History till 1877 exam 1

John Rolfe

John Rolfe (c. 1585 - 1622) was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy.

Virginia Company

The Virginia Company refers collectively to a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I on 10 April 1606 with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America

Mestizos

Spaniard/American Indian

Legal definition of slavery (VA, 1662)

Virginia enacts a law of hereditary slavery meaning that a child born to an enslaved mother inherits her slave status.

King Philip's War

(1675-77) The first large-scale military action in the American colonies, pitting various Indian tribes against New England colonists and their Indian allies. Marked by heavy slaughters on both sides (including killings of women and children), the war cost thousands of lives

Benjamin Franklin

(printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics; he helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution; he played a major role in the American Revolution and negotiated French support for the colonists; as a scientist he is remembered particularly for his research in electricity (1706-1790))

Carolina / Lords Proprietors

(Lord Proprietor) Lord Proprietor was the gubernatorial title for the noble "ruling" proprietors of certain British proprietary colonies in North America, such as Maryland, Carolina, and New Jersey.

Powhatan

(c.1550-1618), Algonquian Indian chief; Indian name Wa-hun-sen-a-cawh or Wahunsonacock. He was the leader of Powhatan's Confederacy, an alliance of about 30 tribes that were located primarily in eastern Virginia. Often noted for his ruthlessness, he made peace with the colonists after his daughter

Massasoit

(c.1580-1661), chief of the Wampanoag Indians; father of King Philip. He signed a peace treaty with the Pilgrims at Plymouth in 1621 and remained a friend to white settlers

Pocahontas

(c.1595-1617), American Indian; daughter of Powhatan, an Algonquian chief in Virginia. According to John Smith, she rescued him from death at the hands of her father. In 1612, she was seized as a hostage by the English, and she later married colonist John Rolfe

Cherokees

(cherokee) a member of an Iroquoian people formerly living in the Appalachian Mountains but now chiefly in Oklahoma

Thanksgiving (1621)

(in North America) An annual national holiday marked by religious observances and a traditional meal including turkey. The holiday commemorates a harvest festival celebrated by the Pilgrims in 1621, and is held in the US on the fourth Thursday in November. A similar holiday is held in Canada, usually on the second Monday in October

Shawnees

(shawnee) a member of the Algonquian people formerly living along the Tennessee river

4. Without native assistance, neither Jamestown nor Plymouth would have survived in the early years of the colonies. 5. Compare English settlement and relations with native groups to the history of Spanish colonization and relations with native groups in the Americas. What similarities or differences existed between the methods used by these European colonizers?.

6. The Spanish tended to set up the equivalent of fiefdoms, where the ruler of a particular area tended to be from Spain itself rather than one of the local residents. The Spanish also had a higher instance of intermixing with the First Nations, resulting in the modern distinction between Latinos and Spanish proper. 7. The English formed large-scale colonies along the Atlantic seaboard, but unlike the Spanish, they were for the most part home-ruled. That is, the leaders of the colonies generally came from those colonies instead of from Britain itself. The English colonies were also more heterogeneous, having groups from Scotland (before the Act of Union), Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. They were also more religiously diverse as some colonies were Anglican, but others tended to be refuges for Puritans, Separatists, Quakers, and English Catholics. a. The English never really clashed with the Spanish in the Americas as they focused on different regions. When England and France clashed, the numerical superiority of the English tended to be a decisive factor. 8. Comparisons between Spanish and English colonial patterns demonstrate that significant differences existed. There were, however, notable similarities. Both nations used New World colonies to further their mercantile goals. In the process of exploitation, both nations ravaged native populations, charting a long course of cultural disruption and destruction. By the late 18th and early 19th Centuries, both nations would lose their primary New World colonies as independent communities emerged. 9. Spanish conquest of the Americas began with the first voyage of Columbus in 1492 "God, Gold, and Glory." The exploitation of these new lands involved the establishment of sugar plantations, begun by the Portuguese in Brazil, turning sugar into the most lucrative commodity to flow into Europe. Plantation economies existed because of the endless supply of African slaves; 92% of all African slaves ended up in Spanish or Portuguese colonial possessions. a. Gold and silver arrived in Spain aboard large treasure fleets, creating inflation and changing forever the monetary policies of European trade and credit policies. Silver mines, like the vast enterprise in Potosi, produced silver coins that enabled Spanish kings like Philip II to pay for expansive military ventures b. Spanish colonial efforts were the endeavors of men, unlike the English who came to the North American eastern coast with families. Early Conquistadores like Cortes and Pizzaro, were soldiers of fortune, seeking gold and eventually enslaving indigenous populations to work on plantations and agricultural estates. Many of these men took local wives, creating a distinctly new social class. c. God also figured prominently with the Spanish. Spanish kings that saw themselves as staunch defenders of Catholicism dispatched missionary priests with instructions to convert native populations. The efforts of the Franciscans establishing missions throughout Central America, Texas, New Mexico, and California are well known. Until 20th Century Protestant missionary efforts, all of Central and South America was Roman Catholic. 10. Goals of English Colonization a. The first permanent English colony at Jamestown was founded with a profit motive. Not funded through royal patronage, the Virginia Colony was initially controlled by a joint stock company. Similar to Spain, however, most early Virginia settlers were male, young indentured servants seeking a better future in a land of apparent limitless opportunity. This was not true in other English colonies, such as in New England, that featured families as the norm in local communities. b. Other colonies were founded by religious groups fleeing harassment in England or the continental wars of religion. Pilgrims, Puritans, Quakers, and Huguenots established communities, often after making treaties with local Native American peoples. Unlike the Spanish, there was never a concerted effort to convert the native peoples (notable exceptions might be the missionary activities of the Moravians among the Shawnee and Cherokee). c. English colonists found no gold or silver. Rather, they established profitable enterprises in the cultivation of tobacco and rice, ship building and lumber, and New England fishing. It can be argued that, unlike the Spanish, these diversified structures reaped greater long-term and sustainable profits for England, at least until 1783.

