History of Sport 222 Test #2 Study Guide, History 222: History of Sport Exam 1

John McEnroe

"Superbrat" Also a bad boy and a rival of Connors. 7 years younger than Connors. "Bad bou" of tennis came in the late 1970s . Also had a big rivalry with Swede Bjorn Borg. He (McEnroe) denied him his 6th championship at Wimbledon. McEnroe ended his career with 7 grand slam titles.

Association Football

(Soccer game) Harvard played a style that was closer to rugby. Changed rules that would eventually lead to be more closely related to football.

American League

1900) Made it so it is nationwide and it expanded to the eastern side too. Not as much talent but played a cleaner version of baseball over the National League. Paid better in this league. A lot of national league players switched over.

The First NFL

1902, made up of baseball owners, all first 3 teams from Pennsylvania.

World Series

1903 was the first one, Boston Pilgrims beat the Pittsburgh Pirates. Pilgrims won a 4 game series.

Games Between World Wars

1916 games cancelled they moved the Olympic headquarters to Lausanne, Switzerland from Paris. Britain didn't want Germany in the games. Belgium hosted the 1920 games since their country got destroyed they could allow the bad countries if they wanted to so all countries went except for Germany. Paris Amsterdam the U.S and Germany hosted summer games.

APFA (American Professional Football Association

1920, Ralph Hay called a meeting in his automobile showroom and 14 representatives of 10 professional football teams met and founded it. Made Jim Thorpe president. Halas and Staley made bears, Staley funded it they were first the Chicago Staleys.

Super Bowl

1969. Called this at the third installment of a championship. The first one was when Namath guaranteed a win.

Jimmy Connors

1972 he was 19 and turned professional. All American from UCLA came from Illinois. He was Tennis' first bad boy, refused to join the ATP. He was the first great American champion of the "open era". He won 8 grand slam events in the 1970s and 80s and played competitive tennis well into his forties becoming an elder-statesman in the game in the 1990s.

AFL

8 teams, lost money to NFL being more popular

Ted Williams

: He batted .406 while DiMaggio was getting his 56 game hitting streak, played for red sox outfielder, no player since has batted over .400. Considered one of the greatest pure hitters of all time.

Honus Wagner

: Pittsburgh Pirates SS could play anywhere, best N.L player people liked him

William Cammeyer

A businessman who was a pioneer in the early days of Major League Baseball. He was the owner of the New York Mutuals franchise and even managed the team during the 1876 season. He also built the Union Grounds ballpark for the Mutuals. First one to charge for a game

back country

A frontier region extending through several colonies, from Pennsylvania to Georgia

"Nouveau Riche"

A person who is newly rich

Tommie Smith and John Carlos

African American track athletes who raised their fists in a black power salute during the medal ceremony in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics. They were both kicked off and given 48 hours to leave Mexico City.

Snead, Hogan and Nelson

All born in 1912, Snead had the longest career with 46 years, he hold the record for the most wins (total) in his career (165) and most on the PGA tour (82). Hogan was very different, much smaller and more serious, he was almost killed in a car accident in 1949 but came back in 1950 and won the U.S. Open and he also won 6 of his 9 major championships after his accident. Nelson was credited with creating the modern swing. It involved more leg turn and power from the lower half of the body. IN 1945 he won 18 tournaments including a PGA record 11 in a row. He retired shortly after the age of 34 to buy a ranch.

Reserve Clause

Allowed clubs to reserve the right of players for their careers. It left players with very little power when negotiation contacts and controlling their futures

Walter Charles Hagen

Also 20 years old at the tournament only a couple strokes out. Known for his style he was a professional. All around athlete could've played baseball with the Phillies. He would help open up club houses for professional players. First American to win the British Open Championship in 1922 and win it 3 more times in the decade and he also won two U.S. Open titles

Paper Chases

Also known as "hare and hound" races, Harvard held the race and it went far beyond the campus and there were many reports of "irritated property owners" and another race would not be staged for three years

Flying Wedge

Also known as the mass-momentum play first used by Harvard. The five heaviest players would for a v-shaped wedge around the all carrier and run over opponents, these plays caused the most injuries in the early days of football.

Johnny Weismueller:

American swimmer who set Olympic records in 100 and 400 meter events in 1924 and 1928 and would later become famous for portraying Tarzan in many Hollywood movies.

