History subtest 1

First Constitutional government

-New York capital, George Washington was president, April 30, 1789 John Adams was sworn in as vice president. -The first ten amendments to the Constitution were ratified. (know Bill of Rights) 1793, Congress passed a weak fugitive slave act, which made it illegal to hide escaped slaves. In same yr. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which led to a dramatic increase in the need for slaves. 1796- Washington's farewell as president with three gems of advice for country: 1. Avoid political parties based on geographic boundaries. 2. Avoid permanent alliances with foreign powers. 3. Safeguard the ability of America to pay its national debts.

Manufacturing

1,000,000 people employed producing goods throughout the state. It is still important underpinning of the state economy.

Other Explorers

1500s French through Jacques Cartier explored the Great Lakes. The french city of Quebec was founded about 1609. Henry Hudson under Dutch contract explored the East Coast and the Hudson River in the 1600s. The dutch established settlements under Peter Minuit in Manhattan about 1624. The dutch built the first road for wheeled vehicles in America about 1650. Disease was the most devastating impact of European colonization. Native Americans did not have natural immunity for all of the diseases. By 1700s there were more Europeans than Native Americans living in the US.

Spanish Exploration about

1520 Cortez conquered Mexico. Pizarro conquered Peru about 1530. The Spaniards imported slaves from Africa. Native civilizations were destroyed and natives were forced to convert to Catholicism. They imported diseases which wiped out the whole population of Natives. In US the Spanish established a fort in St. Augustine, Florida about 1565 and Santa Fe , New Mexico about 1610

Colonies of the 1700s

1740- there were 13 English Colonies all located along the Eastern Seaboard. These colonies grew in size and prosperity and developed diversified populations by the time of the revolutionary war.

Adam to Madison

1796- Adams had victory over Jefferson. In a controversial XYZ affair, France sought bribes from America. Concern about France led to the Alien Sedition Acts. These acts put pressure on non citizens and forbade writing that criticized the government. Some western states opposed these acts and wanted to nullify the Federal Acts in their state. In 1800 Aaron Burr and Jefferson were tied for the presidency in the Electoral college. Hamilton supported Jefferson. Four years later Burr killed Hamilton in a duel. In 1800 armed slaves revolted in Virginia leading to the execution of their leader Gaberial Prosser along with a number of his followers, a planned rebellion of many of slaves in South Carolina was thwarted leading to the execution of the leader Denmark Vesey and many of his followers. Jefferson arranged the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France, doubling the size of the country In 1804, Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the territory and open it for settlement. Madison was elected president in 1808 and again in 1812.

Missouri Compromise

1820 was a response to rapid westward expansion and slavery issue. It admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave and excluded slavery in the northern part of Louisiana Purchase. The compromise maintained the balance of free and slave states.

Meiji Period

1868-1912 Feudalism established under the Shogunates was outlawed and Japan started to develop an industrial economy. 1876 Samurai were forbidden to wear their swords Shintoism enjoyed a rebirth during this period. Japan actively sought contact with the western nations. And adopted a number of the Western customs and institutions. In 1889 the first Diet or parliament was established

Japan wars

1894 Japan entered a war with China over a dispute about Korea. Japan defeated China which made them a military power. 1904 Japan entered a war with Russia. They won and balanced. A power between east and west.

The Great Depression

1930s it hit CA like everywhere else. However, there was huge migration from the Dust Bowl . John Steinbeck's The Grape of Wrath chronicles the lives of these migration. Many came in search of work only to find that there was little work to be done. Many worked in the fields or in the ghettos. The CA emergence from the Depression is often linked to 1932 LA olympics construction of the Hoover Dam in nearby Nevada from 1932 to 1935, and the building of the golden gate from 1933 to 1937

El Camino Real

21 missions, 2 pueblos, and 4 presidos. By 1832 all the missions had been established. CA was still somewhat of a primitive Spanish Colonial province.

California

35,000 people live in California About 13 percent of US residents live in CA. CA was admitted at the 31st state on Sept. 9,1850. T he state capital is Sacramento. The state governor and 40 state senators are elected for four year terms while 80 members of the assembly are elected for two year terms. The entire 840 miles of the western border consists of coast line. The highest point in 48 contiguous US is the peak of Mount Whitney. (14,495 feet above) The lowest point in the US is at Death Valley. (282 feet below sea level) The height extremes are just about 100 miles apart in southeast part of the state.

Greece classic age

500 BC when Athens defeated Persia at Marathon and declined with the Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta. It was a time of great literature and great though. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle taught and wrote in Greece. Aristotle tutored Alexander the Great after he conquered Greece. Aeschylus wrote Oresteia Trilogy and Sophocles wrote Oedipus Rex.

The American Indian War

80 sporadic individual "wars" mainly in Western United States between the Native Americans and Americans settlers supported by the Untied States Army. In California, attacks against Native Americans accompanied the Gold Rush. Many of the most notable encounters occurred during and after the Civil War, mainly ending as the frontier closed. The wars were dated from 1622-1923. In the end, the US government forced treaties on Native Americans and placed many on reservations, primarily in western states.

Visitors before colombus

A number of groups visited the US before Columbus sailed. Sailors from Iceland, Europe, and Africa came to this continent before 1000 A.D It appears that Celtic and Norse settlements were established in North America between 1000 and 1300 A.D These settlements were not maintained.

Hellenistic Age

A period of time when Ancient Greek and Asian cultures mixed. Alexander the Great died. His conquests spread the Greek culture among the world. Roman Empire took over Greece. It was a time of great scientific and mathematical development. Euclid wrote elements in the third cen.

The civil war

Abraham Lincoln was the central figure of the Civil War. His election as President in 1860 on a platform of anti-slavery was a catalyst for southern states' secession. He led the nation through the troubled years of 1861 until his assassination in 1865, just before the war ended.

The twentieth century

Ag, oil, citrus, and movie industries became big in CA. In 1920s, huge oil deposits were discover in SoCal. The growth in the number of cars was more than twice the population. The Panama Canal opened in 1914 and made it easier to ship parts to CA. Against wishes of farmers and conservatives aqueducts and dams were built to provide water for San Fran and LA. Battle of water included Sabotage of aqueducts continued through the first third of the century. Dams and canals were built in Central CA to help family farmers get water to irrigate their lands. Graft favoritism, and kick-backs were the rule rather than the exception. A progressive movement emerged to counter these forces.

Revolutionary War- 1778

American forces suffered through a harsh winter in Valley, Forge. While British forces were much better accomadated in NY and Philadelphia marched in NY under the new British general, Clinton. The British forces narrowly avoided defeat at the Battle of Monmouth in June. Late that year, British forced conquered Georgia.

Andrew Johnson

Andrew Johnson was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as he was vice president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln

The SAN FRAN fires and eathquakes

April 18,1906 @ 5:12 am by 5:14 am it was all over. One of the strongest earthquakes in the world shook San Fran and it's neighboring regions. The land along the San Andreas fault cracked for a distance of 290 miles and had slipped up 20 ft. The magnitude was about 7.9 / 8.0 on the Richter scale. A fire burned for four days. Troops used unsuccessful attempts to stop the fire. USS Chicago evacuated 20,000 inhabitants by sea. It was one of the most largest seaborne evacuation in world history. 30,000 buildings were destroyed. 3,000 died because of earthquake and fire. The rebuilding was marked by graft and bribes.

