History Test 4

32. What group was vehemently opposed to ending slavery even though they sometimes traded with slaves and keenly resented planters? A. poor whites B. yeoman farmers C. drivers D. overseers

A. poor whites

13. The battle at Antietam Creek was significant for all the following reasons EXCEPT that it A. proved McClellan could mastermind a victory after all. B. provided an occasion for Lincoln to announce the Emancipation Proclamation. C. repulsed a Confederate invasion of the North. D. was the bloodiest single-day battle in the history of American warfare.

A. proved McClellan could mastermind a victory after all.

8. In the early 1830s the Mexican Congress turned vast landholdings in the Mexican borderlands over to A. rancheros. B. Catholic padres. C. mining barons. D. bureaucrats appointed by the central government in Mexico City.

A. rancheros.

28. The Union victory at Vicksburg A. secured control of the Mississippi, dividing the Confederacy. B. secured central Tennessee for the Union, opening the path for Sherman's march to the sea. C. assured Lincoln's re-election in 1864. D. prompted Lee's surrender.

A. secured control of the Mississippi, dividing the Confederacy.

6. The southern response to war's end and Johnson's program of Reconstruction indicated A. despair and defiance. B. remorse and resolve to rebuild. C. willingness to give an appearance of accommodation to northern desires. D. grudging recognition that they had to repudiate their old-line Confederate leadership.

A. despair and defiance.

5. The Radical Republicans in Congress approached Reconstruction with the conviction that A. to heal the nation, the South should be treated with generosity and compassion. B. to avoid any recurrence of southern resistance, the power of the planter class should be restored, with full land ownership. C. to complete the task of the war, slavery must be totally and irrevocably abolished. D. to keep faith with the antislavery crusade, the rights of freedmen must include rights for white and black women.

A. to heal the nation, the South should be treated with generosity and compassion.

2. Which of the following does NOT characterize the American economy in the 1840s and 1850s? A. Transportation improvements on land and water, especially the rise of the railroad, transformed the American economy. B. Agriculture remained largely unaffected by technology, and thus diminished in importance as a component of the market economy. C. The maturing factory system employed a growing industrial workforce, increasingly foreign-born. D. Water power was increasingly being replaced by steam power.

B. Agriculture remained largely unaffected by technology, and thus diminished in importance as a component of the market economy.

16. Which of the following most accurately explains the meaning of the refusal of Congress to convict Johnson? A. Johnson's influence in Congress was increasing. B. The power of the Radicals in Congress was waning. C. The country's support for Johnson was increasing. D. Radicals in Congress feared counteraction by the Supreme Court if they convicted Johnson.

B. The power of the Radicals in Congress was waning.

21. In the years after the Civil War, many freedmen ended up working as A. farmers on land they owned. B. farmers under a sharecropper system. C. wage laborers in the new textile mills. D. itinerant day laborers in domestic and service jobs.

B. farmers under a sharecropper system.

18. Due to the Union blockade, A. the Confederacy had to turn to Europe for the necessary manufactured goods. B. many southern plantations switched from cotton to raising grain and livestock. C. the Confederacy ultimately became industrially self-sufficient. D. All of these answers are correct.

B. many southern plantations switched from cotton to raising grain and livestock.

22. The Freedmen's Bureau A. had as its main purpose to prevent armed clashes between former masters and former slaves. B. regulated working conditions for former slaves, primarily through Freedmen's Courts. C. was criticized bitterly by the planter class but consistently praised by former slaves. D. was canceled by Congress over the opposition of Radicals, who saw the need for a permanent welfare agency for African Americans

B. regulated working conditions for former slaves, primarily through Freedmen's Courts.

11. The southern governments, as initially reconstituted after the war, alarmed northern public opinion because A. former Confederate leaders were elected to office. B. they were blatantly corrupt and wasteful in spending tax dollars. C. many refused to free their slaves. D. all enacted restrictive legal codes that reinstated slavery.

B. they were blatantly corrupt and wasteful in spending tax dollars.

7. What was the first Union success of the war? A. blocking a southern invasion B. holding coastal forts in the South C. holding the border states in the Union D. winning the first battle of Bull Run

C. holding the border states in the Union

4. Both Lincoln's and Johnson's Reconstruction plans shared an intent to ' A. provide economic assistance to former slaves. B. punish the southern planter class for its rebellion. C. liberally grant pardons to Confederate soldiers. D. give Congress the final say in shaping the Reconstruction process.

C. liberally grant pardons to Confederate soldiers.

31. According to the text, what was the event that decided the "war in the balance"—that is, the event that both ended any last hopes of the Confederacy and assured the abolition of slavery? A. the Emancipation Proclamation B. the elevation of Grant to commander in chief C. the victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg D. the re-election of Lincoln

D. the re-election of Lincoln

17. In terms of sheer numbers, which of the following groups made up the backbone of southern society? A. the planters of consequence B. whites who owned only a few slaves C. whites who owned between 20 and 50 slaves D. yeoman farmers who owned no slaves

D. yeoman farmers who owned no slaves

5. Which of the following is NOT a way the Confederacy was like the North? A. Both presidents, despite little military background, ably directed the war effort. B. Each government relied initially on volunteer soldiers, but later had to institute a draft, which provoked deep hostility. C. Each government financed the war through taxes and issuing paper money. D. The demands of war tended to increase the power of the central government and accelerate industrialization on both sides.

A. Both presidents, despite little military background, ably directed the war effort.

30. Lincoln finally found "his general." Who was he, and why? A. General Grant, who was willing to keep attacking with the tactics of total and relentless war B. General McClellan, who displayed great gifts as an organizer and trainer of large armies C. General Meade, who won the decisive battle of the war at Gettysburg D. General Sherman, who showed a willingness to carry the war to the South's civilian population

A. General Grant, who was willing to keep attacking with the tactics of total and relentless war

25. Which of the following is an accurate explanation of the South's "redemption"? A. Gradually, conservative and racist white Democrats regained political control in the former Confederate states. B. A fresh wave of evangelical revivals spread across "the Bible Belt." C. Southern acceptance of the end of slavery meant northern acceptance of the South as a restored section. D. Southern states gradually came to experience economic prosperity and development.