Barn Ball

An early incarnation of baseball that included bouncing a ball off the side of a barn and allowing another participant to hit it with a stick.

Age of the Homerun

Around the 1920s, happened due to smaller ballparks (iffy) and a jackrabbit ball that jumped off the bat, the outlawing of the spitball, although they still kind of used it in 1920, and the use of more balls during games. Ball was wounded tighter. People copied Babe's swing.

Rod Laver

Australian Player. Jack Kramer convinced him to go pro in 1962 and when many of the other great players did likewise it forced the grand slam tournament to open up. He would win 200 titles including 11 grand slam victories and was ranked number one for 7 consecutive seasons. 1964 -1970

Alexander Joy Cartwright

Bank Clerk and volunteer firefighter who helped form the Knickerbocker baseball club and devised the game's first rules

Sabbatarian Laws

Banned recreation of any kind but also proscribed activities that were deemed acceptable during the rest of the week such as sexual intercourse, unnecessary traveling, and any type of frivolity

Tiger

Became world number 1 in 1999 and held that position for most of the next decade. Won his first major which was the master in 1997, becoming the youngest to win that tournament at age 21. He would win 13 more majors by 2008 trailing Nicklaus only by 4. His best year was 2000 when he won 3 major tournaments in a row. When he won the master in 2001 he technically held all the majors even though it wasn't technically a grand slam, but they called it a Tiger Slam. 2009 is when he started tanking.

AAFC (All American Football Conference)

Began in 1946. Got some good players but league didn't last long. War for players and salaries was caused. They produced the Browns. Led by coach Paul Brown grew up in Ohio went to Massilon. Successful in AAFC. NFL took the Browns 49ers and the worst team the Colts.

Muscular Christianity

Began in the 1850s and stressed a balance of physical and spiritual exercise, leader of the movement was Thomas Wentworth Higginson

Middle Class Victorianism

Belief that there was a commonality between the middle classes of the rapidly industrializing Western worlds. Linked to a common set of values: Evangelical Protestantism, hard work, and self-restraint Sports were frowned upon because they were seen as antithesis of hard work and self-restraint

Pete Rozelle

Bert Bell died of a heart attack at a football game Eagles vs. Steelers. L.A. Rams General manager Rozelle was named commissioner. Commissioner during the golden age. He let some merging of AFL(1960 formed) teams join. Let the Dallas Cowboys and Minnesota Vikings join. Had a "League Think mentality" Put the NFL above the individual. New technologies also helped replay slow motion

1927 Yankees (murderer's row):

Best team to ever play, consisted of players like Ruth and Gehrig.

Arnold Palmer

Brought golf into the television age with his go-for-broke style and everyman persona. He was crowned the king of golf by fans

Caledonian Clubs

Caledonia was the Roman name for Scotland and these clubs revolved around racing and track and field. They sprang up in America in the 1850s by Scottish immigrants and were responsible for setting up races all over the country

Jack Nicklaus

Came along in the 1960s, as a rival for Palmer. Never embraced by the public the way that Palmer was. He would go on to win more major championships than anyone ever. (18) considered the greatest player of all time.

The "new" NFL

Changed it to NFL in 1921. Bears Cardinals and Packers were the OG teams.

4 Folkways

Chesapeake, New England, Backcountry, and Middle Colonies

Britain's Festive Culture

Citizens would engage in various games to coincide with large gatherings of people either in celebration of religious or pagan holidays or simply celebrating everyday life. Most popular=May Day

"King" Kelly

Colorful player who started his career in Chicago but was famously sold to Boston for $10,000 in 1887

1958 NFL Championship and Johnny Unitas

Colts signed him after he was dropped by the Louisville Steelers. Starter in 1957, won MVP 1957. In 1958 they played the New york Giants in the Championship. One of the greatest game ever played help the NFL's arrival in the modern age. Also was the Golden Age because so many people tuned in to T.V. to watch the game.

Mills Commission

Committee that decided Abner Doubleday was the inventor of baseball based on the testimony of one man

Playground Movement

Designed to keep children out of trouble, it began in Chicago in 1903 and was responsible for the jump of cities with supervised playgrounds from 41 to 503 in a little more than a decade

Folk Games

Development included exclusive association with a particular (annual) feast and the damage to life and property that it usually risked would have been more than bearable. They are based off of festivity and community.