Ethnic diversity in CA

Asian 14% Black 7% Caucasian 38% Latino 38% Native American 2% Pacific Islander .8%

Modoc war

Between 1865 and 1869 Kintpuash and his followers moved three times to their assigned reservation, but they were treated poorly there and did not always remain within its boundaries. Pressure to force the Modocs to comply with the treaty's provisions increased after the document was ratified in 1869. By 1871, 159 Modocs still refused to move back to the Oregon reservation. In November 1872 President Ulysses S. Grant gave orders to force the Modocs back. On 29 November the war began with the Battle of Lost River. The United States cavalry, commanded by Captain James Jackson, opened fire on Kintpuash's camp, forcing the Modocs to split up and flee to the Lava Beds in Northern California. En route, Hooker Jim and his men killed eleven male settlers. Kintpuash learned of these killings when Hooker Jim reached the Lava Beds. Over the next two months three major battles occurred as U.S. troops sought to infiltrate the Lava Beds: Battle of Land's Ranch, First Battle for the Stronghold, First Battle of Scorpion Point. On 29 January 1873 President Grant appointed a peace commission, headed by General Edward R. S. Canby, to meet with the Modocs to cease hostilities and persuade them to return to the reservation. Between February and March negotiations continued with the assistance of two primary interpreters, Winema (Toby Riddle) and her husband Frank Riddle. In April, Winema visited the Lava Beds and returned to warn Canby of the Modocs' intentions to kill the peace commissioners if they did not comply with Modoc demands of a reservation along Lost River and exoneration for the murderers of the settlers. Canby ignored Winema's warnings and proceeded with the meeting on 11 April 1873. At this meeting Kintpuash and his men tried to negotiate, but Canby refused to listen, demanding their unconditional surrender. The Modocs carried out their plans, killing Canby (the highest ranking officer killed in the Indian Wars of the nineteenth century), Reverend Eleasar Thomas, and L. S. Dyar, and wounding Alfred Meacham.Four battles that followed (Second Battle for the Stronghold, Second Battle of Scorpion Point, Battle of Dry Lake, and Battle of Willow Creek Ridge) brought the army closer to the Modocs' stronghold, forcing them to disperse. Kintpuash surrendered on 1 June 1873. He and five other Modocs (John Schonchin, Boston Charley, Black Jim, Slolux, and Barncho) stood trial and were sentenced to hang. Slolux and Barncho's sentences were commuted to life imprisonment at the military prison on Alcatraz; the other four Modocs were hanged on 3 October. The government exiled the remaining 153 Modocs to Indian Territory. During eight months of warfare 159 Modoc men, women, and children fought 1,000 U.S. soldiers. In all 83 U.S. soldiers, 3 Modocs, and 14 other Native Americans died in the war.

1770 Boston Massacre

British troops fired on threatening crowd of colonial protesters, killing five including Crispus Attucks, an escaped slave, in the Boston Massacre. The British soldiers were defended in court by patriots including John Adams, leading to the acquittal of most of the soldiers by a Boston jury. Testimony as the trail left unanswered questions about the confrontation.

Proclamation of 1763

British won the French and Indian War they singled the proclamation of 1763, which forbade English colonial expansion west of the Appalachian Mountains. The proclamation was designed to avoid conflicts with Indians and to make it easier to tax the colonists. It angered many colonists.

Revolutionary War-1775

Bunker Hill and Concord and Lexington took place in 1775. Fighting also broke out in Virginia.

Mexican Independence

By 1800s, Mexico was a huge province that included most of what is now Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and Nevada. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. Mexican had control over California. An outcome of conflict and pressure to get rid of anything of the Spanish rule, includes, the missions which controlled California's valuable land. In 1834 Gov. Jose Figueroa ordered that missions be secularized and ordered half of the lands to be distributed to Native Americans. This did not happen. Most property was granted to the ranchos to prominent Californios, native-born Californians, or to those who could prove they were mexican and not Spanish Citizens.

The civil war and aftermath

CA was a Union State. About 17,000 Californians fought/ volunteered fir the Union Cause. The main duty was for them to control the native americans. They also guarded overland mail and protected the west coast. Immigration to CA increased after the civil war. There was conflict with the new immigrants and the Native Americans and the government. Many native Americans were either killed from disease or killed.

Railroads

Chinese immigrants who came to work on the railroads were banned from immigration by 1890. The railroads stimulated the economy and created a unified US.

Revolutionary War- 1780

Clinton captured Charleston, South Carolina. Cornwallis took over the southwestern army, and he returned to NY. Cornwallis defeated the American forces under gates. Things were looking bleak for the US forces, and American General Benedict Arnold became a traitor. Then American forces under George Rogers clark won a battle in the northwest while frontiersmen defeated Cornwallis in North Carolina.

Mexican-American War

Commodore Stout US Navy commander in the Pacific on orders sailed into Monterey. He claimed CA to be a possession of the US. Within several days a USA flag replaced the bear flag and flew over Monterey Bay. The bear flag lasted a month, but in symbolism remained CA flag. It was mostly fought outside of CA. Stephen Kearny and 300 troops marched from Fort Leavensworth Kansas to Sante Fe New Mexico. Then with 100 troops and the famous scout Kit Carson Kearny moved to CA. Californios prevailed in number but were not strong enought to encounter the US. Mexico was also fighting the US and could not come to the Californios aid. Andres Pico the brother of the Mex. Gov of Cali surrendered the Californios to American forces at Cahuenga and singed the Capitulation of Cahuenga. The capitulation ended the Mexican- American war and Made California part of the US. John Fremont signed the Capitulation even though he did not fight. The war continued on Sept. 14,1847 US forces occupied Mexico city. In 1848 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war. Mexico gave the US all the lands in Mexico claimed north of the current border and paid the US 15,000,000. California was officially a part of the US and the Manifest destiny of the country had been fulfilled.

Revolutionary War- 1781

Cornwallis was beset by American guerrillas including Francis Marion, the swamp fox. Corwallis moved into Virginia and maneuvered himself into a trap at Yorkstown. Surrounded by American forces on the land and the French fleet in Chesapeake Bay, Corwallis surrendered on October 17, 1781, effectively ending the war.

Classical civilization : Greece

Crete was inhabited by the Minoans about 2600-1250 BC. During this time the ancient city of Troy was built. The Mainland was inhabited by Mycenaeans since about 2000 BC. Dorian invasions from the North around 1200 BC led to the defeat of the Mycenaeans and to the Greek Dark Age from 1200 to 750 BC were famous Greek city states. Draco was harsh Athenian leader and democracy was established in 527 BC the Parthenon was built in Athens. In Sparta, each male became a soldier at the age of 7.

Egypt

Divided into seven periods. Pharaohs became dirties during the old kingdom. Most pyramids were built during the Forth dynasty. Horse drawn chariots marked the second intermediate period. The Egyptians invaded Palestine and enslaved the Jews during the New Kingdom. King Tutankhamen reigned in this first millennium . Egypt was controlled by many leaders including Alexander the Great! Beginning around 2160 Bc a century of weak pharaohs civil war, and famines weakens Egypt. They came together in the Middle Kingdom. 1650 BC foreign countries armies invaded and took over Egypt. During the New Kingdom Egypt stretched along the Nile River and occupied the coast of the Mediterranean out of Africa and in Palestine and Syria. The ceased to be a dominant force in 750 BC . In 30 BC they came under control of the Roman Empire.