A. Gradually, conservative and racist white Democrats regained political control in the former Confederate states.

15. What is true about African Americans during the Civil War? A. Many slaves escaped to Union lines, where they were put to work or even allowed to join the army. B. Northern whites and northern free blacks both uniformly welcomed black soldiers into the Union army. C. Lincoln permitted African Americans to serve in the navy, but not the army. D. They were put to work as unskilled laborers and paid about the same as white citizens for the same work.

A. Many slaves escaped to Union lines, where they were put to work or even allowed to join the army.

21. How did the North finance the war? A. by creating a federal income tax B. through loans from European nations C. by issuing gold bonds D. with draftee induction fees

A. by creating a federal income tax

23. For southern whites, the old idea of ________ in master-slave relationships was replaced by ________. A. close paternalistic ties; the distance of purely economic relationships B. religious duty; an ideology of class conflict C. terrorizing blacks into submission; artfully persuading them of the wisdom of letting whites govern for them D. enforced segregation of the races; more complex and subtle social interactions

A. close paternalistic ties; the distance of purely economic relationships

8. The Union war effort began by implementing the strategy embodied in General Winfield Scott's "anaconda plan," which called for A. encircling and squeezing the Confederacy with a naval blockade. B. a sudden strike against a vulnerable point of the borders of the Confederacy. C. a concealed and roundabout infiltration of Confederate territory west of the Mississippi. D. postponing direct military operations until the North's industrial capacity could be brought up to full military production.

A. encircling and squeezing the Confederacy with a naval blockade.

10. The North interpreted black codes as A. evidence that the South sought to keep freedmen in an economically dependent and legally inferior status. B. evidence that the South, by granting limited rights such as allowing jury service, was slowly accommodating to an improved status for former slaves. C. a realistic solution by the South to the problems created by sudden emancipation. D. a dangerous experiment by the South that could lead to social equality for blacks in the North.

A. evidence that the South sought to keep freedmen in an economically dependent and legally inferior status.

23. Lincoln, later revered as the Great Emancipator, ironically infringed on the civil liberties of northerners during the Civil War—specifically by A. suspending the writ of habeas corpus in specified areas in the North. B. suspending the writ of habeas corpus in areas still in rebellion in the South. C. recommending postponement of the presidential election due to be held in 1864. D. defying the Supreme Court's order to free those imprisoned without being charged.

A. suspending the writ of habeas corpus in specified areas in the North.

6. One significant difference between the Confederacy and the North was that A. the North was able to print more money to pay for the war, while the South had no such capability. B. northern civilians rarely felt the direct effects of the war, while southern civilians were directly affected. C. the South had to resort to a draft, while the North was able to raise its army from volunteers. D. the South used taxes to pay for the war, while the North was able to finance the war with treasury surpluses.

A. the North was able to print more money to pay for the war, while the South had no such capability.

24. Who won the disputed election of 1876? A. the Republican candidate B. the southern candidate C. the candidate who received the greatest number of popular votes D. the candidate nominated by a breakaway reform faction of the Republican Party

A. the Republican candidate

20. What was the cause of the riots in New York City in 1863? A. the draft B. bread shortages C. emancipation D. taxes

A. the draft

9. The central issue that divided Johnson and congressional Radicals was A. the future place of African Americans in U.S. society. B. how to win votes for the Republican Party in the South. C. whether the power of the planter class should be broken. D. whether federal troops should be stationed as an occupying force in southern states.

A. the future place of African Americans in U.S. society.

13. The Kansas-Nebraska Act resulted in all of the following EXCEPT A. the restoration of the Missouri Compromise. B. the destruction of the Whig Party in the South. C. the formation of the new Republican Party in the North. D. virtual civil war in Kansas.

A. the restoration of the Missouri Compromise.

26. The Civil War marked a significant change in the history of human warfare, because A. the technology of weaponry gave the defense the advantage over the offense. B. the value of defense contractors decreased as the war dragged on. C. it was the first time a completely professional army was used on both sides of a conflict. D. it was the first total war involving two continents.

A. the technology of weaponry gave the defense the advantage over the offense.

19. The Confederacy suffered from rampant inflation because A. the war was financed primarily through printing paper money. B. wages rose, due to the fact that with so many men off to war, workers were scarce. C. the blockade cut off trade with Europe, producing scarcities. D. speculators hoarded cotton.

A. the war was financed primarily through printing paper money.

23. The most common form of slave resistance was A. theft. B. refusal to work. C. escape. D. rebellion.

A. theft.

18. The gang and task systems A. were used alternately in the spring and fall. B. were the two main ways of organizing slave labor. C. were used for rice and sugar production, but not cotton. D. required constant supervision of the slaves.

B. were the two main ways of organizing slave labor.

3. Which is a correct statement regarding mid-century immigrants? A. Germans fled a severe potato famine. B. Germans, Irish, and Scandinavians came seeking improved economic opportunity. C. The Irish and Scandinavians tended to come as families with some resources, but the Germans were usually single men from impoverished backgrounds. D. Immigration swelled to its highest levels during periods of economic downturns in the U.S., when employers sought cheaper labor.

B. Germans, Irish, and Scandinavians came seeking improved economic opportunity.

4. What was Jefferson Davis's central problem in organizing the South for war? A. In a culture that prized the English country gentry, Davis was rough-hewn and awkward. B. In a society that prized states' rights, Davis had to centralize authority. C. In a crisis that demanded tough-minded attention to military details, Davis was more of a grand strategist. D. In a war that required rapid mobilization of a whole society, most ordinary folk in the South expected a protracted conflict and hence were reluctant to enlist.

B. In a society that prized states' rights, Davis had to centralize authority.

8. Which of the following is true about the Radical-dominated Reconstruction Congress? A. The central focus of its program was to protect the land rights of blacks. B. It sought to build Republican Party support in the South by winning the black vote and curtailing the power of the planter class. C. Its influence grew when Johnson's vetoes drove moderates into the Democratic Party. D. Its influence waned when northern voters repudiated Radical congressmen at the polls in 1866.

B. It sought to build Republican Party support in the South by winning the black vote and curtailing the power of the planter class.

27. The significance, militarily, of the battle of Gettysburg was that A. the Confederacy was cut in half. B. Lee could never again take the offensive as he liked to do. C. the victory gave Lincoln an occasion to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. D. Lee's surrender ended the war.

