 1960s was completely immune from the influence of Brill Building practices.

True

Before 1945, it was considered unethical to play records on the air.

True

Before Elvis signed a major record deal, major labels were NOT interested in rock and roll.

True

Both independent and major record labels used payola.

True

Both the Kinks and the Who represent bands that defy Stones-type and Beatles-type categorizations.

True

By the end of the 1950s, the national audience for popular music had shifted from radio to television

True

Elvis's recordings with RCA helped establish a style that came to be called "rockabilly."

True

Even though British bands flooded the pop charts in the United States in the mid-1960s, American groups continued to have chart success after the British arrived.

True

Fats Domino, Chuck Berry, and Little Richard were all artists recorded on independent labels.

True

In many ways, the growth of rhythm and blues in the decades before rock and roll parallels the rise of country and western.

True

In the post-World War II era, big bands replaced singers as the primary focus of the music business.

True

Initially, the Rolling Stones did NOT write their own music and preferred covering songs

True

One of the key components of folk music that attracted many listeners was its populist character.

True

Some view the period between the end of the first wave of rock and roll and the arrival of the Beatles as a kind of "dark age" in rock history

True

Teen idols, girl groups, and songs composed by professionals were exemplified by the Brill Building

True

The British had a long-standing infatuation with American folk and jazz that dated back to pre-World War II.

True

The Rolling Stones typically avoided AABA song forms that the Beatles frequently used.

True

The first Beatles hits in the United States were released on independent record labels.

True

The name of the record label formed by Leiber and Stoller was Spark Records.

True

To many teenagers, Alan Freed was the father of rock and roll.

True

Until 1955, the music business was segregated into pop, rhythm and blues, and country and western.

True

White artists covering Little Richard's music left out much of the sexual innuendo in his lyrics.

True

bay the late 1960s, stereo was the preferred format for recording albums

True

despite the acknowledged importance of rock music, determining exactly what "rock" means it NOT easy

True

horn sections often consist of saxophones, trumpets, and trombones

True

The Grand Ole Opry broadcast from

WSM in Nashville.

What is a full reprise?

When the entire AABA form is repeated

The role of the A&R man was to

organize and coordinate the professionals involved in recording.

Which folk music group had a hit song with a cover of Bob Dylan's "Blowin' in the Wind"?

peter, Paul, and Mary

which of the following instruments can be used along with, or in place of, a rhythm guitar

piano

the role of tin pan alley publisher was to

pitch songs to artists who might consider performing them

The congressional hearings on the payola scandal focused on

radio stations that played rock and roll.

List two of the singers featured on Atlantic Records' recordings.

ray charles and joe turner

using the recording studio as an "audio snapshot" involves

re-creating a live recording as faithfully as possible

All of the following are elements of Chuck Berry's music EXCEPT

songs geared toward adult black listeners.

What did the Acuff-Rose publishing firm rely on for sales of its music

songs recorded and performed by country artists

the "space" between stereo speakers

sonic landscape

All of the following features classify "Tomorrow Never Knows" as a work of art EXCEPT

structural format found in American pop.

cars, girls, and surfing

surf music themes

Musical influences on the Beach Boys include all of the following EXCEPT

sweet soul.

Sam Cooke's singing style is often referred to as

sweet soul.

Phil Spector referred to the singles he produced as

teenage symphonies.

The focus of American Bandstand was

teenagers dancing to pop music

As a song "Roll Over Beethoven" celebrates

teenagers listening to rhythm and blues

The Beatles were regular performers at which Liverpool venue?

the Cavern Club

The Rolling Stones were regulars at which of the following clubs?

the Crawdaddy Club

All of the following are examples of girl groups EXCEPT

the Drifters.

Ben E. King had been a singer with

the Drifters.

Graham Nash was a lead vocalist for which of the following groups?

the Hollies

The original name for the Beatles when they started as a skiffle band was

the Quarry Men.

"Be My Baby" was a hit for

the Ronettes.