The New Nation

During this time, Americans established their government and two parties emerged--the Federalists and the Republicans. Americans had a lot to deal with during this period. They had to struggle with the need to increase taxes to pay for the American Revolution as well as deal with the French Revolution which divided American support between France and Britain. Under President Jefferson, the country expanded westward with the purchase of the Louisiana territory and the Lewis and Clark expedition. The War of 1812 against Britain, sometimes called the Second War of American Independence, lasted three years. After the war, a mood of nationalism existed as people focused on events and issues at home. However, troubles were brewing, particularly on the topic of slavery.

1764 Sugar Act

English gov. was in serious debt after the war. The english gov. levied a sugar tax on the colonies to help pay for the war. Colonists protested this tax saying it was "taxations without representation."

Revolutionary War-1779

Fighting took place around the British main headquarters in NY. Late in the year Clinton took the British army south.

Beginnings of California

Fossil evidence confirms that the watch is covered with geological plates land masses that creep slowly across the Earths surface. Most of California was underwater until geological forces between the Pacific Plate and North American Plate pushed up mountains to create much of modern day California. For the last 30 million years or so, the Pacific Plate has been moving northwest and inch or so a year scraping against the North American Plate along the San Andreas fault. The land to the west of the fault is on Pacific Plate. Tens of millions of years ago that part of coastal California on the Pacific Plate was in Mexico. In another 30 million years that part of coastal California may well be in current day Alaska. That means the Pacific Plate will move an average of about 6 or 7 feet in an average lifetime. The movements tends to occur suddenly, which explains much of earthquake risk in California.

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed all slaves in the confederate states.

Indian War

Government moved Native Americans onto reserved areas. In 1887 under the Dawes Severalty Act, the Federal government tried to move Native Americans from reservation to society. The effort failed, the Native Americans continued to be treated poorly.

Revolutionary War- 1782-1783

Great Britain withdrew from the colonies. In 1783, Britain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris, which gave the US lands east of the Mississippi.

Japan

Had early civilization by 3000 Bc it remained primarily society overturned by successful invasions of Mongols and Malays. Chinese referred to Japan as a backward nation. Shinto religion was a cult of. Afire and ancestor worship. Buddhism was introduced around 550 AD and quickly spread. Throughout the country. Japan was in the shadow of china.

Literature

Horatio Alger's rags to riches stories were popular. Mark Twain wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1884. Joseph Pulitzer introduced a yellow comic page in his newspaper Yellow journalism came to mean sensationalized journalism.

Early Africa

Humans are believed to be developed in Africa about 250,000 years ago. The first towns were found in the Nile River valley about 4500 BCE. About 3000 BCE sophisticated civilizations developed throughout Egypt. The Egyptians had hieroglyphics and invented a calendar still in use today.

Jackson

In 1824, Jackson entered the Electoral college with more electoral than any other candidate, but not a majority. He still lost in House of Representatives to J.Q Adams. In 1828 Jackson was elected president. In this year, people voted directly for electors in all but 2 of 24 states. Jackson used "kitchen cabinet" of friends to advise him on important issues. Jackson favored the removal of Native Americans to reservations and ignored supreme court decisions. The age of Jackson marks a time of increased democracy in the US.

Revolutionary War-1777

In Jan. of 1777. Had a successful attack at Princeton, NJ. Washington spent the remainder of the winter in camp of Morristown, NJ. The British under Howe, attacked and occupied the American capital at Philadelphia. The fighting delayed Howe's planned move to Saratoga, NY. This allowed American Militia under Horatio Gates to defeat British troops invading from Canada at Saratoga. The victory moved the french to openly recognize America. The French joined the war as allies in 1778. This action by French was the decisive moment in the Revolutionary War. Washington's forces spent the winter in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.

War of 1812

In June 1812, the US declared war on Great Britian. Early American victories at sea were followed by a failed American invasion of Canada. The U.S.S constitution (Old Ironsides) and "We have met the enemy and they are ours." Admiral Perry was active in this conflict. The British sacked and burned public buildings, including the White Hose in Washington and unsuccessfully attacked Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland. Francis Scott Key wrote "The Star spangled Banner." while a prisoner on a British ship off Fort McHenry. After the war had been declared officially over, communication was so slow that Andrew Jackson fought and defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans. Federalists had oppose the war and ceased to exist as a viable political party. In the wake of the Federalist collapse, Monroe was elected president in 1816 and again in 1820. In treaties with Spain and England, under the leadership of John Quincy Adams, the US established borders with Canada, acquired Florida from Spain, and gave up any claims to Texas.

Revolutionary War-1776

In March, Washington laid siege to Boston. The British sent forces to New York Washington failed his attempt ti drive the British out of New York and withdrew across New Jersey to Pennsylvania. Washington led a successful surprise attack against Hessian mercenaries fighting for the British in Trenton, New Jersey, in December 1776.

1774 First Continental Congress

In September, representatives from each colony except Georgia met at the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. The congress called on the colonies to boycott goods from England until the English repealed the tax on the tea and opened Boston Harbor. Massachusetts minutemen armed themselves and were declared in rebellion parliament.

Recent Cultures

In Southwest US the Anasazi (Pueblo) culture developed 500 C.E. Hopi and Pueblo Indians built wall towns some on the sides of inaccessible mountains or on mesas. 600 BC mound- building culture developed from the Mississippi River into Ohio. Cahokia culture had a population of 30000 on the east side of the Mississippi river near St. Louis. During 750 A.D a nomadic culture came about. They lived in tepees as they followed herds of bison. The OG tribe includes the Blackfoot. Around 1400 A.D Navajos and Apaches Native Americans migrated from Canada to the southwest. The Nez Pierce Spokane, Okanagon, and Walla Walla tribes inhabited the Northwestern US. Each had advanced agriculture and cultural traditions. By 1500 A.D advanced Native American cultures existed across North America. They were sophisticated, organized cultures that lacked only the technological developments around Europe and Asia.

The name

In about 1510 the Spanish explorer Garci Ordonez de Montalvo wrote Las Sergas de Esplandian (the deeds of Esplandian) in which he describes a fictional place called California. He wrote "know ye that at the right hand of the Indies there is an island named California" the island everywhere abounds with gold." It seems that Cortes or someone in his entourage was familiar with this story. When the explorer marched North from Mexico he thought they were approaching this fabled island, hence the name. These explorers expected to find gold as abundant in California as the story indicates.

Native american civilization- immigration

Indians came to this continent around 30000 years ago. They passed over a bridge near what is now Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska. They spread throughout all of North, Central, and South America. Columbus was most likely the first to use the named Indian because he believed he arrived in the Indies in Asia. When Europeans first arrived 70 million to 90 million Native Americans throughout the North and South America. 40 percent lived in South America, most in the Indies. 30 percent lived in MExico, with another ten percent in Central America and less than a million on the Caribbean Islands. Less than 10 percent of Native Americans lived in what is now the US and Canada.

English Colonization

John Cabot reached North American mainland in 1497 and claimed the land for England. 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh established the lost colony on Roanoke Island just off the North Carolina coast. The settlement failed and all that was left was the word Cratoan carved in a tree. In 1607 the English established Jamestown, Virgina, under John Smith. Tabacco exports sustained the colony, and slaves from Africa were brought to Jamestown in 1619. One third of African slaves died on ships during their journey. In that same year, the House Of Burgresses was formed in Virgina as the first elected governing body in America. in 1620, Pilgrims left England on the Mayflower to escape religious persecution. The pilgrims established a colony at Provincetown and then a second colony at Plymouth in December 1620. The pilgrims drafted and recieved popular approval for the Mayflower Compact as a way of governing their colony.