Roone Arledge

Director of Sports Programming for ABC. Starts Monday Night Football in 1970. And ABC's World Wide of Sports 1961.

Walking City

During the 1820-1870s, settled areas were no more than two miles fro the center of town, and the pedestrian was the "principle method of locomotion"

Mark Spitz:

During the 1972 Olympic games he set a swimming record with 7 gold medals that stood until Michael Phelps received 8 in 2008.

Separate Spheres

During the Victorian period, a rigid division of sexes. The male arena was known as the public sphere, which included business and politics. While women were the nurturers in the private sphere

Kolven

Dutch game which translates to Golf

National League

Eight teams made up the original leaguer and made sure none of the teams were involved were owned by players. Cities in the league would have to have a population of at least 75,000 and have the approval of existing clubs to join

Merkle Boner

Error made by New York Giants Fred Merkle against the Cubs in a late season game in 1908 that lost the Giants the pennant.

University of Notre Dame

Established in 1844 by a French religious order known as the Congregation of Holy Cross. Early 20th century it was known for academics and its baseball team. Had the four horsemen for football.

Middle Colonies Economy

Farmers grew cash crops, there were industries such as lumber and iron mills, and New York and Philadelphia were large trading centers.

1922 Supreme Court Decision

Federal Baseball Club Vs. National league where they ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act did not apply to Major League Baseball. And involved them becoming a dynasty or not. Ruled its not a business but a sport.

Bill Tilden

First American to win at Wimbledon in 1920. First great American champion who won 6 consecutive U.S championships between 1920-1926. He was the #1 player in the world for most of the 1920s. Won 2 Wimbledon titles before turning professional in 1930. "Big" Bill

Wimbeldon

First Major tennis championship established at the All England Croquet Club near the Wimbledon train station in 1877. (Officially titles the championships, Wimbledon.) (All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club was formed after the game was originally invented.)

New York Athletic Club

First all athletic club founded in 1860s

Primogeniture

First born sone inheriting the family fortune

Winter Games

First game is in France in 1924, had 12 total events involving 6 sports.

James Gordon Bennett

First generation Scottish immigrant who inherited the New York Herald newspaper

Red Grange

First modern football player who fit perfectly into the middle class. He was an explosive player who played at Illinois and then in the brand new National Football League. His ability to slip through tackler's hands earned him the nickname the "Galloping Ghost".

Pudge Heffelfinger

First professional football player in history. Part of the AAA Alleghany Athletic Association. Got paid $500 to play, lineman played at Yale.

Cincinnati Red Stockings

First recognized all-salary team in baseball. IN their inaugural seasons of 1869, they won 57 games, lost 0, and tied one

Leonard Jerome

Flamboyant Wall Street Investor who rejuvenated horse racing after the Civil War. Created American Jockey Club and built the nation's finest race track, Jerome Park, while also creating the short-dash system instead of long. He discourage professional gamblers and did not allow alcohol to be sold

Paul Brown

Football coach who achieved success on three levels: High School (Massillon, OH), College (Ohio State), and professional (Cleveland Browns). His Browns team was one of three that the NFL absorbed in 1949. Innovative coach who was the first to call plays from the sideline and put assistant coaches in the press box for a better view of the game.

Henry Chadwick

Former British cricket player who embraced the game of baseball and became a writer for the NY Clipper writing about the game. He was credited with inventing the batting average and box score and eventually became known as the "Father Baseball"

Harry Wright

Former Cricket player who switched to baseball and was one of the best early players. He was the player-manager of the Cincinnati Red Stockings

Ban Johnson

Former sportswriter and editor in Cincinnati who would go on to take over the struggling minor Western Baseball League. After improving the status of the league immensely he decided to make it a major league to compete with the National League in 1899-he renamed it the American League.

AG Spalding

Former star pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings who would go onto become a sporting goods magnate. He wanted to prove baseball was a uniquely American sport.

Charles "Cash and Carry" Pyle:

Former theatre promoter who would gain fame as a sports promoter, most notably Red Grange's agent.

Pierre de Coubertin

French nobleman who made it his mission to revive the Olympics and formed and served as president of the International Olympic Committee. Which governed the games for 30 years.

