History Unit One

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little ice age

in europe, population losses combined with the effects of the ______ ___ ___

holy roman empire

in place of Germany

oligarchy

rule by a small group of individuals or families

mamluk sultanate

ruled over Egypt and Syria- hurt agricultural economy- scarce labor- depended on agricultural wealth for its support- struggle for power- downfall at the hands of the Ottoman conquerors in 1517

expansion into asia and africa

elements that appeal in Arabia are portable- trade and merchants-

sufi brotherhood

emphasize personal experience- act as missionaries- mystical branch of Islam- bring Islam institutions with them as they travel

Mediterranean

entry point for trading

christians

interpreted the plague as divine punishment for humanity's sins- blamed vulnerable minorities, beggers, lepers, and Jews for corrupting Christian safety

print culture

long term importance of education- invention of printing in the 8th century and development of the printing industry- by the 12th century, widespread access to printing materials

Italian city states

maritime trade fuels the growth of city states- increased consumption of luxury goods and display of wealth- city states develop as centers of arts and learning

Genoa

merchant outpost- most people on ship sick and by the time they got there most died- would not let ship dock and trade

south asia

no evidence of pandemic in _____ ____

maritime world of indian ocean

no pandemic or war- unprecedented commercial dynamism

the renaissance

rediscovery of classical forms and ideas= development of ideas that blend christianity, classical thought, and comtemporary conditions (gvnt, econ, med)- emphasis on balance and harmony in the arts

Islam origins and early expansions

expansion of Islam is quickly tied to political and social institutions- expands exponentially from approximately 700 to 950- creates new urban trading centers- facilitates artistic and intellectual culture- Islam becomes a unifying force in the region and beyond

little ice age

Name applied by environmental historians to periods of prolonged cool weather in the temperate zones of the earth

Zheng He

(1371-1433 or 1435) was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty. He was originally born as Ma He in a Muslim family, later adopted the conferred surname Zheng from Emperor Yongle.[2] Zheng commanded expeditionary treasure voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433.

the great famine

1315-1317- killed 10% of the population in Northern Europe and the British Isles

hundred years war

1337-1453- England and france- claims to territories in southwestern France and a dispute over succession to the French throne

Ming dynasty

1368-1644- civil war results in foundation of ____ _______- 1368 military leader Zhu Yuangzhang takes control of Beijing declares himself emperor and changes name to Hongwu- emperors of this dynasty rebuild and stabilize Chinese society

Jingdezhan

1400- largest manufacturing city in the world with 7000 kilns and 70000 craftsman

Italy

1450- ______ regained place as center within Latin Christendom of finance, industry, and trade

Isabella and Ferdinand

1469- unified monarchy- expansion- new global connections- 1492 conquered Granada- Reconquista- sponsored Christopher Columbus- voyage to china

caffa

1st instance of Black Death

chinampa

A terrace for farming and house building constructed in the shallows of Mexico's Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs and their neighbors- long, narrow terraces built by hand from dredged mud, reeds and rocks, bordered by interwoven sticks and live trees- created rows of deep canals which served as waterways or suburban canoe roads- because the Aztecs lacked iron or bronze metallurgy, wheeled vehicles and draft animals, construction of large scale agricultural works such as chinampas and massive temple pyramids absorbed the labors of many thousands of workers- their construction is a testimony to the Aztecs' abilities to command and organize large amounts of labor

Neo- Confucianism

Attempt to create harmony from variety of religious and philosophical traditions- emphasized self-discipline, filial piety, obedience of rulers- mandate from heaven- promoted through schools and civil service exams- strengthened the patriarchal organization of society

hierarchy

Aztec society is based on a strict _________- each class has its own role, clothing, and place in the Aztec cosmos

central asia

Buccaccio claimed that the Black Death originated in ________ ____ and traveled alond overland trade routes to the black sea and caffa

Mongol China

China ruled by _____ dynasy in 13th and 14th century- used existing structures by discourages integration- Godl extract revenue from China

25-65

Demographic impact was particularly felt in Europe and Muslim World- killed __-__% of infected populations

consolidate

European monarchs ___________ their power and the state- new forms of direct taxation and industries- consolidation of royal families into dynasties

principles of aztec society

Florentine Codex- importance of human sacrifice in maintaining balance in the universe (regenerative power, part of calendar schedule), warfare and capture of enemies (hierarchal society), taxation through tribute (tribute means goods instead of money), rituals structure everyday tasks, boys more than girls, tradition and marriage, community more than individual, hierarchy