Latitude and Longitude

Latitude lines run: east to west Longitude lines run: north to south. Latitude lines run parallel to the equator and measure the distance north or south of the equator. Latitude ranges from 0 degrees at the equator to 90 degrees North or 90 degrees South at the poles. Longitude lines run parallel to the Prime Meridian, which runs through greenwhich, England. Longitude measures the distance east and west of this line. Longitude ranges from zero degrees at the Prime Meridian to 180 degrees East or 180 degrees west. We express latitude and longitude in degrees, minuets, and sometimes seconds. Each degree is subdivided into 60 min. The easternmost part part of the state along the Colorado River is about 115 degrees West Longitude. The westernmost part of the coast is between 123 degrees and 124 degrees West Longitude. The southernmost part of the state at the Mexican border is between 32 degrees and 33 degrees North Latitude. The northernmost part of the state at the Oregon border is at 42 degrees North Latitude.

Shoguns

Military leaders of the bakufu. Japanese emperors had always been seen as powerful, godlike figures. But around 1150 AD Shoguns were permanent leaders of Japan leaving the emperors with only ceremonial duties. Japan was reduced to a group of warring states. 1600 the strong Tokugawa shogunate was formed. They ruled until 1868 under heir leadership christians were persecuted and in 1639 foreign ships were not allowed in Japan and their waters. This isolation lasted until American Commodore Perry forced Japan to sign a treaty in 1853 opening trade with the West.

Missions

Missions: The use of missions in Spanish conquest was a fairly new enterprise during the imperial Age due to: Increased consolidation of Church doctrine. Reaction to heterodox doctrines-counter- reformation. Mission to mold new orthodox Christian societies out of non-christian foreign societies. Purpose of Missions: GOAL: to convert and help establish independent native communities within the Spanish Empire. A temporary institution intended to foster religious conversion, commerce, and agricultural enterprises within native communities. Missions was supposed to be secularized after 10 yrs. Natives became dependent on missions. Missions as institutions: The Franciscans established and ran the missions in Alta CA. Father- president Junipero Serra founded first nine missions in Alta California. Father-president Fermin Francisco de Lasuen doubled the number of missions and improved missions' success. MISSION FACILITIES: Contained fields, orchards, crops, livestock, productions of soap, candle, wool products, leather products, and ironwork. Contained small barracks for defense. in 1769, sent 3 expeditions to San Diego and Monterey. One by sea, and two by land. Under the command of Gasper de Portola. Father Serra, a Cathloic priest, led one expedition. In 1769 he established the firs mission wooden cross in San Diego.

Monroe

Monroe and John Quincy Adams established the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, 1. the Americas were off limits for further colonization, 2. the political system in the US was different from Europe, 3. the US would see danger if European states meddled in the Western Hemisphere, and 4. the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of other states or their established colonies.

Columbus

Never reached the mainland of North America, but he landed throughout the Caribbean and established a settlement in what is now the Dominican Republic. 4 years voyages from Spain

Earliest inhabitants: pre Columbia through Gold Rush

Nomadic hunters most likely crossed the Bering Strait between Asia and North America when it was a grassy area. These native americans were the first people to inhabit California and the US. The immigration continued and these groups slowly migrated throughout California and east throughout the US. About 5500 B.C.E these nomadic people started to settle and established villages near the coast. The tribes grew to over 100 with many different language groups. Even though there were many different languages, these California Natives were truly prehistoric in the sense that there was no written language. The Native Americans was over 250,000 by 1500 C.E The lack of distant communication , the absence of organizations, and the relative isolation spelled trouble for these Native Americans with the start of European exploration and settlement. They were killed by disease, slaughtered by modern weapons, separated from their families, and enslaved in the name of religion.

1775

On April 18,1775, British general Gage left Boston to commander arms at Concord. Paul Revere and William Dawes rode out to alert the minutemen. The British first ran into the Minutemen in Lexington. The first shot was fire but no one knows by whom. There were American and English dead. British destroyed supplies at the concord but were decimated by minuteman attacks on the march back to Boston. Hostilities had begun. George Washington commander - in- chief. The congress asked Britain for discussions about American Independence, but was rebuked. George, a slave owner encouraged blacks whom were not slaves to join the Continental Army. The british promised freedom to slaves who joined the British Army. George attacked colonists on the top of Breed Hill. The British won the battle but at a tremendous cost, establishing the fighting ability of colonial forces.

WW2

PAUL RHODE ARTICLE- Paul Rhode - challenged Nash thesis Argues - Wartime boom was a result of existing industrial dynamism and past achievements - not the cause of World War II did bring about an "intense boom" GERALD NASH ARTICLE- Gerald Nash - Thesis WWII - an era of massive growth for California California economy consisted primarily of raw material sent to eastern manufacturers for production before WWII TYPES OF INDUSTRIES: California possessed the industries needed in war Federal Government poured 35 billion into CA from 1940-1946 - more than 10% of U.S. wartime expenditures Increased production in steel, chemicals, textiles, machine tools, ship building, aircraft, electronics and agriculture Brought California out of depression New jobs brought many people out of unemployment Industrial expansion brought rapid increase in population Labor shortage - companies hired minorities and women MILITARY/ MANUFACTURING New Military Campus: California - a prime location Ideal and diverse terrain for training - amphibious or desert warfare Staging area and depot for Pacific theater New Camps San Francisco Naval Shipyard Treasure Island Naval Station Camp Pendleton Camp Roberts Castle Base, Camp Parks, and Travis Base Ship Building Industry Originally centered in SF, ship building expanded into LA and San Diego Employment increased from 4,000 to 260,000 Henry Kaiser Low-cost Housing to reduce growth strain Kaiser Foundation Health Plan Kaiser's Richmond yard produced ¼ of all the Liberty ships produced in the US Reduced ship/freighter construction from 250 to 25 days Aircraft Industry - Before WWII 1916 - Allen and Malcolm Loughead - founded Lockheed in Santa Barbara and later moved to Burbank 1920s - Donald Douglas - built planes for the Army Four main wartime aircraft manufacturers had their plants in Southern California Douglas Northrop Lockheed/Vega North American One in San Diego Convair Employment in aircraft increase from 20,000 in 1939 to 280,000 in 1944 Other Industries Metal Industry - steel California relied less on imported steel Bethlehem Steel and U.S. Steel had plants in San Francisco Agriculture Demand for produce increased Bracero Program established to address labor shortage Synthetic Rubber - due to lack of natural rubber Electronics - sonar and radar Science Programs - Universities Programs in Cal Tech, Stanford, UCLA, UC Berkeley, and UCLA research weapons technology such as homing missiles and torpedoes UC Berkeley - development of atomic bomb J. Robert Oppenheimer - lead the Manhattan Project back East Ernest O. Lawrence of UC Berkley - developed cyclotron or "atom smasher" Lawrence also synthesized new elements such as neptunium, uranium 235, and plutonium Women and Minorities Women in war-time industry Acquired jobs that would traditionally not accept them Also assumed roles in chemistry, engineering, railroad, law, journalism, banking, retail, and education African Americans in California Increase from 1.8% to over 4.4% of CA population by 1950 Made up over 7% of war industry's work force State adopted federal Fair Employment Practices Commission - barred discrimination in war industries Faced housing discrimination - Restricted Covenants Problems with Wartime Expansion Population concentration in LA, San Diego, and SF Housing shortage Lack of materials and labor for construction Some factories provided bunkhouses and dorms Federal Housing Authority - subsidized construction of single family houses Municipal Services stretched Sewers, gas, water, electricity, and telephones Road repairs delayed Schools oversaturated - Richmond schools had 3,000 children in 1940 and 35,000 in 1943

1765

Quartering Act. The act required colonial governments to pay for the supplies for British troops and to quarter these troops in barracks and inns and taverns. The stamp act required legal papers, college degrees, policies, newspaper, and playing cards to carry a tax stamp. The act was protested vehemently and eventually repealed by Britain. These acts led to many colonial reactions. Patrick Henry spoke against the acts in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Revolutionary groups called Sons of Liberty was formed.