Joe Namath

From Alabama signed from jets with money and a new car, paid 400,000 highest ever for a collegiate football player. Guarantted a win over the Colts in the AFL championship and they won.

Green Bay Packers and Curly Lambeau

From Wisconsin. Got a job at the Indian Packing Company. In 1919 he started his own team and convinced his boss Frank Peck to put up $500 to sponsor the teams which thus led to the Green Bay Packers. Lambeau played running back and coached.

Quakers

From the Delaware Valley (Middle colonies), were viewed as outcasts because of their pacifists beliefs. William Penn set up new colony that was tolerant to all religions, but very intolerant of sports

Toli

Game of stickball played by Europeans most closely resembling lacrosse Popular with American Southeast tribes including Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole

Sporting Spectacles

Games set up by fraternities to showcase their sports and their best competitors. Victorians were against them because of the competitiveness and the gambling and money paid to participants went against their basic beliefs

Lawful recreation or sport

Games that were believe to foster drinking and gambling were expressly forbidden, games that refreshed the mind, body, and spirit were allowed Two requirements: could have no association with the British festive culture that the Puritans were rebelling against and it had to refresh participants so they could perform worldly duties

Ty Cobb:

Georgia native who played for the tigers for 24 seasons, bad attitude crazy guy. Highest batting average of all time (.367) One of the greatest players ever.

Positive Sports Ideology

Good, clean sports could serve as an alternative to those undesirable elements of the city and serve to promote moral, build character, enhance public health, and serve as substitute for the lost world of small-town America and its values

John Montgomery Ward

Hall of Fame pitcher and hitter who became even more famous when he created the Brotherhood of Professional Baseball Players, the first ever sports labor union. He became increasingly troubled by the actions of the club owners, specifically the reserve clause

Oliver Cromwell

He wanted to bring back the power of the parliament, lessen the power of the king, and reform the Church of England. He was more tolerant on sports because he was an avid hunter and horseman

John Cox Stevens

He won enough money to buy both horses from the "Race of the Century" and served as the President of the New York Jockey Club for 22 years. He renovated his family estate in Hoboken to create Elysian Fields, also started the New York Yacht Club. Lastly, he created the "Great Race" which was a race against humans

Vince Lombardi

Hired as Packers head coach after they started sucking, immediately found success. Late 50s through 60s. Dynasty.

NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association)

ICAA and the old rules committee formed this. Did not have any ties to any schools. Brought in new rules and led football into its modern age 1912.

International Olympic Committee

IOC

Turner Societies

Immigrants from Germany that were very involved in gymnastics. Brought gymnastics to the US

Players' League

In 1850, Ward and the Brotherhood created their own league when owners began to discuss a salary cap. They took players from 7 of the 8 National League teams and set up rival teams in those same cities

John McGraw

Irish would fight anybody players, umps and coaches. Inside game. Opposite of Connie Mack, not clean cut.

Merger

June 8th 1966 merger for NFL and AFL. There would be a common commissioner and common draft (Rozelle commissioner.) And a championship game between two leagues at the end of the season. The leagues would become two conferences by 1970

Moses Fleetwood Walker

Known as the last black player to compete in the major leagues before the color barrier set in during the late 1880s

The "Open" Era

Kramer helped start it because amateurs were being paid under the table anyways and were called "shamateurism." Tennis grew in the 1970s in the U.S, and Kramer started the Grand Pix of tennis which awarded points as well as money to those who played and accumulated the most points and qualified for the season ending tournament, if motivated players to compete in more tournaments. Kramer helped found the ATP: Association of Tennis Professionals, which looked out for the player's best interests.

Bobby Jones

Made his living as an attorney but was an amateur golf player too. He designed courses (Augusta). Between 1923-1930 he won 5 U.S. Amateur Championships and 4 U.S. Opens, 3 British Opens and one British Amateur championship. In 1930 he captured all 4 of the championships in the same season which is known as the grand slam. He retired after that season.