B. Lee could never again take the offensive as he liked to do.

12. Which of the following statements about Lincoln's view of emancipation at the beginning of the war is accurate? A. Lincoln insisted that emancipation was the main objective. B. Lincoln refused to make emancipation a war aim. C. Lincoln believed that emancipation was the only way to secure the support of the border states. D. Republican radicals convinced Lincoln that preservation of the Union was paramount and that emancipation should not be considered.

B. Lincoln refused to make emancipation a war aim.

18. What is true about southern economic redevelopment? A. Northerners known as "scalawags" came south to exploit the South's economic vulnerability. C. Unlike the North, southern governments became notorious for corruption, which explains the skyrocketing public debt. D. One success of the postwar South was in laying as much railroad track as the rest of the nation combined.

B. Republican-dominated Reconstruction governments sought to encourage southern industry.

24. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about Civil War soldiering? A. Neither northern nor southern soldiers accepted discipline well. B. The lower classes of society, rather than the typical farmer or shopkeeper, made up a disproportionate share of each army. C. Twice as many soldiers died from disease as from war-inflicted wounds. D. Camp life both corrupted morals and provided occasions for religious revivals.

B. The lower classes of society, rather than the typical farmer or shopkeeper, made up a disproportionate share of each army.

10. The Overland Trail migration was primarily a(n) A. exploration of the new Oregon territory. B. young family enterprise. C. movement of Indians similar to the Trail of Tears. D. extended family enterprise.

B. young family enterprise.

10. Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of cotton in the Confederacy's effort to gain international recognition? A. Cotton diplomacy succeeded in winning European recognition, but not aid for the Confederacy. B. Cotton diplomacy succeeded in winning substantial aid, but not recognition for the Confederacy. C. Cotton diplomacy failed to win either substantial aid or recognition because of adequate cotton supplies worldwide. D. Cotton diplomacy failed because neither French nor British leaders sympathized with the Confederacy.

C. Cotton diplomacy failed to win either substantial aid or recognition because of adequate cotton supplies worldwide.

14. The Fifteenth Amendment A. abolished slavery. B. defined citizenship. C. expanded suffrage. D. officially ended Reconstruction.

C. expanded suffrage.

11. The first decisive Union military victory of the war occurred A. in Maryland, with the defeat of an invading Confederate force. B. in Virginia, at Bull Run. C. in the West, in the middle Tennessee River valley under General Grant. D. along the Gulf coast, where Marines landed against General Jackson's defenders at New Orleans.

C. in the West, in the middle Tennessee River valley under General Grant.

14. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation declared slaves to be free A. in the border states and western territories. B. in those areas of the South under Union control. C. in those areas of the South under Confederate control. D. everywhere in the U.S. (including the South).

C. in those areas of the South under Confederate control.

7. Under new president Andrew Johnson, presidential Reconstruction A. would implement a harsher program on the South than Lincoln had called for. B. adhered substantially to the views of congressional leaders. C. made it possible for former high-ranking Confederates to assume positions of power in the reconstructed southern governments. D. was never implemented, because Congress passed its own program before Johnson's could go into effect.

C. made it possible for former high-ranking Confederates to assume positions of power in the reconstructed southern governments.

15. Andrew Johnson narrowly avoided conviction on impeachment charges because A. of his earlier cooperative attitude toward Congress. B. Radical Republicans were beginning to support his policies. C. some Republicans feared that removal would set a bad precedent for using impeachment as a political weapon against the presidency. D. only a minority of the Senate voted to convict.

C. some Republicans feared that removal would set a bad precedent for using impeachment as a political weapon against the presidency.

2. According to your text, what two issues lay at the heart of Reconstruction? A. whether the federal or state government was ultimately sovereign, and whether African Americans or Native Americans were the most oppressed minority group B. which party would gain the ascendancy, and how the government could regulate the economy C. the future of political and economic power for African Americans, and the future of North-South economic and political relations D. rebuilding the North's shattered economy, and restoring the South's shattered society

C. the future of political and economic power for African Americans, and the future of North-South economic and political relations

3. During the war, congressional leaders felt that Lincoln's plan ________, so they passed ________. A. would cost them votes in the North; a program designed to attract white support in the South B. ignored the reality of slavery; the Thirteenth Amendment over the president's objections C. was too lenient; the more stringent Wade-Davis bill, which Lincoln pocket-vetoed D. was acceptable; its essential provisions, but shifted primary responsibility to Congress

C. was too lenient; the more stringent Wade-Davis bill, which Lincoln pocket-vetoed

29. Lincoln's re-election in 1864 became far more likely when A. he imprisoned a large number of Irish Catholics. B. the election was postponed for three months. C. the Democrats nominated an obscure border-state politician as their candidate. D. Sherman captured Atlanta.

D. Sherman captured Atlanta.

9. Dissidents in one southern state created which new border state? A. Kansas B. Missouri C. Western Kentucky D. West Virginia

D. West Virginia

13. The congressional Reconstruction program enacted in 1866-1867 provided for all of the following EXCEPT A. citizenship and suffrage for former slaves. B. a requirement that southern states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before readmission. C. military occupation. D. a land reform measure that would grant small tracts of farmland to deserving freedmen.

D. a land reform measure that would grant small tracts of farmland to deserving freedmen.

19. One measure of black efforts to experience freedom was the A. fact that males would rather work for wages than live the rough life of a sharecropper. B. small but tidy homes built by hand in villages separate from the land they farmed. C. tendency of husbands to insist that their wives and children work alongside them in the fields. D. adoption of a surname.

D. adoption of a surname.

1. The chapter introduction tells the story of Benjamin Montgomery to make the point that A. former slaves who really tried could achieve a measure of prosperity in the postwar South. B. Reconstruction clearly hinged on northern rather than southern actions after the war. C. Reconstruction was an impossible task, for neither northerners nor southerners wanted African Americans to gain political and economic opportunity. D. for former slaves to attain meaningful lives as free citizens, they would need economic power, which in turn required political power.

D. for former slaves to attain meaningful lives as free citizens, they would need economic power, which in turn required political power.