Statehood

September 3, 1849, 48 delegates met in Monterey and drew up the first constitution for California. The delegates were in their 30's. 8 were og Californios including: Mariano Vallejo (most did not speak english). The delegates while drawing up California borders ignored/ excluded the territory Mexico gave California. California constitution specifically permitted a woman to own property independent from her her husband. California was the first state to give women land ownerships rights. Voting rights were another matter. California was a free state. This was a problem when congress was asked to approve statehood. The number of free and slave states were kept the same. The agreement to entact a tough fugitive slave law that California was admitted as a state when President Millard Fillamore signed the statehood resolution Sept. 9, 1850.

Sherman's March

Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman taking place from November 15, 1864 to December 21, 1864. which followed the successful Atlanta Campaign. After leaving the decimated city of Atlanta on November 16, Sherman led his troops on a destructive campaign which concluded with the capture of the port city of Savannah on December 21. It is known for its boldness as well as the sheer destruction inflicted on the south, both to its industry as well as military targets, effectively destroying the Confederate's capacity to wage war.

Homestead Act

Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862, the Homestead Act encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land.

Information Technology and Electronics

Silicon Valley is known as a leading hub and start up high-tech innovation and development. 33% of all venture capital investment in the US. It includes Santa Clara valley, the southern half of the peninsula and souther portions of the East Bay. It employees over 250,000 tech workers.

Bear Flag Revolt

Texas declared, it's independence from Mexico in 1836. Texas became a separate nation after a series of battles that included Golidad and the Alamo. It became a state in 1845. In the midst of this was John Fremont of the US army. He was a surveyor and mapmaker who enter California late in 1845 with about 60 men. He was supposed to map California but caused problems for the California Gov. When he heard about the edict preventing settlers from owning land he decided to stay put and advise the settlers. On june 14, 1846 A small group of American settlers took control of a fort in Sonoma. They had a civil interchange with General Vallejo, the fort commander. He understood that Mexico did not have the resources to resist and wanted the US to annex California. After his surrender a crude flag was raised showing a poorly drawn bear and a star with the words California Republic. The Cali Gov and the settlers each strengthened their forced in and around Sonoma.

Gettysburg

The Battle of Gettysburg, fought in July 1863, was a Union victory that stopped Confederate General Robert E. Lee's second invasion of the North. More than 50,000 men fell as casualties during the 3-day battle, making it the bloodiest battle of the American Civil War.

Monitor and Merrimac

The Battle of Hampton Roads, often referred to as either the Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack (or Virginia) or the Battle of Ironclads, was the most noted and arguably most important naval battle of the American Civil War from the standpoint of the development of navies. It was fought over two days, March 8-9, 1862, in Hampton Roads, a roadstead in Virginia where the Elizabeth and Nansemond rivers meet the James River just before it enters Chesapeake Bay adjacent to the city of Norfolk. The battle was a part of the effort of the Confederacy to break the Union blockade, which had cut off Virginia's largest cities, Norfolk and Richmond, from international trade.[2][3] The major significance of the battle is that it was the first meeting in combat of ironclad warships, i.e., the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia. The Confederate fleet consisted of the ironclad ram Virginia (built from the remnants of the USS Merrimack) and several supporting vessels. On the first day of battle, they were opposed by several conventional, wooden-hulled ships of the Union Navy. On that day, Virginia was able to destroy two ships of the Federal flotilla, USS Congress and USS Cumberland, and was about to attack a third, USS Minnesota, which had run aground. However, the action was halted by darkness and falling tide, so Virginia retired to take care of her few wounded—which included her captain, Flag Officer Franklin Buchanan—and repair her minimal battle damage.[4] Determined to complete the destruction of Minnesota, Catesby ap Roger Jones, acting as captain in Buchanan's absence, returned the ship to the fray the next morning, March 9. During the night, however, the ironclad Monitor had arrived and had taken a position to defend Minnesota. When Virginia approached, Monitor intercepted her. The two ironclads fought for about three hours, with neither being able to inflict significant damage on the other. The duel ended indecisively, Virginia returning to her home at the Gosport Navy Yard for repairs and strengthening, and Monitor to her station defending Minnesota. The ships did not fight again, and the blockade remained in place.[5] The battle received worldwide attention, and it had immediate effects on navies around the world. The preeminent naval powers, Great Britain and France, halted further construction of wooden-hulled ships, and others followed suit. A new type of warship, monitor, was produced based on the principle of the original. The use of a small number of very heavy guns, mounted so that they could fire in all directions was first demonstrated by Monitor but soon became standard in warships of all types. Shipbuilders also incorporated rams into the designs of warship hulls for the rest of the centur

Kush Kingdom

The Kushite era of rule in Nubia was established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt. Kush was centered at Napata during its early phase. After King Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the 8th century BC, the Kushite emperors ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt for a century, until they were expelled by the Assyrians under the rule of Esarhaddon. During classical antiquity, the Kushite imperial capital was located at Meroe. In early Greek geography, the Meroitic kingdom was known as Aethiopia. By the 1st century AD, the Kushite capital had been captured by the Beja Dynasty, who tried to revive the empire. The Kushite kingdom with its capital at Meroe persisted until the 4th century AD, when it weakened and disintegrated due to internal rebellion. The Kushite capital was eventually captured and burnt to the ground by the Kingdom of Aksum.

Four regions of California

The coast, the Central Valley, desert in southeast, and the mountains that surround the Central Valley. Most coastal region includes the San Andres fault, a center of earthquake activity. 6 percent of the population of the US is in the southern coastal region. The Central Valley region is agriculturally rich and is a national leader in the production of crops such as grapes, olives, and peaches. The Sierra Nevada mountains in the eastern mountain region were home to gold rush and the current home of Yosemite park. The desert region in southeast is among the hottest regions on earth and parts of this region may receive no rain in a year.