Emperor Hongwu

In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang, a general of peasant birth who had taken up arms against the Mongol rulers of China, founded his new Ming dynasty. During his reign as emperor Hongwu, China's new sovereign dedicated himself to reasserting Chinese culture by restoring Confucian values and traditions. But Hongwu also was deeply skeptical about the scholar-official elite who traditionally dominated Chinese government and society. Therefore, he created a system of village self-government that would protect ordinary people from abuses of power by imperial officials. Shortly before his death Hongwu issued the "Placard of the People's Instructions" in forty-one articles to set down rules that he hoped would preserve his principles of civil governance- and his dynasty.

muslim sultans and hindu princes

Many coastal cities and their surrounding lands were subject to ______ _______ ___ _____ ________- drew sustenance from merchants they protected trading populations larger than East Africa

in praise of the city of Venice

Marin Sanudo- humanist scholar- wealthy and from Venice- written in 1492- Renaissance- informational about Venice- opinionated- nothing negative- venice is great because there is a group of people in charge, founded by powerful and rick people out of fear, how beautiful the cities, abundant markets, price regulations/ fair commerce, history of the city-no guards or sentry, hierarchy of individuals and lower class are not discussed- it is compared with rome- everything is expensive

foreign relations

Ming _______ _________- foreign policy sought to create similar states- attempts to export ideology to neighbord

cultural rebuilding

Ming _________ _________- ming leaders reinforce legitimacy through religious rituals- promoted Chinese philosophy, artistic styles and literacy forms

economic growth

Ming _________ expansion- trade, manufacture (porcelain and textiles), infrastructure projects

Centralization

Ming dynasty- _______________ of authority in the figure of the empire- re-establishment of civil service- creates a bureaucracy that reports directly to emperor

Moctezuma

Montezuma II was the ninth king of the Aztec Empire. He ruled from 1502 to 1520. During that time, he increased taxes on his people and demanded more human tributes to be sacrificed to the gods- The Spanish under Hernando Cortes entered Tenochtitlan in 1519 as guests of the emperor Moctezuma, they were welcomed an treated to a feast by curious and gracious Moctezuma, but Cortes and his men captured him and imprisoned him (natives uncertain about emperors life- Spaniards brought Moctezuma out from captivity to present him to the Aztec people, but he was killed by them with a hail of stones.

dance of death

art from time period- experience of death is universal, once you are dead, no one can tell who you were in life

Ibn Battuta's observations

Rihla- relationship with Sultan- female servants and slave treatments- calls Sultan miserly and greedy- treatment of white men's belongings- pray frequently/ eagerness to memorize Qur'an- relationship formation with children (beating them)

Mansa Sulayman

Rihla- sultan- not as good as previous sultan- disapproves of customs- power (demands people change into nasty clothes)- submission of the people to him- lack of consideration for subjects (dust)

gun making, shipbuilding, and navigation

as europeans explored, they innovated these areas

autosacrifice

The Mesoamerican practice of personal bloodletting as a means of paying debts to the gods

Mughal

This empire was climbing in the north while Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagdra fell in the south

Mali Empire

Wealth and connections via trans-Saharan trade

pandemic

an outbreak of epidemic disease that spreads across an entire region

muslim

_______ merchants from Gujurat controlled both cotton and pepper exports from the cities of Calicut and Quiloon, By 1500 Gujarat merchants had created a far flung trade network across Indian Ocean from Zanzibar to Java

encomienda

a feudal state grant of a native American village to a conquistador or other Spaniard- grants that compelled labor and tribute of native Americans- allowed Spaniards to accumulate capital and gain access to credit without having to pay wages

caste

a hereditary social class separated from others in Hindu society

plague

abandonment of the sick, lumps, burial without religious rules, doctors viewed as useless, wide spread death, individuals are greater than the community (every man for himself), everything ore expensive due to death and less demand and labor, redistribution of wealth, animals

muslims

accepted the plague as expression of God's will and even a blessing for the faithfu;

maritime trade

access to overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman empire- east india and southeast asia from the middle east, south from china- trade in both manufactures and agricultural goods

motive for exploration

accumulating wealth, gaining power over enemies, and spreading Christianity- commerce

black death brought

acute labor shortage, wage and standard of living increases, smaller population and reduced demand, economic change and conflict- tension between rich and poor- conflict in response to new economic enviornment