Victorian Counterculture

Made up of mainly working-class men who were no longer taking pride in their work. Immigrants also made up this group along with members of the upper class. They rebelled against the restraint of the Victorians in many ways including sports

Pageant of Misrule

Males got together and elected a "Lord of Misrule" the parents or village would have the final approval in who he would marry Married men, the monarch, older men, and the upper class would be mocked

"Race of the Century"

May 1823 at the Union Horse Race Course in Jamaica, the South Sir Henry and the North Eclipse would race. The growing rift between the North and the south played a key role in the popularity of this matchup

Baseball Fraternity

Most popular of the fraternities that began to emerge. The first was organized by Alexander Cartwright in 185 and would be called the Knickerbocker Club The Civil War helped the growth because soldiers were introduced to it during war and so it spread

Violent Games

Most popular was football, primarily known as a Shrove Tuesday tradition. The game was very violent and to be associated with football was not food for reputation

1st Great Awakening

Movement started by Johnathan Edwards for a call to get "back to the bible" and a closer relationship with God, not a good time for sports

Quarter Horses

Much smaller horse with large hindquarters that excelled at sprinting shorter distances of a quarter mile or less

N4A

National Association of Amateur Athletes of America

Dynasties

New York Yankees (first dynasty), 27 titles, 40 pennants, success coming from owner Colonel Jacob Rupert and Captain Tillinghast, and Red Sox owner needing cash and selling players. Other dynasties in the National League were New York Giants, Cubs and the Brooklyn Dodgers. (Smaller clubs wanted revenue sharing from bigger city teams but it doesn't work out.)

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware quakers

New Golden Age

New teams came in went to 32 teams in 1990s and beyond

One Old Cat

Next incarnation of the game that replaced the barn with a base

Knute Rockne

Norwegian immigrant who played and then coached for the Notre Dame football team. It was his innovations as both a player and coach that put Notre Dame football on the map by the second decade of the 20th century.

"Beer and Whiskey League"

Officially called the American Association, it was an early rival to the National League. It received its nickname by serving alcohol at the games

Town Ball

Once three more bases were added the games was first called Four Old Cat and eventually town ball. Resembles the modern game of baseball and derived from towns fielding teams to play the game

Cap Anson

One of the earliest superstar baseball players. He played first base for the White Sox for 22 seasons finishing with a career average of .333 and 3,418 hits

Public School Athletic League

Organized in New York City by Luther Gulick in the early 20th century to put on competitions between schools and also to keep youth (especially immigrant youth) out of trouble after school

Canton Bulldogs

Owned by Ralph E Hays for 5 years Jim Thorpe played on this team Dominated "Big 6" league of Ohio profesh football with Massillon Disbanded in 1906 and after gambling controversey Came back later in 20th century with Jim Thorpe

End of Golden Age

Owners start thinking selfishly, like Al Davis who was AFL commissioner wanted to move Raiders to Los Angeles because he couldn't get a new stadium everyone was against it but he sued and got it, and also the colts moved from Baltimore to Indianapolis. 1987 85% players refused to play they were on strike, replacement players played and it was awfufl.

Rough and Tumble

Participants were from the lower class and there were no rules and the goal was to gouge out opponent's eyes

1936 Games: In Berlin

People are skeptical about Hitler and don't want to go, IOC talks about it, potential boycotting. Avery Brundage is not in favor of boycott,said he went to Germany himself and said it was fine. But Jeremiah Mahoney is in favor of boycotting, they become rivals used to be former teammates.

Strenuous Life

Phrase coined by Theodore Roosevelt who believed the absence of a recent war had led to a feminization of the late-19th century male. It was designed to toughen up the American male through vigorous exercise and sports

Tavern pastimes

Place that was centered around drinking and gambling. Popular games included board games, billiards, and dice games. Cockfights and horserace were organized near taverns as well as military training1

George Halas

Played at U of I for football and played baseball for the Yankees. Contacted by Staley Manufacturing Company about starting a team in Decatur, Illinois. Became Chicago Staleys than the Bears.

Pete Sampras

Played doubled with McEnroe at the Davis Cup and won. He was the greatest American player of the decade, held the number one ranking for most of the decade and retired in 2003 with 14 grand slam titles which is the most of all time.

Lou Gehrig:

Played with Ruth died of ALS, first basemen

Rogers Hornsby

Player and coach for a little for the Cardinals led them to their first championship considered a better hitter than Ruth and one of the greatest hitters of all time he was a second baseman. Lived by his own rules, although he didn't smoke or drink. Nicknamed the rajah.