Gold Rush

The discovery of gold nuggets in the Sacramento Valley in early 1848 sparked the Gold Rush, arguably one of the most significant events to shape American history during the first half of the 19th century. As news spread of the discovery, thousands of prospective gold miners traveled by sea or over land to San Francisco and the surrounding area; by the end of 1849, the non-native population of the California territory was some 100,000 (compared with the pre-1848 figure of less than 1,000). A total of $2 billion worth of precious metal was extracted from the area during the Gold Rush, which peaked in 1852. History Vault Promo San Francisco Cable CarsPlay video San Francisco Cable Cars 3min Fisherman's WharfPlay video Fisherman's Wharf 3min I Hate OystersPlay video I Hate Oysters 4min Facebook Twitter Google DISCOVERY AT SUTTER'S MILL On January 24, 1848, James Wilson Marshall, a carpenter originally from New Jersey, found flakes of gold in the American River at the base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains near Coloma, California. At the time, Marshall was working to build a water-powered sawmill owned by John Sutter, a German-born Swiss citizen and founder of a colony of Nueva Helvetia (New Switzerland). (The colony would later become the city of Sacramento.) As Marshall later recalled of his historic discovery: "It made my heart thump, for I was certain it was gold." Did You Know? Miners extracted more than 750,000 pounds of gold during the California Gold Rush. Just days after Marshall's discovery at Sutter's Mill, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, ending the Mexican-American War and leaving California in the hands of the United States. At the time, the population of the territory consisted of 6,500 Californios (people of Spanish or Mexican decent); 700 foreigners (primarily Americans); and 150,000 Native Americans (barely half the number that had been there when Spanish settlers arrived in 1769). NEWS SPREADS Though Marshall and Sutter tried to keep news of the discovery under wraps, word got out, and by mid-March at least one newspaper was reporting that large quantities of gold were being turned up at Sutter's Mill. Though the initial reaction in San Francisco was disbelief, storekeeper Sam Brannan set off a frenzy when he paraded through town displaying a vial of gold obtained from Sutter's Creek. By mid-June, some three-quarters of the male population of San Francisco had left town for the gold mines, and the number of miners in the area reached 4,000 by August. As news spread of the fortunes being made in California, the first migrants to arrive were those from lands accessible by boat, such as Oregon, the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii), Mexico, Chile, Peru and even China. Only later would the news reach the East Coast, where press reports were initially skeptical. Gold fever kicked off there in earnest, however, after December 1848, when President James K. Polk announced the positive results of a report made by Colonel Richard Mason, California's military governor, in his inaugural address. As Polk wrote, "The accounts of abundance of gold are of such an extraordinary character as would scarcely command belief were they not corroborated by the authentic reports of officers in the public service." THE '49ERS COME TO CALIFORNIA Throughout 1849, people around the United States (mostly men) borrowed money, mortgaged their property or spent their life savings to make the arduous journey to California. In pursuit of the kind of wealth they had never dreamed of, they left their families and hometowns; in turn, women left behind took on new responsibilities such as running farms or businesses and caring for their children alone. Thousands of would-be gold miners, known as '49ers, traveled overland across the mountains or by sea, sailing to Panama or even around Cape Horn, the southernmost point of South America. By the end of the year, the non-native population of California was estimated at 100,000, (as compared with 20,000 at the end of 1848 and around 800 in March 1848). To accommodate the needs of the '49ers, gold mining towns had sprung up all over the region, complete with shops, saloons, brothels and other businesses seeking to make their own Gold Rush fortune. The overcrowded chaos of the mining camps and towns grew ever more lawless, including rampant banditry, gambling, prostitution and violence. San Francisco, for its part, developed a bustling economy and became the central metropolis of the new frontier. The Gold Rush undoubtedly sped up California's admission to the Union as the 31st state. In late 1849, California applied to enter the Union with a constitution preventing slavery, provoking a crisis in Congress between proponents of slavery and abolitionists. According to the Compromise of 1850, proposed by Kentucky's Senator Henry Clay, California was allowed to enter as a free state, while the territories of Utah and New Mexico were left open to decide the question for themselves. LASTING IMPACT OF THE GOLD RUSH After 1850, the surface gold in California largely disappeared, even as miners continued to arrive. Mining had always been difficult and dangerous labor, and striking it rich required good luck as much as skill and hard work. Moreover, the average daily take for an independent miner working with his pick and shovel had by then sharply decreased from what it had been in 1848. As gold became more and more difficult to reach, the growing industrialization of mining drove more and more miners from independence into wage labor. The new technique of hydraulic mining, developed in 1853, brought enormous profits but destroyed much of the region's landscape. Though gold mining continued throughout the 1850s, it had reached its peak by 1852, when some $81 million was pulled from the ground. After that year, the total take declined gradually, leveling off to around $45 million per year by 1857. Settlement in California continued, however, and by the end of the decade the state's population was 380,000.

Colonization and Native Americans

The relationship between native americans and european colonists. The main problem was European brought to America was disease. Small pox was lethal to many native americans. In 1830, congress passed the Indian Removal Act, resulting in the removal of Native Americans from established west of the Mississippi river, accommodating European-American expansion. There were cruel forced marches known as the Trail of Tears.

