History Quiz 1

Virginia Baptists

-Church of England establishment in the southern states -Baptists were at times persecuted -In Virginia persecution was especially widespread -Greatest response of the gospel too -In 1768 John Waller spent 6 weeks in jail for refusing to stop preaching Baptist were transformed In 1740 - before the great awakening About 46 churches and 3,500 members In 1790 867 churches and 65,000 members In 50 years, Baptists grew by 19 times - Particular Baptist (GB seem to be cold)

Navigation Acts

1650-166-1663-1696- British regulations designed to protect British shipping from competition. Said that British colonies could only import goods if they were shipped on British-owned vessels and at least 3/4 of the crew of the ship were British

King Phillip's War

1675- series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Phillip. The war was started whehn the Mass. gov't tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local indians. The colonists won w/ the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up an additional Indian lands for expansion.

Pueblo Revolt

1680 occurred in present day New Mexico. The spanish came in and tried to force the people to cover to christianity. They arrest the pueblo holy men and some of them are put to death. As revenge, Pope ( a pueblo man) leads a revolt against the spanish and kill 400 spaniards all together and 35 priests. Spanish are forced to leave the area. The significance: when the spanish arrive 13 years later, they realize they cannot force the pueblo to christianity. For a time they lived in harmony w/ one another.

Maryland Toleration Act

Act of Religious Toleration (1649) Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom of all Christians

William Berkeley

British colonial governor of Virginia from 1642-52. Led to Bacon's rebellion in 1676, which he ruthlessly suppressed. Poor frontier defense.

Freemen

Colonial period; term used to describe indentured servants who had finished their terms of indenture and could live freely on their own land.

Roger Williams

English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism. Rhode Island, 1635- nHe left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island ( only colony at the time to offer complete religious freedom)

Massachusetts Bay Company

English settlement on the each coast of N. Amer ( Massachusetts Bay) in the 17th century, in New England, present-day cities of Salem and Boston. The territory administered by the colony included present day central New England ( massachusetts, Maine, New Hamp, RI, and conn). Founded by : religious reformers who did NOT withdraw from the Church of England. Consisted of puritans who intended to reform the church from within.

William Penn

Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718) A prominent Quaker and friend of Charles II that was given the land between Maryland and New York. He promised religious freedom as well as trial by jury and an elected legislator. Also he widely advertized Pennsylvania through flyers printed in English, Dutch, and German. B. His efforts created a large number of people traveling to Pennsylvania as well as a very well run colony from the beginning.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, w/ Bacon as the leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Jamestown

Founded in 1607.The first permanent English settlement in America. Named after King James I of England,

Roger Williams

He left the Mass. colony and purchased the land form a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island.

Society w/ Slaves vs. Slave Societies

In a society w/ slaves, slaves are an incidental part of the society. The society's laws and its social structure are not built around slavery. There is other labor as well. Slave society is completely built around slavery. Slavery is integral to the way people thing and the way they act. This society that could not exist, economically or socially, without slavery Slavery was just an economic element of the colonies before the 1680s, after Bacon's Rebellion and the Glorius Revolution, slavery became a governed institution of the colonies and dominated all aspects of the southern society.

Indentured Servants vs. slaves

Indentured servants- people who voluntarily surrendered their freedom for a specific time( 5-7 years) in exchange for passage to America

Tobacco

John Rolfe, was one the English settlers in Jamestown (married to Pocahontas) discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Viriginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Charter of Privileges

Penn free worship to all

Indentured Servants

People who agreed to work from 3-7 years for free passage to the colonies

Salem Witchcraft Crisis

Period of Hysteria in 1692. When a group of teenage girls accused neighbors of bewitching them; 1- months, 19 people were executed and hundreds imprisoned. The hysteria subsided when the girls accused the more prominent individuals in the colony.

William Bradford

Pilgrim, 2nd governor of the Plymouth colony (1621-1657). He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. Helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and indian attacks.