Elysian Fields

Portion of John Cox Steven's property in Hoboken, NJ, that was donated for the use of cricket and the NY Yacht Club

1968 games in Mexico City

Potential boycott by U.S team because of the racism going on, some players decided not to go, black power sign held up.

1961 Sports Broadcasting Act

President Kennedy signed it, Rozelle wanted to set up a contract with CBS. At first didn't allow it. The act essentialy exempted professional sports leagues from federal antitrust when negotiating broadcasting rights and laws and the results were postitive.

William Hulbert

President of the Chicago White Stockings who formed the National League in 1876

Puritans

Purified the Church of England of its Catholic tendencies and also purified the Sabbath, which mean that from sundown on Saturday to sundown Sunday every waking moment should be devoted to God and nothing else

College Football's Modern Age:

Put 7 players on the line, forward pass allowed, unnecessary roughness rules implemented. Had to tackle with one foot on the ground if the ball hits the ground it is a dead ball. 10 yards and end zones implemented.

Knickerbockers

Recognizes by many as the earliest organization of a baseball club. The club was reserved for gentlemen and was more interested in the social aspect of the club than the competitiveness. They played the first organized games in Hoboken, NJ at the Elysian Fields in 1845

Harry Frazee

Red Sox owner known for selling Babe Ruth for a theatre production.

2nd Great Awakening

Religious Revival movement that lasted longer than the first

Carnegie Report

Report in the late 1920s that said some colleges were putting too much emphasis on money and winning in college football than in academics. Boosters giving money to kids to play there, but it was discontinued due to the stock market crash.

ICAA (Inter Collegiate Athletic Association).

Representatives from 62 colleges met and formed it. Didn't include west coast schools and the "Big 3". In 1905, primary duty was to set up standardized rules.

Cardinal Farm System:

Revenue sharing was not working with the dynasty teams, so they spent their money setting up minor league teams. Branch Rickey was general manager started it up and it worked well. It included 32 different teams and 700 players.

Southern Gentry

Slave holders were considered the highest of the social class. The only way to achieve upward mobility was to own more slaves.

Inside Game

Small ball, bunting and stealing, runs were very valuable because there was not a lot of scoring. John McGraw mastered the inside game.

Apartheid

South African policy of racial segregation that would cause their Olympic teams to be banned from competition beginning in the 1960s.

Strenuous Life

Speech and thought by Roosevelt since the Americans were not in a war, they were getting soft, wanted them to become more tough

Royal Sports

Sports that were played by the wealthy included: joust, tilt yard, tennis, and fox hunting

Royal and Ancient

St. Andrews Club: One of the first golf clubs, named ..... by King William IV in 1834. They were the dominant force behind the game during the 19th century.

Teddy Roosevelt

Started a campaign for reform to football he enjoyed it but wanted to make it a little safer and more respectable.

19th Century Changes

Steamboat, Train, Newspapers, Telegraph, all of these things made it possible to transfer and communicate across the country

Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America

Stepped in to oversee Track and Field events for American Colleges. One of the biggest controversies was that more athletes would compete in an even that had a higher-valued prize, so making the prizes equal would eliminate that problem

Sporting Fraternity

Subcultures created by the Counterculture for those who were interested in specific sports. It was also a place where men can find a surrogate brotherhood. Modeled after Britain.

1972 Games in Munich

Terrorist hostage taking of Israeli athletes. All were killed but games continued. Germany was trying to prove itself that they were a good country now.

College Crew

The country's best schools for rowing. The first rowing competition was held between Harvard and Yale on the Connecticut River

Enlightenment

The embrace of science and reasoning and a departure from religion and superstition Ben Franklin was the embodiment of Enlightenment

First Modern Games

The first games were held in Athens, Greece in 1896 as a tribute to the ancient Greeks who originally held the games.

Republicanism

The idea that the new nation would be a republic giving the power to its citizenry, not hereditary monarchy

Chesapeake

The region of Virginia and Maryland. In contrast to New England, this region was distinguished by indentured servants, cash crops, and African slavery.

Needful Recreation

The sports and activities that were allowed included swimming, ice skating, gardening, and hunting and fishing as long as it put food on the table

YMCA

This was one place the Strenuous Life could be prated. Initially when it was founded in England in 18511, it focused more on the Christian part of its name but by the end of the 19th century it had become synonymous with exercise and sports

Joe DiMaggio

Took over as star player for the Yankees once Ruth left, centerfielder that set a 56 game hitting streak.