Sir Francis Drake

: English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596

Charter of Privileges (Pennsylvania governments)

A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified.

Melancholy

A deep, pensive, and long-lasting sadness

Privateering

A privateer was a private person or private warship authorized by a country's government by letters of marque to attack foreign shipping. Privateers were only entitled by their state to attack and rob enemy vessels during wartime.

Yamasee War

A series of attacks from 1715-1716 led by Catawbas, Creeks, and other Indian allies on English trading houses and settlements. Only by enlisting the aid of the Cherokee Indians, and allowing four hundred slaves to bear arms, did the colony crush the uprising.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Anne Hutchinson

American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643) Anne Hutchinson (baptized July 20, 1591 - August 20, 1643) was a pioneer settler in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Netherlands and the unauthorized minister of a dissident church discussion group. Hutchinson held Bible meetings for women that soon appealed to men as well

Richard Hakluyt

An English writer who notably supported and promoted the English settlements in North America. 1553-1616

silk road

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.

Indentured servant

An indentured servant was a worker, typically a laborer or tradesman, under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities.

Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon's Rebellion was an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy planter. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year.Bacon's Rebellion reinforced how dangerous a mass of freed indentured servants might prove.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Jonathan Edwards

Edwards: American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

Roger Williams

English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia; was said to have been saved by Pocahontas (1580-1631)

Roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Lord Baltimore

Founder of Maryland who, in 1632, received a charter from King Charles I for a tract of land to the northeast of the colony of Virginia. It comprised the present-day states of Maryland and Delaware. He wrote the charter for the colony but died before he got it.

George Whitefield

George Whitefield (December 16, 1714 - September 29, 1770) was an Anglican Protestant minister who helped spread the Great Awakening in the Kingdom of Great Britain and, especially, in the British North American colonies.

Gilbert Tennent

Gilbert Tennent (February 5, 1703, County Armagh, Ireland - July 23, 1764, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States) was a religious leader.

Encomiendas

Grants that give a person the right to take labor in the form of slaves or any type of homage form a designated group of Indians. Christopher Columbus who was sailing for Spain and who was one of the first conquistadors also began this practice in Hispanolia.

Henry Hudson

Hudson: English navigator who discovered the Hudson River; in 1610 he attempted to winter in Hudson Bay but his crew mutinied and set him adrift to die (1565-1611)

Metacom (Philip)

Indian who united the tribes and defeated 52 Puritan towns Metacom (ca. 1639 - August 12, 1676), also known as King Philip or Metacomet, or occasionally Pometacom, was a war chief or sachem of the Wampanoag Indians and their leader in King Philip's War.

Algonquians

Indians in Jamestown area. conflict with English b/c of their differences (ideas of property ownership, religious beliefs, gov't/power). Made up Powhatan confederacy

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

James Oglethorpe

James Edward Oglethorpe (22 December 1696 - 30 June 1785) was a British general, a philanthropist, and was the founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer in Britain, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prison, in the New World.