The Detours was the original name of which band?

the Who

Big band music emphasizes

the band

The success of crossover artists significantly reduced

the crossover potential for the original artists.

which of the following best describes the relationship between the guitar and bass parts in the first verse of "smoke on the water" by Deep Purple

they are playing almost the same part

How did the audience for the Grand Ole Opry increase?

they were nationally broadcasted

the 12-bar blues form consists of

three groups of four phrases

the tone color of an instrument

timbre

term used in recording to designate a recorded part

track

Whom did ASCAP represent during the payola scandal?

traditional pop songwriters

Both Buddy Holly and Chuck Berry wrote music that was intended for a pop audience with influences of country and western and rhythm and blues.

true

Most of rock's originators and many of the independent labels they worked for were out of the music business by 1960.

true

in music, four measures are called a phrase

true

trademark of Buddy Holly

vocal hiccup

prior to the early 1960s, the bass guitar usually

was an acoustic upright bass that could be amplified if necessary

all of the following are true about Tin Pan Alley EXCEPT that is

was developed as a regional style of music

As a result of the payola scandal, Alan Freed

was run out of the music business.

All of the following are true regarding Mod culture EXCEPT that followers

wore leather jackets.

Jimmie Rodgers's performance style was noted for his trademark

yodel

Explain the technique of Sound on Sound recording.

you record two instruments then stack them

Which song solidified the Rolling Stones' image as rock music's bad boys?

"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"

Which song was the first million-selling single for Sun Records?

"Blue Suede Shoes"

All of the following songs use the 12-bar blues format EXCEPT

"Can the Circle Be Unbroken"

which of the following songs employs a full reprise?

"Great Balls of Fire" by Jerry Lee Lewis"

Elvis's first single for RCA was

"Heartbreak Hotel."

an inoffensive example of early 1950s pop

"How Much Is That Doggie in the Window?"

The Beach Boys' first number-one hit was

"I Get Around."

The first Beatles song to break through to number one in the United States was

"I Want to Hold Your Hand."

Bo Diddley song covered by the Yardbirds

"I'm a Man"

The Beatles' first original song from their initial 1958 recording was

"In Spite of All the Danger."

Which of the following was a song that Leiber and Stoller wrote for Elvis?

"Jailhouse Rock"

death-disk playlet

"Leader of the Pack"

The Beatles' first song released by Parlophone was

"Love Me Do."

Chuck Berry's first hit on Chess Records

"Maybellene"

All of the following are examples of death disks EXCEPT

"Only the Lonely."

example of doo-wop

"Sh-Boom"

song originally performed by Big Joe Turner

"Shake, Rattle, and Roll"

example of a playlet

"Smokey Joe's Cafe"

an early hit written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards

"The Last Time"

part of the dance craze

"The Twist"

Which song initiated the folk music revival in mainstream pop?

"Tom Dooley"

crossover success for Jerry Lee Lewis

"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On"

concept of folk music

"for the people and by the people"

original marketing term for rhythm and blues

"race" records

The song _______ helped launch Elvis Presley's career at Sun Records

"that's all right momma"

Dick Clark remarked that he considers ________ one of the most important songs in the history of rock and roll.

"the Twist"

standard format for Tin Pan Alley songs

(1.32-bar sectional chorus)

"Rock Island Line" as recorded by "Lonnie" Donegan is an example of

skiffle.

Cover versions of rhythm and blues songs by white artists very rarely performed better on the pop charts than the rhythm and blues originals.

False

Elvis is best thought of as a master songwriter who wrote in a variety of pop genres.

False

What is the difference between a simple verse-chorus and a contrasting verse-chorus?

A simple verse chorus is when a single musical pattern is used as the basis for both verses and choruses in a song. Contrasting verse- chorus is when the verses and choruses of a song employ different music.

What defined a musician's work as rockabilly pop?

A soft sound and elements from The Brill Building

adjusting the timbre of each recorded sound

EQ

________ is credited with the "three-finger roll."

Earl Scruggs

Who was the host of a U.S. variety show on which the Beatles first appeared in 1964?

Ed Sullivan

the lead vocalist for the Animals

Eric Burdon

The Animals were fronted by the powerful blues singing of

Eric Burdon.

"Slowhand" was the nickname given to guitarist ________.

Eric Clapton

What is the principal task of the rhythm section in a rock band?

Establish a solid foundation for singers, instrumental soloists and other members of the group who focus on melody

"Please Please Me" was the song that finally broke the Beatles into the American pop market in late 1963.

False

Along with Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and Little Richard were killed in the same plane crash.