The railroads

The very first "inter-oceanic" railroad which affected California was built in 1855 across the Isthmus of Panama, the Panama Railway.[6][7] The Panama Railway reduced the time needed to cross the Isthmus from a week of difficult and dangerous travel to a day of relative comfort. The building of the Panama Railroad, in combination with the increasing use of steamships (instead of sailing ships) meant that travel to and from California via Panama was the primary method used by people who could afford to do so, and was used for valuable cargo, such as the gold being shipped from California to the East Coast.[8] California's symbolic and tangible connection to the rest of the country was fused at Promontory Summit, Utah, as the "last spike" was driven to join the tracks of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads, thereby completing the First Transcontinental Railroad on May 10, 1869 (before that time, only a few local rail lines operated in the State, the first being the Sacramento Valley Railroad).[9] The 1,600 mile (2,575-kilometer) trip from Omaha, Nebraska would now take mere days. The Wild West was quickly transformed from a lawless, agrarian frontier to what would become an urbanized, industrialized economic and political powerhouse. Of perhaps greater significance is the unbridled economic growth that was spurred on by the sheer diversity of opportunities available in the region. The Golden Spike ceremony held at Promontory Summit, Utah on May 10, 1869. Photograph by Andrew J. Russell. The four years following the Golden Spike ceremony saw the length of track in the U.S. double to over 70,000 miles (nearly 113,000 kilometers).[10] By around the start of the 20th century, the completion of four subsequent transcontinental routes in the United States and one in Canada would provide not only additional pathways to the Pacific Ocean, but would forge ties to all of the economically important areas between the coasts as well. Virtually the entire country was accessible by rail, making a national economy possible for the first time. And while federal financial assistance (in the form of land grants and guaranteed low-interest loans, a well-established government policy) was vital to the railroads' expansion across North America, this support accounted for less than eight percent (8%) of the total length of rails laid; private investment was responsible for the vast majority of railroad construction.[11] As rail lines pushed further and further into the wilderness, they opened up huge areas which would have otherwise lain fallow. The railroads helped establish countless towns and settlements, paved the way to abundant mineral deposits and fertile tracts of pastures and farmland, and created new markets for eastern goods. It is estimated that by the end of World War II, rail companies nationwide remunerated to the government over $1 billion dollars, more than eight times the original value of the lands granted.[12] The principal commodity transported across the rails to California was people: by reducing the cross-country travel time to as little as six days, men with westward ambitions were no longer forced to leave their families behind. The railroads would, in time, provide equally important linkages to move the inhabitants throughout the state, interconnecting its blossoming communities. J. D. Spreckels drives the "golden spike" to ceremonially complete the San Diego & Arizona Railway on November 15, 1919. "Transportation determines the flow of population," declared J. D. Spreckels, one of California's early railroad entrepreneurs, just after the dawn of the twentieth century. "Before you can hope to get people to live anywhere...you must first of all show them that they can get there quickly, comfortably and, above all, cheaply."[13] Among Spreckels' many accomplishments was the formation of the San Diego Electric Railway in 1892, which radiated out from downtown to points north, south, and east and helped urbanize San Diego. Henry Huntington, the nephew of Central Pacific founder Collis P. Huntington, would develop his Pacific Electric Railway in Los Angeles and Orange Counties with much the same result. Spreckels' greatest challenge would be to provide San Diego with its own direct transcontinental rail link in the form of the San Diego and Arizona Railway (completed in November 1919), a feat that nearly cost the sugar heir his life.[14] The Central Pacific Railroad, in effect, initiated the trend by offering settlement incentives in the form of low fares, and by placing sections of its government-granted lands up for sale to pioneers. When the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad charted its own solo course across the continent in 1885 it chose Los Angeles as its western terminus, and in doing so fractured the Southern Pacific Railroad's near total monopoly on rail transportation within the state. The original purpose of this new line was to augment the route to San Diego, established three years prior as part of a joint venture with the California Southern Railroad, but the Santa Fe would subsequently be forced to all but abandon these inland tracks through the Temecula Canyon (due to constant washouts) and construct its Surf Line along the coast to maintain its exclusive ties to Los Angeles.[15] Santa Fe's entry into Southern California resulted in widespread economic growth and ignited a fervent rate war with the Southern Pacific, or "Espee" as the road was often referred to; it also led to Los Angeles' well-documented real estate "Boom of the Eighties."[16] The Santa Fe Route led the way in passenger rate reductions (often referred to as "colonist fares") by, within a period of five months, lowering the price of a ticket from Kansas City, Missouri to Los Angeles from $125 to $15, and, on March 6, 1887 to a dollar![17] The Southern Pacific soon followed suit and the level of real estate speculation reached a new high, with "boom towns" springing up literally overnight. Free, daily railroad-sponsored excursions (complete with lunch and live entertainment) enticed overeager potential buyers to visit the many undeveloped properties firsthand and (hopefully) invest in the potential of the land. A streetcar of the Pacific Electric Railway makes a stop at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, circa 1905. Unfortunately, as with the Comstock mining securities boom of the 1870s, Los Angeles' land boom attracted an unscrupulous element that often sold interest in properties whose titles were not properly recorded, or in tracts that did not even exist.[18] Major advertising campaigns by the SP, Santa Fe, Union Pacific, and other major carriers of the day not only helped transform southern California into a major tourist attraction but generated intense interest in exploiting the area's agricultural potential.[19] Word of the abundant work opportunities, high wages, and the temperate and healthful California climate spread throughout the Midwestern United States, and led to an exodus from such states as Iowa, Indiana, and Kansas; although the real estate bubble "burst" in 1889 and most investors lost their all, the Southern California landscape was forever transformed by the many towns, farms, and citrus groves left in the wake of this event.[17] Historians James Rawls and Walton Bean have speculated that were it not for the discovery of gold in 1848, Oregon might have been granted statehood ahead of California, and therefore the first Pacific Railroad might have been built to that state, or at least been born to a more benevolent group of founding fathers.[20] This speculation lacks support, however, when one considers that a significant hide and tallow trade between California and the eastern seaports was already well-established, that the federal government had long planned for the acquisition of San Francisco Bay as a western port, and that suspicions regarding England's intentions towards potentially extending their holdings in the region southward into California would almost certainly have forced the government to embark on the same course of action. While the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad would rightfully be remembered as a major milestone in America's history, it would also foster the birth of a railroad empire that would have a dominant influence over California's evolution for years to come. Despite all of the shortcomings, in the end the State reaped innumerable and unprecedented benefits from its associations with the railroad companies, which helped put California "on the map."

1776:

Thomas Paine wrote his pamphlet Common Sense, which favored American independence. On July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress approved the declaration of Independence authored by Jefferson. 1. Equality for all persons. 2. Inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 3. Rights of the government come from the governed. 4.The right of the people to alter or abolish a destructive government.

1773 Boston Tea Party

To protests the import tax on tea, men dressed as Indians boarded English ships in Boston Harbor. They dumped hundreds of chests of tea into Boston Harbor in what has come to be known as the Boston Tea Party. In retaliation Britain closed Boston Harbor and took more direct control of the colony.

Early Transportation and communication

Travel was by wagon or ship and it took 6 months to send messages or ship goods from east to CA. In 1858, stagecoach service began in St. Louis to California by a southern route. The 2,600 mile journey took about 3 weeks. In 1860, the Pony Express began carrying mail between Missouri and California. The 2,00 mile trip took about two weeks. It ceased operation on October 21, 1861 when telegraph first carried messages across the nation is Morse Code. The civil war started just before the telegraph making travel and commerce even more difficult. The solution was the transcontinental.

Ulysses Grant

Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War

Manifest Destiny

a country bounded by both oceans led the US government to consider annexing Cali. In Cali, an edict was issued preventing non-mexicans from owning land in Cali and threatening their expulsion.

John Brown

abolitionists who advocated violent action. 1859 he launched an ill-prepared anti-slavery raid on the arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, Brow was captured in a n attack led by Robert Lee.

Zachary Taylor

achary Taylor (1784-1850) served in the army for some four decades, commanding troops in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War (1832) and the second of the Seminole Wars (1835-1842). He became a full-fledged war hero through his service in the Mexican War, which broke out in 1846 after the U.S. annexation of Texas. Elected president in 1848, Taylor entered the White House at a time when the issue of slavery and its extension into the new western territories (including Texas) had caused a major rift between the North and South. Though a slaveholder, Taylor sought to hold the nation together-a goal he was ready to accomplish by force if necessary-and he clashed with Congress over his desire to admit California to the Union as a free state. In early July 1850, Taylor suddenly fell ill and died; his successor, Millard Fillmore, would prove more sympathetic to the interests of southern slaveholders.

Native american civilization- Primitive Cultures

earliest civilization developed in and around California about 10,000 years ago and lasted largely uncharged until hundreds of years after European immigration. Native Americans lived in huts and wooden houses and used boats to fish. They had a sophisticated culture and monetary system based on Shell Money. Tribes included: Paiute, Pomo, Shoshone, Ute, and Yurok. Even with a glacier covering Alaska, the Aleuts had established a culture on the Aleutian islands off southern Alaska by 5000 BCE This hunting/ fishing society has retained much of it's ancient character. Primitive northern woodland cultures developed in the northeaster US about 3000 bce. These cultures included the Algonquin speaking tribes, such as the Shawnee, and the Iroquois Federation. There is evidence that Native American in the northern woodlands may have been exposed to outside contact five hundred years before the arrival of Europeans after Columbus. In 3000 bc in southeast North America, in now Florida and Georgia. These sophisticated cultures built cities with central plazas. The tribes included: Cherokee, Choctaw, and Seminole. Had highly organized governments and economic systems. Once glaciers melted Eskimo and Inuit Indians established a culture in northern Alaska about 1800 BCE.

Mesopatamia

earliest recorded civilization.The history of Mesopotamia describes the history of the area known as Mesopotamia, roughly coinciding with the Tigris-Euphrates basin, from the earliest human occupation in the Lower Palaeolithic period up to the Muslim conquests in the 7th century AD.

Lincoln

elected in 1860 and 1864, Southern states sought asurance about their rights o hold slaves. Slaves were important to their economy. and attempts to compromise failed. In Feb 1861 CSA was formed with Jefferson Davis as president.

Van Buren

elected pres. in 1836. During Financial panic of 1837, lost the presidency to William Henry Harrison in 1840. Harrison died less than a month after his inauguration. John Tyler, the vice president, succeeded to presidency.