17. During the war, women of both the North and the South did all of the following EXCEPT A. enter and eventually dominate the nursing profession. B. take jobs in the growing government bureaucracies. C. run farms and plantations. D. run railroads.

D. run railroads.

12. What won the support of congressional moderates for the Radical program? A. the behavior of southern reconstruction governments B. the persuasive actions of Radicals in rallying public opinion for their program C. secret lobbying offering lucrative opportunities in a South occupied by northern troops D. the president's uncompromising veto of a civil rights bill

D. the president's uncompromising veto of a civil rights bill

22. The Republican Congress during the Civil War passed economic legislation that would have warmed Henry Clay's heart, including all EXCEPT A. a system of nationally-chartered banks. B. a protective tariff. C. a program to underwrite the costs of public colleges. D. the restriction of money to hard currency (specie).

D. the restriction of money to hard currency (specie).

20. After emancipation, the most important institutions for African Americans as they tried to establish their own independent family and community life were A. the Freedmen's Bureau and the Supreme Court. B. the black-controlled state legislatures and the land reform program. C. the sharecrop system and the black codes. D. the schools and the churches.

D. the schools and the churches.

17. African Americans who held political office in southern Reconstruction governments generally A. alienated whites by pushing for social equality and land reform. B. were more radical in their views than the black population at large. C. manipulated the Freedmen's Bureau to impose unequal labor contracts on white planters. D. were educated professionals, independent landowners, or otherwise from the ranks of black elites.

D. were educated professionals, independent landowners, or otherwise from the ranks of black elites.

21. A group of American settlers near Sacramento launched a revolt against Mexico; and in June 1846 they proclaimed California an independent republic. This action was the A. "Bear Flag Revolt." B. Golden State Secession. C. opening shot of the U.S.-Mexican War. D. "second Alamo."

A. "Bear Flag Revolt."

29. Which statement about the southern economy in the later 1850s is true? A. A sense of crisis grew in the region as the price of slaves jumped and the price of cotton remained relatively stagnant. B. The progress of transportation development reoriented western trade toward New Orleans. C. Although cotton's importance as an export crop declined, it remained the primary driver of domestic economic growth. D. As they converted to the new agricultural machinery, southern planters found themselves deeply in debt in a time of declining profits.

A. A sense of crisis grew in the region as the price of slaves jumped and the price of cotton remained relatively stagnant.

5. Who invented a sharp-cutting steel plow that could slice through the thick tangle of prairie grass roots without the soil sticking to the blade? A. John Deere B. Cyrus McCormick C. Edmund Flagg D. Eli Whitney

A. John Deere

32. What state took the lead role in encouraging the other states of the Deep South to secede from the Union? A. South Carolina B. Alabama C. Virginia D. Kentucky

A. South Carolina

29. The doctrine of popular sovereignty was most closely associated with A. Stephen A. Douglas. B. Daniel Webster. C. Zachary Taylor. D. David Wilmot.

A. Stephen A. Douglas.

24. Which of the following was NOT part of the Dred Scott decision? A. The popular sovereignty doctrine was a violation of the First Amendment. B. Congress does not have the power to ban slavery from any territory of the United States. C. The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. D. Slaves were not and could not ever be citizens.

A. The popular sovereignty doctrine was a violation of the First Amendment.

22. Which of the following is NOT true of Nat Turner's revolt? A. Turner rebelled due to extreme mistreatment by a series of harsh Louisiana masters. B. It was small and spontaneous, in contrast with earlier noteworthy slave uprisings. C. Turner was eventually captured and executed. D. It prompted a debate in the Virginia legislature on the merits of slavery.

A. Turner rebelled due to extreme mistreatment by a series of harsh Louisiana masters.

28. After 1830, southerners defended slavery more aggressively for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. a perceived decline in southern influence in national politics. B. the rise of the abolitionist movement with its threatening literature. C. the increasing dependence of the southern economy on slave-grown staples. D. Nat Turner's revolt.

A. a perceived decline in southern influence in national politics.

14. Plains Indians responded to the increasing numbers of emigrants on the Overland Trail by A. demanding compensation from both the government and the emigrants. B. refusing to trade with the emigrants. C. attacking the wagon trains. D. migrating away from the main corridor of travel.

A. demanding compensation from both the government and the emigrants.

3. Where was the Black Belt region described in the text located? A. in central Alabama, in the heart of the deep South, where the rich soil was ideal for cotton B. in the Tennessee River valley, where devastating flooding was frequent C. along the Gulf Coast, where the slave population was concentrated D. in an arc from South Carolina to Mississippi, where in most counties blacks outnumbered whites

A. in central Alabama, in the heart of the deep South, where the rich soil was ideal for cotton

19. What military technological advantage did the U.S. army posses that tipped the balance in several crucial engagements of the U.S.-Mexican War? A. light artillery B. the paper cartridge C. heavy cannons D. repeating rifles

A. light artillery

6. Three "frontiers" transformed Plains Indian culture long before white settlers pushed their settlement frontier west of the Mississippi River. Which of following did NOT transform Plains Indian culture during this period? A. liquor B. firearms C. the horse D. disease

A. liquor

20. What turned the 1854 elections in Kansas from routine territorial organization into a referendum on slavery? A. popular sovereignty B. the Freeport Doctrine C. the Dred Scott decision D. the Lecompton constitution

A. popular sovereignty

3. Although at the outset European experts expected the Confederacy to prevail, the North won, demonstrating that in modern war, ________ can offset _______. A. technology; terrain and distance B. strategic planning; idealistic determination C. industrial power; agricultural power D. sheer numerical superiority; the advantages of superior leadership

A. technology; terrain and distance

30. John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was significant for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. that it provoked bloody retaliation against antislavery voters in Kansas. B. that it intensified southern fears of slave insurrection. C. that it intensified southern suspicions about the Republican Party. D. that it added to the southerners' belief that their interests could not be protected within the Union.

