History of Women

When did Harvard grant women Ph.D.s for the first time?

-in 1963 -nearly 75 years after women began taking graduate classes

G. Stanley Hall

-"he was a sexist pig" -made statement to American Academy of Medicine when a year prior a woman had been appointed president of their organization

Horticulture Societies

-2 major changes 1) the development of agriculture 2) domestication of animals -no change in human biology, but major social change -*bridewealth*:paid by groom and his family; entitled him to wife's economic and sexual services and a claim to the children -with more time and invention of the plow people learned animals can do the work formerly done by women-->ended women's control over the food supply and their socioeconomic status -for the first time they became economically dependent on the men

Margaret Floy Washburn

-Cornell -first American woman to receive a ph.D doctorate in psychology - best known for her contributions to animal psychology and motor theory; wrote first textbook on comparative psychology -president of the American Psychological Association -denied an academic position at a research institution and limited to a teaching institution ---Felt men should be doing all the research

Suttee

-Hindu custom; the act or custom of a Hindu widow burning herself to death or being burned to death on the funeral pyre of her husband

foot binding

-began in china around 1000 A.D. -forcing foot into childrens shoes, 5 years old for the rest of your life

Women's Rights

-early America: few rights for women; married woman's property belonged to husband; no right to children -Before Revolutionary War and up to 1820: no education for women

double jeopardy

-ethnic minority women have been more disadvantaged in psychology and many other fields than white women -referred to as double jeopardy because of the minority women's participation in a culture that has valued neither women nor non-whites -there is now a division of APA called the Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues

Mary Whiton Calkins

-faculty member at Wellesley College -established first experimental psych labs in the US there -refused admission to Harvard as a doctoral candidate -was allowed to sit in on graduate seminars at Harvard and out-performed all the men on exams -still wouldn't give her the degree from Harvard, but said they would give her one from Radcliffe -she said no *in 1905, elected first woman president of the American Psychological Association* know this -ranked 12th in leading psychologist in the US

Inez Prosser

-first African American woman to earn a doctoral degree. She received an Ed.D. in Educational Psychology from the University of Cincinnati in 1933 -1 year later (1934) she was killed in an automobile accident -oldest of 11 children and established a fund that allowed her siblings to attend college--6 of them finished college -

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

-first poem published at age 14 -1916, Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology, Columbia University -One of 14 women listed in the American "Men of Science" -best known for her contributions to giftedness in children and the psychology of women; she pioneered the study of gifted children in education and coined the term "gifted"

Christine Ladd-Franklin

-first woman to attend Johns Hopkins -first american woman to complete all requirements for ph.D. in math -earned ph.D in logic and math from johns hopkins (in 1882) but was NOT awarded the degree until 1926 when she was 78 -conducted vision research under Helmholtz -introduced theory of color vision to International Congress of Psych -instructor at Clark and Harvard -instructor at U of Chicago -instructor at Columbia -ranked as one of the 50 most important psychologists in American "men of science"

Men/women in primitive society

-hunting and gathering societies-->predominant form during 99% of human history -kinship tended to favor males, but it didn't matter-->no real property ownership

feelings about genital mutilation

-most reported being very excited in anticipation of their circumcision, and many were pleased about it being planned or envious of others who had it done -on the other hand some were afraid, had little idea of what was about to happen, and reported not wanting it to be done -AFTER it happened: extreme pain, ill, fear, and unhappiness

1) Kinship

-patrilineal and matrilineal societies *-matriarchal and patriarchal:* whether the society is female dominated or male dominated

Industrialized societies

-position of women continued to decline as men took over the tasks formerly done by women and transferred these tasks from the home to the factory -women not encouraged to work-->factory work incompatible with childrearing -male workers organized into trade unions to collectively bargain for more pay--women were excluded--barring them from better paying jobs -family wage concept-->if men paid enough, women wouldn't have to work -"Protective" legislation passed limiting number of hours a woman could work and number of pounds she could lift -By first half of 19th century, increasing number of women moving into industry - paid 1/7 to ¼ what men were paid

Purdah

-system of excluding women and enforcing high standards of modesty (walking behind the man, eating last, speaking only when spoken to)

3) Technology

-the information, techniques, and tools used to adapt the material resources of the environment to subsistence needs

2) Subsistence base

-the way a society obtains or satisfies the basic necessities of life

biological determinism

-they are what they are and nothing can change that -social/cultural variability -if biology is destiny, how do we explain those percentages?

abolitionist movement

-women's movement grew out of abolitionist movement -conflict began when the 14th and 15th amendments gave the vote to African Americans but not to women

19th Amendment

-women's right to vote -passed in 1920

3 basic features of Human Society

1) Kinship 2) Subsistence base 3) Technology -these have a strong influence on the social organization of a society and the gender patterns within it -for 99% of human the roles of men and women were equal

genital mutilation

?? reasons: -religious requirement -tradition who initiates it? -grandmother who performs it? -traditional birth attendant mean age of circumcision: -5.7 years how is it done? -razor blade how is it cleaned? -Dettol -herbal mixture how was the wound sutured? -legs were bound together -thorns inserted to hold labia in place