1913 U.S. Open

Took place at potentially one of the oldest clubs in the country which was the Country Club at Brookline in Boston. Amateurs vs pros, nationalism was involved America vs. British, David Vs. Goliath aspect. Frances Ouimet the 20 year old American. Goliath was Harry Vardon from Britain he was 43. Ouimet won.

1950s monopoly by NFL

Took two California city teams the 49ers and a team in Los Angeles. They neutralized another minor league-the Pacific Coast Football League- gave them a monopoly in the NFL.

Jesse Owens:

Track and field athlete who was the star of the Berlin Olympics in 1936 winning four gold medals and setting both Olympic and world records much to the dismay of Hitler.

Olympics and the Cold War

U.S and soviets, had competition to see who could have the better athletes. Sporting ideology: us vs. them we are better at sports and everything.

United States Lawn Tennis Association. 1881

USNLTA

New Middle Class

Victorianism ended so people were looking for more exhilarating activities and excitement and were much more tolerant especially in embracing sports.

Rational Recreation

Victorians allowed citizens to play in activities that refreshed the mind and body, as long as they were limited to the private sphere so there was no rowdy action. These games included reading newspapers, books, musical instruments and exercise Temperance organizations were acceptable by both sexes

Joe Carr

Was a manager of the Columbus Panhandlers and then made commissioner. He established uniform contracts for the players. Teams couldn't approach other teams unless they are a free-agent. Teams could not schedule games in other teams territories. Set up standings of teams so fans could know. Started playoff games in 1932. Huge impact for the of rules changes of 1933. Able to throw ball behind line of scrimmage, moved goalposts up to goal line. Also split leagues and had the top two play in the championship and also changed the size and shape of ball made it thinner.

Avery Brundage

Was an athlete in the omlympics and later became longtime head of the American Olympic Committee and eventually president of the IOC.

Luther Halsey Gulick

Was an instructor at the YMCA's headquarters in Springfield, MA and believed in the importance of balancing physical and mental conditioning

Conferences

Western Conference turned into Big 10. Started with the Univ. of Chicago.

back country farmers

Which group asked the King to send a Royal Governor to govern the colony.

Babe Didrikson

Winner of three medals in tack and field at the Los Angeles Olympic games. Women's team.

"Book of Sports"

Written by James I, known as the Declaration of Sports. Argued against Puritan vision of the Sabbath and the allowance of sports on Sundays Maytime festivities allowed as long as there was no neglect of Divine Services Not allowed: blood sports, bull and bear hunting, football, bowling

Walter Camp

Yale team captain for football and advisor to the team after his graduation. Creator of many innovations in the game including separating the two teams with a line of scrimmage. Eventually would be known as the "Father of American Football"

Jack Kramer

Younger than Tilden, he would cut school to go to the L.A tennis club to play Tilden. Looked up to Tilden he was his protige. Emerged as a great champion in the immediate post-war years, but was forced to retire due to an arthritic back in 1954. He made it his mission to open up the major (grand slam) to both professionals and amateurs.

Age of Boycott

for every Olympics through the 70s and 80s for Russia invading Afghanistan and then the U.S invading later. Also because of Apartheid.

Decline in Popularity of Baseball: Great depression

has big impact on the decline of baseball, 1929-1935. Babe Ruth also retired in 1935. Owners tried to cut ticket prices and cut players salaries and also they started playing at night. Owners started all-star games, hall of fame announced and they started broadcasting their games on the radio.

End of Amateurism

in 1981 Juan Samaranch, head of IOC, allows countries to send professional for the first time.

Age of the Pitcher: "Dead ball era"

only used one ball throughout the game. They could mess with the ball and they were softer and not as tightly wound. Also known as the "National Commission" period, due to the governing body of baseball from the time of the national agreement between the two leagues in 1903 and due to putting a commissioner in the game in 1920.

Connie Mack

the Tall Tactician (Irishman) was manager, clean-cut good guy, wore a suit in the dugout. Dominating team and Connie Mack was the kind of guy Ban Johnson wanted. No drinking or smoking and never argued. Also he was part owner and manager.