A. that it provoked bloody retaliation against antislavery voters in Kansas.

8. What was the Gadsden Purchase? A. the acquisition of a strip of Mexican land as a railroad route B. a payment to Britain to clear the last jointly held area in the Oregon country C. an offer to buy Cuba from Spain that was rejected by Congress D. an agreement with Russia to obtain Alaska

A. the acquisition of a strip of Mexican land as a railroad route

24. In what river did James Marshall find the first gold that was to start the California gold rush? A. Sacramento River B. American River C. Feather River D. Pit River

B. American River

1. The chapter introduction tells the stories of several southerners—Colonel Daniel Jordan; a nameless Texan; Sam Williams and his wife Nancy; Octave Johnson; and Ferdinand Steel—to make the point that A. the antebellum South was marked by great diversity, but at its core it was unified by its slave-based agricultural economy. B. the antebellum South had the reputation for being unified in its views of slavery, but actually only a few in the South actively supported the slave-based agricultural economy. C. the South was unique among the sections of the U.S. because of racist attitudes and the speculative approach to farming that characterized all classes of its citizens. D. the South was not much different from other sections, except that the income of the majority of southerners came from slave-grown cotton, while elsewhere the majority of Americans grew corn or wheat with their own labor.

A. the antebellum South was marked by great diversity, but at its core it was unified by its slave-based agricultural economy.

11. The slave population A. was concentrated in the Deep South. B. moved steadily south and east. C. was concentrated in the East. D. was concentrated west of the Mississippi River.

A. was concentrated in the Deep South.

7. Mexico's northern frontier provinces developed A. with little influence or control from Mexico City. B. according to plans conceived and directed by Mexico City. C. under the predominant influence of the Catholic Church. D. despite a failure of the Mexican government to provide incentives for settlement.

A. with little influence or control from Mexico City.

7. Which of the following was NOT true about slavery as a labor system? A. Slavery was worth more in terms of investment than all the land in the South. B. As slavery spread into the Deep South, wealth and power became more equally shared among the various classes of white southerners. C. It was slavery that made possible the South's "mass production" of agriculture products for export. D. Only a minority of southerners owned slaves.

B. As slavery spread into the Deep South, wealth and power became more equally shared among the various classes of white southerners.

12. Why was the Kansas-Nebraska Act so controversial? A. Because it worked to the advantage of Douglas's home state, southerners felt betrayed. B. Because it overturned a policy on slavery already in place, northerners felt betrayed. C. Because it did not provide for land grants along with territorial government, westerners felt betrayed. D. Because it would attract immigrants who would vote Democrat, Whigs felt betrayed.

B. Because it overturned a policy on slavery already in place, northerners felt betrayed.

17. Which statement about the Republican Party is true? A. It attracted a coalition of voters throughout the nation. B. It emerged from a coalition of Democrats and Whigs who opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. C. It was a sectional party pledged to the spread of slavery. D. It was led by the principle of popular sovereignty.

B. It emerged from a coalition of Democrats and Whigs who opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

25. What was so important about the Lecompton constitution? A. It was a proslavery document, fairly drawn, that Congress approved. B. It was a proslavery document, pushed through by fraud, which Congress did not approve. C. Douglas's support for it undermined his political credibility in the North. D. Congress had not authorized a separate state of Lecompton.

B. It was a proslavery document, pushed through by fraud, which Congress did not approve.

15. ________ initiated the politics of Manifest Destiny by pushing the annexation of the Texan Republic. He did so because, as the first vice president to become president, he alienated his own party leaders and had to find an issue that would attract popular support for his bid for a second term. A. Daniel Webster B. John Tyler C. Millard Fillmore D. James K. Polk

B. John Tyler

31. Which of the following was NOT an element of the proslavery argument developed in the 1830s? A. None of the Biblical prophets or Christ himself had ever condemned slavery. B. Slavery was an unfortunate legacy of earlier tyrannical acts of the English Parliament and northern colonial merchants. C. Southern slaves lived better lives than northern factory workers. D. Slaves belonged to an inferior race.

B. Slavery was an unfortunate legacy of earlier tyrannical acts of the English Parliament and northern colonial merchants.

33. Which of the following was NOT an influential factor in securing passage of the Compromise of 1850? A. Senator Douglas took over leadership of the pro-compromise forces. B. The president, who had threatened to veto the plan, died. C. Each bill was passed piecemeal, with different supporters. D. Clay originally submitted the compromise as an Omnibus Bill.

B. The president, who had threatened to veto the plan, died.

26. Why did many of the immigrant Chinese work in small businesses or the fishing industry instead of working as miners? A. They had greater experience with small businesses and fishing. B. They were not harassed as much as in the gold fields. C. The income was more steady, and they would be able to pay off their debts sooner. D. All of these answers are correct.

B. They were not harassed as much as in the gold fields.

16. Texas was finally annexed by A. treaty with Texas when John Tyler first forced the issue. B. a joint resolution of Congress in early 1845. C. joint resolution after Polk became president. D. treaty with Mexico at the end of the U.S.-Mexican War.

B. a joint resolution of Congress in early 1845.

30. The antislavery message of the Free Soil supporters was first introduced in what form? A. as a label for a new political party that attracted supporters from among both Whigs and Democrats B. as a proposed legislated policy: the Wilmot Proviso C. as a method by which new territories would be organized in the Compromise of 1850 D. as a lengthy essay by a widely-read editor, William Lloyd Garrison

B. as a proposed legislated policy: the Wilmot Proviso

14. The Tidewater planter _______, while the planter of the Deep South _______. A. raised primarily rice; raised primarily cotton B. aspired to the ideal of the English country gentleman; was an entrepreneur bound on making a fortune C. dealt brutally with his slaves; tended to treat slaves more humanely D. defended slavery as a positive good; was often troubled by the immorality of the slave system

B. aspired to the ideal of the English country gentleman; was an entrepreneur bound on making a fortune

24. Most often the slave family A. was sold as a unit, according to laws in the Upper South. B. consisted of the nuclear unit (father, mother, and their children). C. did not exist in a functional way on large plantations. D. was essentially impossible to sustain under the conditions of bondage.

B. consisted of the nuclear unit (father, mother, and their children).

2. When cotton farmers were opening up new land for cotton cultivation, they typically planted ________ the first year after clearing the new fields. A. cotton B. corn C. wheat D. soybeans

B. corn

16. The most important component of the ideology of the Republican Party at its founding was A. a nationalist approach to economic development. B. free labor. C. immigration restriction. D. a repudiation of the Revolution and acceptance of slavery.