Puritanism

Puritans wanted to purify the English Church and restore worship to " pure and unspotted" condition of its earlier days. Puritans opposed the elaborate rituals of the English Church. Puritans believed in predestination, or John Calvin's doctrine that God has already decided who will achieve salvation and who will not. They were a group of religious reformists who wanted to " purify" the Anglican Church. Their idea started with John Clavin in the 16th century, and 1st began to leave England in 1608. Later voyages came in 1620 w/ the Pilgrims and in 1629, which was the Massachusetts Bay colony.

South Carolina Rice Cultivation

Rice was a high value item in Britain so South Carolinians attempted to cultivate it. They failed at their first attempts but they used knowledge from their new African slaves who had perfected rice growing practices. At the same time Indigo was grown because it was a commodity in Britain as well and it complemented Rice because they grew in different locations and seasons. B. Both items helped stimulate the growing Carolinian economy and both called upon the knowledge of newly implemented African slaves to grow properly.

Pilgrims

Separatists, led by William Bradford, who established the first English Settlement in New England. Pilgrims believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Separatists groups were illegal in England, so the Pilgrims fled to America and settled in Plymouth.

Atlantic Creoles

Slaves born in the New World.

The Slave Trade

Slaves were packed into airless holds of slave ships Many did not survive the "middle passage" Large labor force need to make American colonies profitable, sugar had labor intensive crop work, Native Americans died quickly. 70% of 1st year contract

Predestination

The Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned.

Contract Theory of government

Thomas Hobbes was an advocate of this theory. Under the social contract theory, the people have surrendered the right of self governance to the state and given the state the power required to maintain order. It was the belief of Hobbes that the people did not have the right to break the agreement. Therefore, under the Hobbes view of the Social Contract theory, the government was not subject to the will of the people. Locke and Rousseau further developed the Social Contract theory to what we know today. It is based on the people having the right to change the government if the government fails to perform its side of the contract. In fact, Rousseau stressed that the people had the obligation to change the government if the government failed in its obligations.

Calvinism

a branch of Protestantism started by John Calvin,emphasizing human powerlessness before an omniscient God and stressing the idea of predestination

Headright

a legal grant of land to settlers. Headrights are most notable for their role in the expansion of the 13 British colonies in N. America. The Virginia company of London gave headrights to settlers, and the Plymouth Company followed suit. The headlight system was used in several colonies including Maryland, Georgia. N. Carolina and S. Carolina. Most headlights were 1-1000 acres of land, and were given to anyone willing to cross the Atlantic and help populate the colonies. Headlights were granted to anyone who would pay for the transportation costs of a laborer or indentured servant. These land grants consisted of 50 acres for someone newly moving to the area and 100 acres for people previously living in the area. By giving the land to the landowning masters the indentured servants had little or no chance to procure their own land. This kept many colonies poor and let to strife between the poor servants and wealthy landowners.

John Winthrop

a wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in New England after Plymouth Colony. Winthrop led the first large wave of migrants from England in 1630, and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years of existence. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the government and religion of neighboring colonies.

Congregationalists

believed the Anglican Church retained too many Catholic ideas and south to purify the Church of England; the Puritans believed in predestination ( man saved or damned at birth) and also held that God was watchful and granted salvation only to those who adhered to his goodness as interpreted by the church. The Puritans were strong in New England and very intolerant of other religious groups.

Contract Theory of Government

contract theory of government by John Locke during the Enlightenment. Governments derived "their just Powers from the consent of the people," who were entitled to "alter or abolish" those that denied their "unalienable rights" to "life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness." (power from the people). used for the Declaration of Independence & the Constitution

Mayflower Compact

first governing document of Plymouth Colony. Written by Separtists, known as " Saints" fleeing from religious persecution by King James of Great Britain.

Mercantalism

economic policy of Europe in the 1500s through 1700s. The gov't exercised control over industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than is imported. Possession of colonies provided countries both with sources of raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods. Great Britain exported goods and forced the colonies to buy them

The Enlightenment

encouraged the pursuit of reason in all things. " Age of Reason" was an intellectual and cultural movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith. Using the power of the press, Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, Isaac Newton, and Voltaire questioned accepted knowledge and spread new ideas about openness, investigation, and religious tolerance through Europe and the Americas.