James II (also the Duke of York)

James: the last Stuart to be king of England and Ireland and Scotland; overthrown in 1688 (1633-1701)

Jamestown

Jamestown, located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 13th 1607. It is the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States of America, following several earlier failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke.

John White

John White (1634-1713) was an English politician. He was Member of Parliament for Nottinghamshire from 1679-1685, from May 1689 to 1690 and then finally from 1691 until 1698. The Roanoke Colony on Roanoke Island in Dare County in present-day North Carolina was an enterprise financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh. .

"Join, or Die"

Join, or Die is a well-known political cartoon, created by Benjamin Franklin and first published in his Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754. The original publication by the Gazette is the earliest known pictorial representation of colonial union produced by a British colonist in America. ...

Olaudah Equiano

Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745 - 31 March 1797), also known as Gustavus Vassa, was one of the most prominent Africans involved in the British movement of the abolition for the slave trade.

Pontiac's Rebellion

Pontiac's War was a war that was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British policies in the Great Lakes region after the British victory in the

College of New Jersey (Princeton)

Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Raleigh: English courtier (a favorite of Elizabeth I) who tried to colonize Virginia; introduced potatoes and tobacco to England (1552-1618)

Chattel slavery

Slavery is a system in which people are the property of others. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand wages. In some societies it was legal for an owner to kill a slave

Smallpox

Smallpox is an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning spotted, or varus, meaning "pimple

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain

Tanaghrisson ("Half King")

Tanacharison or Tanaghrisson (c. 1700? - 4 October 1754) was an American Indian leader who played a pivotal role in the beginning of the French and Indian Wa

Tanaghrisson

Tanaghrisson was a Seneca native appointed to serve as a diplomatic representative for the Six Nations of the Iroquois in relations between the French and English. The English referred to him as "half King" because his role was only as diplomat and he could not ratify agreements. In 1754, he assisted George Washington in the removal of a French force under the command of Ensign Joseph Coulon de Jumonville from Ohio. When the French officer was wounded and surrendered, Tanaghrisson killed and scalped de Jumonville, initiating the French and Indian War between England and France.

Toleration Act of 1689

The Act of Toleration was an act of the English Parliament (24 May 1689, citation 1 Will. & Mar. c. 18), the long title of which is "An Act for Exempting their Majestyes Protestant Subjects dissenting from the Church of England from the Penalties of certaine Lawes".

Atlantic World

The Atlantic World was a region of contact between Europe, Africa, and the American continents between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries. Peoples from nations and regions created networks of trade and interaction using the Atlantic Ocean as a highway for exchange. The expansive networks fostered the colonization of the Americas by Europeans, enslavement of Africans for use as labor in plantations and settlements, and the growth of empires in Europe, principally the Spanish, Dutch, French, and British.

Covenant Chain

The Covenant Chain was an alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) and the British colonies of North America. Their councils and subsequent treaties concerned colonial settlement, trade, and acts of violence between the Iroquois and the colonists.

Navigation Acts

The English Navigation Acts (1650-1673) were a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (after 1707 Great Britain) and its colonies, which started in 1651

Frame of Government

The Frame of Government of Pennsylvania was a constitution for the Province of Pennsylvania, a proprietary colony granted to William Penn by Charles II of England. In 1682 Penn, while still in England, drafted the first version of the Frame of Government to supplement the colony's royal charter

Great Migration

The Great Migration was the mass movement of Puritans to Massachusetts Bay colony that began in 1630 and continued into the 1640s. Economic depression and religious persecution in England provoked the migration.

Massachusetts Bay Colony (royal)

The Massachusetts Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Company, for the institution that founded it) was an English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century, in New England, centered around the present-day cities of Salem and Boston.

Mayflower Compact

The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the colonists, later together known to history as the Pilgrims, who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower

Middle Passage

The Middle Passage refers to the forcible passage of African people from Africa to the New World, as part of the Atlantic slave trade

Act concerning Religion

The Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the Act Concerning Religion, was a law mandating religious tolerance for trinitarian Christians.

Mystic Massacre

The Mystic massacre took place on May 26, 1637, during the Pequot War, when English settlers under Captain John Mason, and Narragansett and Mohegan allies set fire to a fortified Pequot village near the Mystic River.

Pequot War

The Pequot War was an armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) against the Pequot tribe.

Proclamation Line of 1763

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War.