B. free labor.

35. A famous novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe rallied northern hostility toward one particular component of the Compromise of 1850, the A. provision that Mormon Utah could decide for itself whether to be slave or free. B. fugitive slave law, which allowed southerners to more easily reclaim their runaway slaves. C. re-drawing of the Texas boundary. D. failure to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia.

B. fugitive slave law, which allowed southerners to more easily reclaim their runaway slaves.

26. In his Freeport Doctrine, Douglas defended popular sovereignty despite the Dred Scott ruling by arguing that A. the Scott case was not a valid constitutional interpretation. B. if the people of a territory refused to pass a slave code, slavery would never be established there. C. Americans would stand behind congressional legislation to reverse the decision. D. strategic river cities that chose to ban slavery within their city limits would set the tone for the whole territory.

B. if the people of a territory refused to pass a slave code, slavery would never be established there.

6. Which of the following was an unintentional consequence of railroads in the urban environment? A. the economic survival of urban communities becoming less dependent on rail links B. living near the tracks becoming a marker of social and economic divisions C. increased traffic in fashionable neighborhoods and shopping areas D. None of these answers is correct.

B. living near the tracks becoming a marker of social and economic divisions

22. Had it passed, the Wilmot Proviso would have A. divided Texas into five slave states. B. prohibited slavery in any territory won from Mexico. C. extended the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific. D. given legal sanction to the doctrine of popular sovereignty.

B. prohibited slavery in any territory won from Mexico.

15. The Republican Party A. quickly won solid voter support in the elections of 1854 and 1855. B. prospered because of northern outrage over "Bleeding Sumner" and "Bleeding Kansas." C. won the presidency the first time it fielded a national ticket. D. advocated popular sovereignty to defuse the issue of slavery in the territories.

B. prospered because of northern outrage over "Bleeding Sumner" and "Bleeding Kansas."

7. By mid-century, the birth rate was declining, but population continued to grow. The explanation for this paradox is also the explanation for another development in those years, the A. rise of the medical and nursing professions in the United States. B. rise of the short-lived American Party. C. Gadsden Purchase. D. Ostend Manifesto.

B. rise of the short-lived American Party.

19. In spite of poor diet, lack of medical care, and a high infant mortality rate, the United States was the only slave society in the Americas where the A. white population grew significantly faster than the slave population. B. slave population increased naturally. C. slave population's life expectancy was greater than that of white Americans. D. slave population grew at a faster rate than the white population.

B. slave population increased naturally.

12. The slave population was concentrated in all of the following places EXCEPT A. the Deep South B. the Upper South. C. in areas of fertile soil and relatively flat terrain. D. in areas accessible to transportation.

B. the Upper South.

11. Which of the following contributed to the growing discontent and eventual revolt of Americans in Texas? A. the refusal of the Mexican government to accept tax payments from Texans B. the government's refusal to provide land for settlers C. the Mexican government's ban on Catholic churches in Texas D. the Mexican government's ban on slavery

B. the government's refusal to provide land for settlers

10. Stephen Douglas pushed for the organization of territorial governments in the Louisiana Purchase for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. to hasten the opening of the West for the sake of economic development. B. to accelerate the process of bringing the Plains Indians under federal control. C. to insure that Chicago became the eastern terminus of any transcontinental railroad. D. to help fulfill the aims of the Young America movement, of which Douglas was a typical representative.

B. to accelerate the process of bringing the Plains Indians under federal control.

21. To what does "Bleeding Sumner" refer? A. violence in a small town in Kansas B. violence on the floor of the U.S. Senate C. the agonized pleas on behalf of free labor made by a New York editor D. the threats of secession and armed defense of southern rights made by a southern Congressman

B. violence on the floor of the U.S. Senate

28. Which of the following was an important moderate or mediating position on slavery in the 1850s? A. Slavery should be abolished in the District of Columbia. B. Slaves should be gradually emancipated (with compensation). C. A territory's voters should determine whether or not to permit slavery within its boundaries. D. Whichever position is most popular in a national vote should prevail.

C. A territory's voters should determine whether or not to permit slavery within its boundaries.

4. Which of the following ideas was Manifest Destiny NOT based on? A. Anglo-Saxon racial superiority justified American absorption of inferior peoples and their lands. B. New lands would extend the domain of free government and free enterprise. C. Conquest of new territory would prove American military superiority. D. America had a specially ordained mission in the world.

C. Conquest of new territory would prove American military superiority.

4. "Cotton was king in the Old South." Which of the following statements about cotton is true? A. It was grown primarily in the Upper South. B. It was grown only by the larger slaveowners. C. Cultivation migrated gradually westward to new agricultural frontiers. D. By 1860 the United States produced almost half of the world's cotton supply.

C. Cultivation migrated gradually westward to new agricultural frontiers.

31. In the 1848 election campaign, which party set forth a clear position on the slavery issue? A. Whig Party B. Democratic Party C. Free Soil Party D. All of these answers are correct.

C. Free Soil Party

31. The first shots of the Civil War were fired when A. South Carolina seceded. B. the Confederate States of America was established. C. Lincoln decided to hold a fort on southern soil. D. northern forces invaded Virginia.

C. Lincoln decided to hold a fort on southern soil.

23. As settlers arrived in the far West, churches were not immediately established. Why? A. Most settlers of the far West were not very religious. B. Religious worship was forbidden in the territories. C. Population densities were too low. D. Many of the initial settlers belonged to sects that believed in "home worship."

C. Population densities were too low.

17. Which of the following was NOT one of the three harbors on the Pacific that President Polk wished to claim from Britain and Mexico? A. Puget Sound B. San Francisco C. Santa Cruz D. San Diego

C. Santa Cruz

34. The final Compromise of 1850, originally introduced by Henry Clay as a single "Omnibus Bill," passed as five separate pieces of legislation. Which of the following was NOT included? A. California was admitted as a free state. B. New Mexico was admitted as a free state. C. Slavery was abolished in the District of Columbia. D. Provisions for capturing runaway slaves were strengthened.

C. Slavery was abolished in the District of Columbia.

5. In which of the following states did slaves outnumber white southerners by the 1850s? A. Alabama B. Georgia C. South Carolina D. North Carolina

C. South Carolina

4. What weakened the natural economic and political ties of the South to the West? A. Southerners opposed federal aid for economic development. B. Railroads diverted trade from the Mississippi artery in an eastward direction. C. Southerners opposed federal aid for economic development, and railroads diverted trade from the Mississippi. D. None of these answers is correct.