New York Conspiracy

fter a quick series of trials at City Hall, known as the New York Conspiracy Trials of 1741, the government executed seventeen New Yorkers. Thirteen black men were publicly burned at the stake, while the others (including four whites) were hanged (Figure). Seventy slaves were sold to the West Indies. Little evidence exists to prove that an elaborate conspiracy, like the one white New Yorkers imagined, actually existed.In the wake of a series of fires throughout New York City, rumors of a slave revolt led authorities to convict and execute thirty people, including thirteen black men who were publicly burned at the stake. The events of 1741 in New York City illustrate the racial divide in British America, where panic among whites spurred great violence against and repression of the feared slave population. In the end, the Conspiracy Trials furthered white dominance and power over enslaved New Yorkers.

The Great Awakening

promoted a fervent, emotional religiosity. During the eighteenth century, the British Atlantic experienced an outburst of Protestant revivalism known as the First Great Awakening. (A Second Great Awakening would take place in the 1800s.) During the First Great Awakening, evangelists came from the ranks of several Protestant denominations: Congregationalists, Anglicans (members of the Church of England), and Presbyterians. They rejected what appeared to be sterile, formal modes of worship in favor of a vigorous emotional religiosity.ndividuals could bring about their own salvation by accepting Christ, an especially welcome message for those who had felt excluded by traditional Protestantism: women, the young, and people at the lower end of the social spectrum.The Great Awakening saw the rise of several Protestant denominations, including Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists (who emphasized adult baptism of converted Christians rather than infant baptism). These new churches gained converts and competed with older Protestant groups like Anglicans (members of the Church of England), Congregationalists (the heirs of Puritanism in America), and Quakers. The influence of these older Protestant groups, such as the New England Congregationalists, declined because of the Great Awakening. Nonetheless, the Great Awakening touched the lives of thousands on both sides of the Atlantic and provided a shared experience in the eighteenth-century British Empire

Quakers

religious society of friends. Religious groups that arose in England in the mid 1600s who were politically and religiously offensive to officials. Christian sect that promoted tolerance and pacifism. William Penn was an important leader of their community.

Rituals of the Middle Ground

rituals in middle ground Europeans sought trade with Natives, Natives beleived in gift giving system of trade, intercultural rituals to deal with murder

Forms of Resistance of African Americans

run aways usually went to Florida, Resisted attempts to make them work on Sundays, managed to have some autonomy, especially religious. Day-to-day resistance The Amistad, slave revolts, Nat Turner's Rebellion

Stono Rebellion

took place in South Carolina in September 1739. A literate slave named Jemmy led a large group of slaves in an armed insurrection against white colonists, killing several before militia stopped them. The militia suppressed the rebellion after a battle in which both slaves and militiamen were killed, and the remaining slaves were executed or sold to the West Indies. Jemmy is believed to have been taken from the Kingdom of Kongo, an area where the Portuguese had introduced Catholicism. Other slaves in South Carolina may have had a similar background: Africa-born and familiar with whites. If so, this common background may have made it easier for Jemmy to communicate with the other slaves, enabling them to work together to resist their enslavement even though slaveholders labored to keep slaves from forging such communities. In the wake of the Stono Rebellion, South Carolina passed a new slave code in 1740 called An Act for the Better Ordering and Governing of Negroes and Other Slaves in the Province, also known as the Negro Act of 1740. This law imposed new limits on slaves' behavior, prohibiting slaves from assembling, growing their own food, learning to write, and traveling freely.

Lower South

trade in the lower south rice prices climb.then due to war there is a depression, followed by huge growth in the 1760s

Anne Hutchinson

was a Puritan spiritual adviser, mother of 15, important participant in the ANTINOMIAN CONTROVERSY that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636-1638. Her strong religious convictions were at odds with the established Puritan clergy in the Boston area, and her popularity and charisma helped create a theological schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious experiment in New England. She was eventually tried and convicted, then banished from the colony with many of her supporters

Rhode Island

was a beacon of religious freedom. It had no established church, no religious qualifications for voting until the eighteenth century, and no requirement that citizens attend church. The assembly was electicted 2x per year, the governor annually, and the town meetings were held more frequently than other new England colonies.