Salem Witch Trials

The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings before local magistrates followed by county court of trials to prosecute people accused of witchcraft in Essex, Suffolk, and Middlesex counties of colonial Massachusetts, between February 1692 and May 1693.

Starving Time

The Starving Time at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia was a period of forced starvation initiated by the Powhatan Confederacy to remove the English from Virginia. The campaign killed all but 60 of the 500 colonists during the winter of 1609-1610.

Peace of Paris (1763)

The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 February 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War.

Tuscarora War

The Tuscarora War was fought in North Carolina during the autumn of 1711 until 11 February 1715 between the British, Dutch, and German settlers and the Tuscarora Indians. A treaty was signed in 1715

Westos

The Westo were a Native American tribe of the 17th century. They probably spoke an Iroquoian language. They were called Chichimeco by the Spanish (not to be confused with Chichimeca in Mexico), and, possibly, Richahecrian by Virginians

Mercantilism

The economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

2. The Great Awakening in the mid-18th century created a sense of nationalism in American colonists and ushered in an era of revolutionary activity. 3. Discuss the ideas that emerged from the Great Awakening and the history of religion in American colonies to evaluate the role of religion in the social and political lives of American colonists by 1760.

The major effect of the Awakening was a rebellion against authoritarian religious rule which spilled over into other areas of colonial life. Amidst the growing population of the colonies within the 18th Century and mass public gatherings, charismatic personalities such as Whitefield and Tennent rolled through to deliver their messages. Though a religious movement, the Awakening had repercussions in cultural and political spheres as well. Customs of civility and courtesy, the governing norms of life in the colonies, were set aside in favor of a more quarrelsome age. Practices and mind-sets were changed by the Awakening like never before. b. Revivalism in the colonies did not form around a complex theology of religious freedom, but nevertheless the ideas it produced opposed the notion of a single truth or a single church. As preachers visited town after town, sects began to break off larger churches and a multitude of Protestant denominations sprouted. The older groups that dominated the early colonies - the Puritans and the Anglicans - eventually began a drastic downward trend in popularity. Although they accounted for about 40% of American congregations as late as 1760, that number eventually dropped to under 2.5% by 1790. c. The effect of Great Awakening unity was an attitude that went against the deferential thinking that consumed English politics and religion. d. Rather than believing that God's will was necessarily interpreted by the monarch or his bishops, the colonists viewed themselves as more capable of performing the task. e. The chain of authority no longer ran from God to ruler to people, but from God to people to ruler. The children of revivalism later echoed this radicalism and popular self-righteousness in the American Revolution, when self-assertion turned against the tyrannical ways of George III. It was not to any church that the signers of the Declaration of Independence appealed to, but directly to the "Supreme Judge of the World". It was through the revivalism of the first half of the Eighteenth Century that the colonists were finally able to step out from under the protectorate of the established Christian churches and assert religious control over their own nation's destiny. f. Another effect of the Great Awakening on colonial culture was the growth of the notion of state rule as a contract with the people. g. Parishioners during the revival gained an understanding of covenants with their churches as contractual schemes; they argued that each believer owed the church their obedience, and the churches in turn owed their congregants the duty to be faithful to the Gospel. Parishioners therefore reserved the right to dissolve the covenant and to sever ties with the church without prior permission. This notion of covenant was a popular one in Puritan society and reflected a common biblical understanding of association. Present in the Mayflower Compact and later forming an ideological basis for breaking from Great Britain, the notion of covenant grew to link religion and politics in the colonies. h. The ideals of Puritanical covenant theology were manifested in the "social compact" of the Declaration of Independence. i. Under this theory, implicit in the Declaration, disassociated individuals in the "state of nature" agree to live and be bound together under consensual government. With the frequency by which believers broke away from larger churches to form splinter groups, the colonists must have been accustomed to separating themselves from larger institutions. j. Perhaps the greatest fuel added to the revolutionary fire that began burning in the latter half of the 18th Century was religious pluralism within the colonies. Unlike England, which after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 had become spiritually stagnant under the Church of England, the colonists adhered to no single denomination. The splits in churches that revivalism had caused prevented uniformity in religion from becoming a reality. While groups such as the Quakers and Anglicans still existed in areas, none could rise to dominate the religious scene and become the primary American religion. So long as the colonists did not become complacent, their religious zeal would continue to burn strong. k. Eventually, this religious zeal turned to revolution and sentiments of self-governance. That the religious spirit of the colonists was a necessary component to the drive for independence is confirmed in the sentiments of those who lived during the period of fighting. As British statesman William Knox noted about the American drive for independence, "Every man being thus allowed to be his own Pope, he becomes disposed to wish to become his own King" l. John Adams gave credit to the Great Awakening as the source of motivation behind the war, and in certain parts of England the revolution was even called the "Presbyterian Rebellion". m. The religious revival of the Great Awakening melded the colonists in a way that would not have been possible otherwise. Eighteenth Century Americans thought of religion as something communitarian - a form of social cooperation - rather than a competitive endeavor of individuals that the world of commerce envisioned. Christians were told to be benevolent and to make self-sacrifices, and many were bound together by way of their shared mass conversions. Thus, they could afford to make sacrifices for their land in times of need. n. Another shared sentiment of the chiefly Protestant nation was a fear of Catholic domination. While this feeling may have been contributed to by fear of foreign political domination, the revivalist zeal of the colonists no doubt played a part in the anti-hierarchical nature of anti-Catholic attitudes. Through cataclysmic events such as world earthquakes in 1727 and 1755, expectations of the new millennial age increased. The colonists viewed these as divine signs, and so when questions arose about the Antichrist they turned to the Catholics. They considered the pope to be the enemy during the French and Indian War, and celebrations in Boston and in other places, Anti-Pope Day furthered Protestant zeal. o. Anti-Catholicism was one of the most prominent traits in the colonies prior to the revolution. This attitude was significant in the New England way of life and existed not only in the churches but also in taverns, newspapers, and schools. Despite political or theological differences between colonists, one common understanding shared by all was an opposition to Roman Catholicism. So when the "popish" threat subsided somewhat with the passing of the French and Indian War, the colonists searched for a new Antichrist at which they could direct their attention. They found him in George III, who needed to be expelled from the colonies in order to bring forth the new age of righteousness. The religious fervor spawned by the Great Awakening provided the catalyst for political and military action necessary for fulfillment of religious expectations. The crusade against the Catholics provided the necessary focal point over the course of the 18th Century until the new crusade against the British took over.