C. Southerners opposed federal aid for economic development, and railroads diverted trade from the Mississippi.

8. What was true about slavery as a labor system? A. As the institution spread throughout the Deep South, a majority of white families came to own slaves. B. By the 1850s, the United States was the only remaining slaveholding society in the Americas. C. The gang and task systems were the two main ways of organizing slaves' work. D. The most arduous toil was done by field hands, who were all male.

C. The gang and task systems were the two main ways of organizing slaves' work.

20. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement concerning the consequences of the U.S.-Mexican War? A. The United States purchased California and the interior Southwest from Mexico. B. The acquisition of new territories pushed the slavery issue to the forefront of national politics. C. The war temporarily unified the country as both parties and all sections supported President Polk and approved the war effort. D. A proposal was introduced in Congress to ban slavery in any new territory. Though it never passed, the idea became central to the antislavery movement in the 1850s.

C. The war temporarily unified the country as both parties and all sections supported President Polk and approved the war effort.

5. Manifest Destiny was a popular national creed, but there was a long-term cost. The sectional crisis of the 1850s was precipitated not only by the rising abolitionist movement in the North, but also by a question raised by expansion to the West: A. Will the transcontinental railroad link the West to the North or to the South? B. Will more southerners or northerners settle the West? C. What will be the status of slavery in the new territories? D. Will westerners tend to vote Democrat or Whig?

C. What will be the status of slavery in the new territories?

28. While northerners increasingly feared _______, southerners raised the specter of _______. A. that the West would become contaminated by black slaves; a South contaminated by northern free-labor industrialism B. the South's secessionist threats; the North's determination to abolish slavery once and for all C. a Slave Power conspiracy; a conspiracy by the Black Republicans D. economic uncertainty; social chaos

C. a Slave Power conspiracy; a conspiracy by the Black Republicans

32. Which of the following was included in the aging Henry Clay's proposed compromise package to "escape from crisis"? A. admission of California as a slave state B. admission of Texas as a free state C. abolition of the slave trade in Washington, D.C. D. abolition of the federal fugitive slave law

C. abolition of the slave trade in Washington, D.C.

23. The Dred Scott decision A. struck down the Kansas-Nebraska Act. B. asserted that Congress could prohibit slavery in any territory. C. asserted that Congress could not ban slavery from any territory. D. freed Dred Scott.

C. asserted that Congress could not ban slavery from any territory.

12. After successfully defeating the Mexican army, Texas A. became a self-governing province within the Mexican federation. B. forced the Mexican government to recognize its independence. C. became an independent nation, unrecognized by Mexico. D. was admitted to the United States.

C. became an independent nation, unrecognized by Mexico.

1. The chapter introduction tells the story of the first battle of Manassas (Bull Run) to make the point that A. the Union army was unprepared to fight. B. the Confederate army was unprepared to fight. C. both sides underestimated what it would be like to fight a total war. D. although the North had the advantage of initiative, the fighting would often turn out to be a series of Confederate victories against all odds.

C. both sides underestimated what it would be like to fight a total war.

27. Uncle Tom's Cabin, a novel that was quickly adapted into a play, had a significant impact on northern opinion because it A. took advantage of the fact that influential middle-class Americans were regular playgoers. B. introduced ordinary Americans to the literary classics. C. conveyed a moral condemnation of slavery. D. presented for the first time a factual account of the actual conditions of slavery in the South.

C. conveyed a moral condemnation of slavery.

33. In North America, slave revolts were _________; in Latin American slave societies, full-scale revolts were _______. A. common; extremely rare B. very rare; nearly nonexistent C. extremely rare; common, and involved large numbers of slaves D. numerous but small; nearly impossible to organize

C. extremely rare; common, and involved large numbers of slaves

1. The chapter introduction tells the story of the Sioux migration to the Great Plains to make the point that A. the American ideology of Manifest Destiny meant manifest destruction for tribal cultures. B. Mexican advancement northward, as well as Anglo-American advancement westward, put pressure on the Plains tribes. C. frontiers were multidimensional and mobile, involved a variety of peoples and cultures, and ultimately proved as disruptive to the settled East as to the contested West. D. the United States not only had to resort to war and diplomacy to expand its borders, it also had to cope within its borders with native peoples who attacked the emigrants on the Overland Trail.

C. frontiers were multidimensional and mobile, involved a variety of peoples and cultures, and ultimately proved as disruptive to the settled East as to the contested West.

10. Manufacturing lagged in the South because A. whites believed slaves could not do industrial work. B. slaveowners lacked capital to invest in manufacturing. C. high profits from agriculture discouraged other possible investments. D. the South lacked a suitable white workforce, since immigrants settled in the North.

C. high profits from agriculture discouraged other possible investments.

21. Nat Turner A. became a leading advocate of slavery as a "positive good." B. strongly defended humane treatment of slaves as the slave owners' paternalistic obligation. C. led a slave revolt despite enjoying relatively humane treatment by his master. D. was an escaped slave who returned to the South to lead other runaways to freedom.

C. led a slave revolt despite enjoying relatively humane treatment by his master.

26. Free blacks in the South A. developed an internal hierarchy favoring darker or "more African" skin colors. B. lived mostly in urban centers. C. lived mostly in the Upper South. D. were primarily mulattoes.

C. lived mostly in the Upper South.

13. Slaveowners made up ________ of the southern white population, but the true "planters of consequence," with at least 50 slaves, _______. A. the great majority; were found only in the older Tidewater region B. about half; dominated politics C. roughly a quarter; made up less than 1 percent of the total white population D. a small minority; constituted a majority of those slaveholders

C. roughly a quarter; made up less than 1 percent of the total white population

2. At the beginning of the Civil War, which one of the following factors favored the South? A. the transportation system B. the manpower pool C. the fact that the fighting would be on southern soil D. the potential for developing an industrial base to sustain the war effort

C. the fact that the fighting would be on southern soil

13. The trek west on the Overland Trail A. followed Lewis and Clark's route across the plains; and established agricultural societies that were deliberately different from those in the East. B. evidenced traditional gender roles despite women's quest to act like men; and once in the West, the emigrants developed a new frontier society where women had little influence. C. was difficult and stressful on everyone involved, but placed a special strain on women. D. was plagued by periodic attacks by hostile Indians, but the U.S. government refused to provide a military presence before the Civil War.