False

Artists on Atlantic Records were known for their rough-edged sound that was more expressive than beautiful.

False

At the end of the nineteenth century, many Americans could play the piano and read music.

False

Beatles-type bands included the Animals and the Yardbirds.

False

By the mid-1950s, Tin Pan Alley was prepared for rock and roll.

False

Compound is when each musical beat is divided evenly into two parts

False

All of the following were independent labels in the late 1940s and early 1950s EXCEPT

Mercury Records.

The first independent producers in pop music were ________.

Mike Stroller and Jerry Leiber

Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames featured which future Jimi Hendrix drummer?

Mitch Mitchell

The ________ and the ________ were two British youth cultures of the 1960s that differed in lifestyle and appearance.

Mods and Rockers

Who did NOT emerge as a teen idol in the 1950s?

Sam Cooke

Who started Sun Records in Memphis?

Sam Philips

"Can the Circle Be Unbroken" by the Carter Family is an example of ________ form

Simple verse form

The ________ style of music was made popular by Lonnie Donegan.

Skiffle

To which independent label was Little Richard signed?

Specialty

a venue in Hamburg, Germany, where the Beatles performed

Star Club

How is the 12-bar blues pattern defined?

The 12-bar blues is a basic harmonic structure and progression for almost all rock and pop music. It is a total of 12 bars, 3 groups of 4 bars

radio show hosted by Alan Freed

The Moondog Show

When the Rolling Stones stopped playing regularly at the Crawdaddy Club in 1963, which group took their place?

The Yardbirds

A primary lyrical theme of death disks is ________.

The death of a teenager

Why did rhythm and blues artists often opt for a flat fee for their recordings?

The record companies weren't stable enough and they traveled a lot.

Explain the role of the rhythm section during an instrumental solo.

The rhythm sections role is to support the soloist

How is compound AABA form defined?

With A sections employing a verse-chorus pair

traditional performer of folk music

Woody Guthrie

Folk music largely appealed to ________.

Young adults

The subject matter of the Beatles' "Norwegian Wood" is

a failed one-night stand.

In the early 1950s, mainstream pop was produced primarily for

a family audience

a crossover song is

a song or record appearing on multiple music charts

The Stagger Lee myth refers to

a stereotype of sexually driven black men who view white women as conquests.

In the early 1950s, many folk musicians ran into problems as a result of

accusations that they were Communists.

which of the following dimensions of recorded sound is NOT controlled from a mixing board

acoustics

the job of the bass player is to

act as a bridge between the harmonic and rhythmic sections

the ability to artificially create a room sound is referred to as

ambience

The individual responsible for changing the image of the Rolling Stones was

andrew Loog Oldham.

The emergence of rock and roll in the 1950s can be attributed to the relationship between DJs and

indie record labels.

The first star of country music was considered to be

jimmie rodgers

The music of Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five is an example of

jump blues

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the British music industry was dominated by

large companies and major labels.

The "whitening" of rhythm and blues was marked by

lyrics changed to dance references instead of sexual innuendos

Which of the following was a trademark of Little Richard's music?

maniacal singing

a sound engineer might artificially create a room sound through electronic means by using the effect of

reverb

creates a room sound through electronic means

reverb

which instrument rounds out harmony by playing full chords

rhythm guitar

In addition to lyrics, Bill Haley's version of "Shake, Rattle, and Roll" changes the

rhythmic feel.

Ricky Nelson

rockabilly popster

a coda is used in music to

round off a tune

singer of "Mama, He Treats Your Daughter Mean".

ruth brown

The "slapback echo" was a rockabilly feature pioneered by

sam phillips

the "doo-wop progression" consists of a

series of four chords

Which of the following was the principal business mode of success for Tin Pan Alley?

sheet music sales

A playlet is a

short song telling a humorous story.

Verse and choruses based on the same music are an example of which formal type

simple verse-chorus

Frank Sinatra began his musical career as a

singer in big bands

All of the following were populist characteristics of the folk song movement EXCEPT

the folk music singer's prowess and image among the audience.

The term "doo-wop" refers to

the nonsense syllables singers would use in song arrangements.

What was the role of a singer in big bands?

the singer would have contact away from the band

nickname for Jimmie Rodgers

the singing brakeman

Which of the following was invented by Les Paul?

the solid-body electric guitar