"A City Upon a Hill"

The passengers of the Arbella who left England in 1630 with their new charter had a great vision. They were to be an example for the rest of the world in rightful living. Future governor JOHN WINTHROP stated their purpose quite clearly: "We shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us."

Old Lights / New Lights

The terms Old Lights and New Lights (among others) are used in Christian circles to distinguish between two groups who were initially the same, but have come to a disagreement. These terms have been applied in a wide variety of ways, and the meaning must be determined from context.

George Washington

Washington: 1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Mulattos

White/black ancestry,

William Penn

William Penn (October 14, 1644 - July 30, 1718) was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, and founder and "absolute proprietor" of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future U. S. State of Pennsylvania

William Pitt

William Pitt is most likely to refer to: * William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham (1708-1778), Prime Minister of Great Britain 1766-1768; often known as William Pitt the Elder * William Pitt the Younger (1759-1806), his son and Prime Minister of Great Britain (1783-1801) and (1804-1806)

Quakers

a Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660 Religious Society of Friends: a Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660; commonly called Quakers

Iroquois League

a league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations)

Congregationalist

a member of the Congregational Church, ordinary members of the Puritan churches They are called congregational churches because they didn't have a hierarchy so every church was independent of the others. Each group of parishioners would covenant together to create a church

Revivalism

a new era of religious leaders who preached and wrote books denoucing the evils of popular entertainment and alcohol

Slaver"

a person engaged in slave trade

Deist

a person who believes that God created the universe and then abandoned it

1. Explain how the different regions in North America (New England, the Chesapeake, and Carolina) introduced and utilized this labor force, considering pivotal events, developments, and regional differences in your discussion.