C. was difficult and stressful on everyone involved, but placed a special strain on women.

6. Which of the following crops were grown extensively in the Upper South? A. cotton B. rice C. wheat D. sugar

C. wheat

19. What group was particularly susceptible to the appeal of the Know-Nothing Party? A. southern Whigs B. western farmers C. young, native-born workers D. the elderly

C. young, native-born workers

22. In addition to the Democratic and Republican tickets, additional presidential candidates were fielded in 1856 by the ________ and in 1860 by the _______. A. Whig Party; American Party B. American Party; Free Soil Party C. Southern Democratic Party; Constitutional Union Party D. American Party; Constitutional Union Party

D. American Party; Constitutional Union Party

18. The U.S.-Mexican War began when A. the U.S. annexed Texas. B. Mexico expelled an American diplomat. C. Taylor's force of Texans crossed the Rio Grande River into Mexico. D. American and Mexican forces clashed over disputed border territory in southern Texas.

D. American and Mexican forces clashed over disputed border territory in southern Texas.

9. Which statement best summarizes the effects of slavery on the southern economy? A. It was a highly efficient mode of production. B. It helped diversify the southern economy, but was not highly profitable. C. It released capital for investment that would otherwise have been tied up in wages. D. It concentrated wealth and power in the hands of the planter class.

D. It concentrated wealth and power in the hands of the planter class.

25. What is NOT true of slave religion? A. It was expressed in secret meetings beyond white supervision. B. It was central to the culture of most slave communities. C. It featured songs with both earthly and heavenly applications. D. It remained largely unaffected by Christianity until the 1860s.

D. It remained largely unaffected by Christianity until the 1860s.

25. What city experienced explosive growth as a result of the gold rush in California? A. Saint Louis B. Sacramento C. Salt Lake City D. San Francisco

D. San Francisco

20. In the 1830s, reacting to Nat Turner's rebellion and the growing abolitionist movement, southern slaveholders developed the argument that slavery was a positive good. Which of the following assertions was NOT part of their proslavery argument? A. Slavery was a beneficial status for blacks, as they required white guardianship. B. Slavery was sanctioned by the Bible and history. C. Slavery was more consistent with the humanitarian spirit of the age than the northern wage labor system. D. Slavery's opponents could build no persuasive argument against it.

D. Slavery's opponents could build no persuasive argument against it.

11. According to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, what would be the status of slavery in those western territories? A. Slavery would be expressly prohibited. B. Slavery would be expressly permitted. C. Slavery would be permitted in Kansas but banned in Nebraska. D. The people would decide.

D. The people would decide.

18. The "Know-Nothing" or nativist movement (later the American Party), which prospered especially in the northeastern states, was characterized by its A. states' rights position. B. antislavery position. C. defense of Indian rights. D. anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant position.

D. anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant position.

27. While the Old South was a diverse region of the United States, it was united in its A. belief in the 1830s that slavery was on the decline. B. dependence on staple crops such as tobacco, cotton, and rice. C. dependence on the labor of women. D. belief that slavery was central only to the economy and not to southern culture and identity.

D. belief that slavery was central only to the economy and not to southern culture and identity.

15. The upper-class plantation mistress A. accepted a sexual code that kept white women pure but tolerated sexual relations between white men and slave women. B. lived a life of leisure centered around artistic and literary pursuits. C. enjoyed the unique luxury of criticizing her own role in society as well as the slave system in general. D. faced an unexpected variety of burdensome managerial and service duties.

D. faced an unexpected variety of burdensome managerial and service duties.

16. Yeoman farmers in the South A. owned only a few slaves. B. hated the planter class. C. opposed slavery because it hurt them economically. D. suffered from isolation, a limited market, and chronic money shortage.

D. suffered from isolation, a limited market, and chronic money shortage.

9. Southerners voiced many concerns and complaints in the 1850s, including all of the following EXCEPT A. that the North was making the South into its economic colony. B. that the immigrant influx strengthened the North's dominance in the House of Representatives. C. that only the expansion of slave states could overcome the South's isolation and decreasing political clout. D. that the threats against slavery had led to a sharp drop in the market value of slaves.

D. that the threats against slavery had led to a sharp drop in the market value of slaves.

2. Which of the following was NOT a United States territorial acquisition in the 1840s? A. Texas B. Oregon south of the 49th parallel C. the area between the Rockies and California D. the area between the Rockies and the Missouri River

D. the area between the Rockies and the Missouri River

1. The chapter introduction tells the stories of Lawrence and Pottawatomie, Kansas, to make the point that A. westward migration continued despite the distractions of sectional strife. B. it was deliberate, violent acts by an extremist minority that sucked Americans into civil war. C. the ability of settlers in Kansas to disagree, yet still get along, shows that the Civil War was not necessarily inevitable. D. violence in Kansas discredited popular sovereignty, the only remaining compromise solution to the growing sectional split.

D. violence in Kansas discredited popular sovereignty, the only remaining compromise solution to the growing sectional split.

30. The proslavery argument A. was fully developed before 1830 as part of the anti-tariff campaign. B. refused to consider the Bible, depending instead on racist scientific treatises. C. was successful in influencing northern public opinion on slavery. D. was developed primarily to satisfy the consciences of southerners.

D. was developed primarily to satisfy the consciences of southerners.

29. The Virginia debate of 1832 A. led to a resolution declaring slavery a positive good. B. caused the legislature to condemn slavery but adopt no program to deal with it. C. led to the adoption of a program of gradual emancipation. D. was the last significant attempt by white southerners to take action against slavery.

D. was the last significant attempt by white southerners to take action against slavery.

3. The doctrine of Manifest Destiny A. developed in the 1820s as a popular response to the Monroe Doctrine. B. developed in the 1830s as a southern and western reaction against evangelical millennialism. C. was used to recruit Americans to migrate to Texas to protect slavery and U.S. interests. D. was used to justify U.S. expansion southward and westward.

D. was used to justify U.S. expansion southward and westward.