Earliest Civilization

established 4500 BCE. Most historians agree that civilization began when writing was invented about 3500 BCE. This date separates the prehistoric from historic times. Human used calendars, invented and used the wheel, played flutes and harpes, and allowed copper. They also created pottery and colored ceramics. A trade in the mediterranean sea with cretan shipping most prominent.

presidios

fortifications with provisions such as firearms and artillery. Established to develop military presence in the frontier. Contained marketplaces, government centers, farms, barracks, warehouses, stores, church, saloons- essentially a small village.

1767 Townshend Acts

it was named for Charles Townshead, British Chancellor of the Exchequer. Import duties (taxes)were on most things used by colonists. Colonists objected, and some tax officials in Boston were attacked. British troops were sent to Boston. Three years later, the British repealed all the Townshend duties except the duties on tea!

The new rancheros

often recieved rancho land grants of as much as 75 sq. miles, where they usually raised cattle, herded by vaqueros. These rancheros formed the new elite of California Society. The life of Native Americans were little changed. The date of 1834 marks the end of the 65 yr mission period, although in 1845 the remaining mission properties were sold to help close a budget deficit. Spain has ceased to be a colonial power in North America.

Pueblos

secular agricultural villages. Intended to provision and support presidios and mission. First three in California: San jose de Guadalupe- 1777 El pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de Los Angeles del Rio de Porciuncula Villa de Branciforte- 1797 Were poor and rudimentary and were only able to establish subsistence economics.

Wagon Trains

set from states such as Missouri to California. Most had to cross the Sierra Nevada mountains and the trip could take six months or more. One trips involved the Donner party, which left Independence, Missouri in may 1886the train was stranded for months and despite escape attempts only half of the party survived. The story of the survival against terrible odds is punctuated by the survivors' cannibalism.

Roman Empire

stretched from modern day Britain to modern day Iran. Octavio's defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the battle of action around 38 Bc he was crowned the first God emperor. Pax Romania was 200 years of peace in the Western World. Then Nero committed suicide Jewish zealots also commuted suicide at Masada following the destruction of their temple by the Romans. The colosseum was constructed. After Marcus Aurelius died it declined. Civil war raged in 200 AD and there were defeats of provinces by the Persians and the Goths. Constantine's attempts to stop the empire decline were ultimately fruitless and the Visigoth looted Rome in about 400 AD

International Trade

supports millions of good payed jobs. CA exports good valued at $175 billion and reached 229 countries. CA was the top exporting state, represents about 11% of all US exports. It exports in order to Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, and South Korea. Computer and electronics is CA top exports.Mexico is the top importer of CA goods.

Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitabl

Rome

the capital city of the Roman civilization, founded about 700 B.C.E. Roman senate was made up of landowners and then was replaced by the Plebian Assembly about 300 BC it acquired all of Italy. The Roman victories were marked by one defeat at the hands of the Carthaginian general Hannibal , Julius Cesear and Pompeii. Spartacus led a rebellion by slaves. Caesar was assassinated on aides of March in a conspiracy led by Brutus and Cassius.

Reconstruction

three amendments were adopted between 865 and 1870 xii. Prohibited Slavery (1865) XIV Slaves given citizenship and rights (1868) XV. Voting rights for former slaves (1870)

James Buchanan

was elected in 1856. in 1857 the Supreme Court decided the Dred Scott case. They found that Scott, a slave, was property, not a citizen, and had no standing in the court.

Franklin Pierce

was the 14th President of the United States (1853-57). Pierce was a northern Democrat who saw the abolitionist movement as a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation. His polarizing actions in championing and signing the Kansas-Nebraska Act and enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act alienated anti-slavery groups while failing to stem intersectional conflict, setting the stage for Southern secession and the US Civil War. Historians and other scholars generally rank Pierce among the worst of US Presidents. Born in New Hampshire, Pierce served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate until he resigned from the latter in 1842. His private law practice in his home state was a success; he was appointed U.S. Attorney for his state in 1845. Pierce took part in the Mexican-American War as a brigadier general in the Army. Seen by Democrats as a compromise candidate uniting northern and southern interests, he was nominated as the party's candidate for president on the 49th ballot at the 1852 Democratic National Convention. In the 1852 presidential election, Pierce and his running mate William R. King easily defeated the Whig Party ticket of Winfield Scott and William A. Graham. While Pierce was popular and outgoing, his family life was a grim affair, with his wife Jane suffering from illness and depression for much of her life.[1] All of their children died young, their last son being gruesomely killed in a train accident while the family was traveling shortly before Pierce's inauguration. As president, Pierce simultaneously attempted to enforce neutral standards for civil service while also satisfying the diverse elements of the Democratic Party with patronage, an effort which largely failed and turned many in his party against him. Pierce was a Young America expansionist who signed the Gadsden Purchase of land from Mexico and led a failed attempt to acquire Cuba from Spain. He signed trade treaties with Britain and Japan, while his Cabinet reformed their departments and improved accountability, but these successes were overshadowed by political strife during his presidency. His popularity in the Northern states declined sharply after he supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which nullified the Missouri Compromise, while many whites in the South continued to support him. Passage of the act led to violent conflict over the expansion of slavery in the American West. Pierce's administration was further damaged when several of his diplomats issued the Ostend Manifesto, calling for the annexation of Cuba, a document which was roundly criticized. Although Pierce fully expected to be renominated by the Democrats in the 1856 presidential election, he was abandoned by his party and his bid failed. His reputation in the North suffered further during the Civil War as he became a vocal critic of President Abraham Lincoln. Pierce, who had been a heavy drinker for much of his life, died of severe cirrhosis of the liver in 1869. Contents [hide] 1 Early life and family 1.1 Childhood and education 1.2 State politics 1.3 Marriage and children 2 Congressional career 2.1 U.S. House of Representatives 2.2 U.S. Senate 3 Party leader 3.1 Lawyer and politician 3.2 Mexican-American War 3.3 Return to New Hampshire 4 Election of 1852 5 Presidency 5.1 Tragedy and transition 5.2 Administration and political strife 5.3 Economic policy and internal improvements 5.4 Foreign and military affairs 5.5 Bleeding Kansas 5.6 1856 election 6 Later life 6.1 Post-presidency 6.2 Civil War 6.3 Final years and death 7 Sites, memorials, and honors 8 Legacy 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links

The Jim Crow laws

were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures in the late 19th century after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued to be enforced until 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1896 with a "separate but equal" status for African Americans in railroad cars. Public education had essentially been segregated since its establishment in most of the South after the Civil War. This principle was extended to public facilities and transportation, including segregated cars on interstate trains and, later, buses. Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to those which were then available to European Americans; sometimes they did not exist at all. This body of law institutionalized a number of economic, educational, and social disadvantages. De jure segregation existed mainly in the Southern states, while Northern segregation was generally de facto—patterns of housing segregation enforced by private covenants, bank lending practices, and job discrimination, including discriminatory labor union practices. "Jim Crow" was a pejorative expression meaning "Negro". Jim Crow laws—sometimes, as in Florida, part of state constitutions—mandated the segregation of public schools, public places, and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. The U.S. military was already segregated. President Woodrow Wilson initiated segregation of federal workplaces at the request of southern Cabinet members in 1913. These Jim Crow laws revived principles of the 1800-1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. Segregation of public (state-sponsored) schools was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education. In some states it took years to implement this decision. Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, but years of action and court challenges have been needed to unravel the many means of institutional discrimination.