a. . Since the first few African slaves arrived in Jamestown in 1619, a handful of black servants labored alongside whites. Indeed, small communities of free blacks—some of whom themselves held black slaves—appeared on the Eastern Shore in the mid-seventeenth century, living on seeming equal terms with their white neighbors. b. The colonists were creating a category of people deemed subordinate to others on account not only of their race, but also because they were viewed as heathen and physically brutish by English canons of beauty and culture. c. Those same characteristics also argued against incorporating a mass of such people into Chesapeake society. The English preferred laborers of their own sort, and during the 1680s Virginia's slaves constituted only some seven percent of the colony's population. d. Slavery provided planters with a long-term labor supply. Small planters, themselves tobacco farmers and, in many cases, slave owners, had the same interests in maintaining their labor force as the large planters. The "Old Dominion" had transformed from a society with slaves to a slave society. e. As the colonies along the Atlantic coast took shape in the mid-eighteenth century, they became grouped by region: i. New England, middle, Chesapeake, and southern colonies. Among these regions there were some general similarities, including temperate climates and more than adequate average rainfall, which are critical factors for maximizing agricultural production. f. Surplus crops provided the most important exports in all regions except in New England, although what colonists grew depended on a variety of factors such as climate, topography, and soil types. All of the regions depended heavily on Britain for manufactured goods. g. The area known as New England was comprised of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. This region was highly English, with scatterings of Scotch-Irish population. With its proximity to the ocean, this area's major commodity was fish. Other major exports included whale products and timber. Major imports included sugar from the West Indies, wheat from the Chesapeake region, and manufactured items from Britain. h. The Chesapeake region of Maryland and Virginia, also known as the Upper South, was the wealthiest of the eastern regions. A heavily English region, this area was also populous with Germans and Scotch-Irish. The Chesapeake also had a great deal of racial diversity, with a population of 60 percent white, 40 percent black. Not surprisingly, then, slaves were common on both large and small farms. Tobacco served as the major crop of this region, although wheat also became a popular crop. The Chesapeake exported both tobacco and wheat, along with some food to the West Indies, and imported manufactured goods from Britain and slaves from the West Indies and Africa. i. The final region along the eastern coast was the southern colonies, or Lower South, which included North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. This region was the most racially diverse, with South Carolina being the only colony with a black majority. In addition to the multitude of Africans, this region was populated mainly by the English, with Scots, Scotch-Irish, Germans, and Huegenots figuring into the mix. Like the Chesapeake, the Africans were necessary in the Lower South as a labor source for the plantations, and were commonly seen on smaller family farms as well. In addition to tobacco, major exports included rice and indigo. Cultivation practices for rice and indigo were extremely brutal and labor-intensive, and many slaves died from the brutal conditions. As a result, slaves from the West Indies and Africa were a major import to the area to replenish the supply and sustain productivity. Other major imports included manufactured goods from Britain and sugar and rum from the West Indies. j. The Chesapeake colonies were typically considered to have a more challenging environment, both physically and emotionally. Mortality rates in the Chesapeake were high, and most children had lost one or both parents before adolescence. Although servants on small family farms would sleep in lofts under the homeowner's roof, plantation slaves shared small wooden huts segregated from the planter's home. The southern climate was conducive to a variety of vegetables, and the residents of the Chesapeake region made these vegetables a staple of their diet. Slaves subsisted on a diet made primarily of corn, often served as a thick gruel. k. Life for New Englanders bore more differences than similarities to life in the Chesapeake region. However, seventeenth-century New England offered a much lower mortality rate. Family connections were equally important among African slaves in New England. With slave owners living in closer proximity to one another than in the south, slaves could better maintain family and friendship bonds. The slave population in this area began to sustain itself as a higher number of female slaves resulted in a higher slave birth rate. This made America one of the few slave societies in history to grow by natural reproduction. Common New England houses were built to accommodate large, nuclear families without servants. l. Certainly, New England's piety affected every aspect of its population's lives, prevailing in a kind of cultural austerity, while Chesapeake life took on a more festive, less inhibited cast. However, the festivity of the Chesapeake was tempered by the high mortality rates and expectations of loss, whereas New Englanders grew to expect a longer, healthier life.

Encomiendas

a. A grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area

Amerigo Vespucci

a. Vespucci: Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America; America was named in his honor (1454-1512)

Arawaks

a. some of the peoples of the West Indies. b. They were the natives whom Christopher Columbus encountered when he first landed in the Americas in 1492

Columbian Exchange

c. The Columbian Exchange was a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture and human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres included a trade of plants, animals, foods, diseases, and ideas.

Charles Towne

first succesful settlement of the carolinas founded by white barbadians and their slaves

African American

pertaining to or characteristic of Americans of African ancestry; "Afro-American culture"; "many black people preferred to be called African-American or Afro-American"

House of Burgesses

the colonial assembly that was created by settlers in Virginia in 1619. It was started as a forum to discuss and solve common problems as settlers spread out from Jamestown to form other towns up and down the James River., the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

Spanish Armada

the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; The Navy that prevented most of the Old World to colonize the New World until 1588 when the British defeated it.