Ibn Battuta

born in Tangir in 1304 (Morocco)- sets out in 1325 on a 39 year journey- leaves with a caravan on his hajj (pilgramage to Mecca)- uses his knowledge as a legal scholar and lawyer to sell his services- returns to Morocco in 1350 and writes down his stories- published Rihla (travel diary) in 1356

The early modern period

c. 1400-1750- from the Renaissance to Enlightenment- pre-industrial- kingdoms, empires- implication of social hierarchy (cracks in several ways throughout this time)- Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century.

reconquista

christian iberians were driven to outflank the growing Ottoman Empire in North Africa to receive the global crusade against Islam

Tenochtitlan

constructed on lake Texcoco- used a system of land reclamation called chinampa- the island was crowded and sinking- it was in water, harder to attack, reinforced fear- nearby town of Tlalelolco served as marketplace- refuges settled there in 1325- reclaimed land from shallow lakebed "cactus fruit place"- linked to shore by three large causeways, city soon boasted stone palaces and temple pyramids- by 1500 it housed more than 200,000 people- at first the Aztecs developed their city by trading military services and lake products such as reeds and fish for building materials including stone, lime and timber from the surrounding hillsides- they then formed marriage alliances with regional ethnic group such as the Colhua and by 1430 initiated the process of imperial expansion

Janhangir

exotic things (animals)- ideas of excess- he has plenty of resources- leisure- addiction to alcohol and opiods- emerges with help of wife- recovery- includes why things happened the way they did- appreciated his wife- imperical rule of Nurjahan Begam

bubonic plague

fleas to rats to humans- killed as many livestock as humans- no immunity

power

for Ming rulers to maintain _____ required rural support and allegiance to their policies

feitorias

fortified trading posts

the black death

global pandemic in the 14th and 15th centuries- spreads from east to west- high mortality rates- possibly bubonic plague (transmitted through fleas and rats)- probably brand new diseases which explains why people had not immunity

southern africa

gold, ivory, and copper

Mansa Musa

hajj in 1325- stop in all centers of Muslim to display piety and political power- spent so much gold during a stop in Cairo that his visit became legend- was generous and virtuous- he liked white men and treated them kindly- a better ruler than Mansa Sulayman

The Thirty Year's War

in the midst of a 12 year truce between the Spanish and Dutch- this war broke out (1618-1648) in Central Europe- this complex conflict pitted Christian factions against one another in a civil and international war that radically reshaped Europe's borders- devastating for civilians (caught in the crossfire, they were forced to support occupying troops, only to be massacred when the tide turned and the other side's troops moved in- was over the internal politics of the Holy Roman Empire in central Europe- at the end of the war at least a third of the population of Germany had died and the region's infrastructure was in ruins- from population decline to decreased agricultural production, the war was a manifestation of the 17th century crisis

ottoman empire

in the place of Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria,

personal reactions to the plague

increases decadence (parties w/ wine), increased piety (praying), existing institutions like the Catholic church seen as ineffective

the aztec empire

one of many groups of people in the valley of Mexico- comes to control territory and population of the valley of mexico and beyond- empire is based on Tenochtitlan- takes control of neighboring groups through war- governs through terror and tribute- ruled by small group of elites

1347-1350

outbreak of Black Death

Mughals

outsiders who adapted to local traditions to establish and maintain legitimacy

suffism

part of a sect within Islam that helps to facilitate personal relationships- a tradition within Islam that emphasizes mystical knowledge and personal experience of the divine- stressed self-mastery, practical values, and spiritual growth through personal experience of the divine- already emerged by 1200 as an expression of Islamic values and social identity

jewish

people thought that ______ communities got the plague less so they tended to place blame on them in association with "witches", foreigners, and disabled people (proved to be true that Jews got the plague less- they lived in ghettos in which they did not interact as much with the outside world)

india

pepper and cotton textiles

portuguese

pioneer new routes- voyages and technology sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)- wants to benefit from trade connections

east to west

plague moves from _____ to _____ and follows trade routes- people cannot prepare for the plague and it is recurring

islamic

population losses devastating in _______ parts of the Mediterranean

china

porcelain and silk

The Vijayanagara Empire

power based on trade and tribute- importance of Hindu rituals and symbols

trading companies

private corporations licensed by early modern European states to monopolize Asian and other overseas trades

latin christendom

recovered more quickly than Islamic lands

renaissance

rediscovery of classical forms and ideas= development of ideas that blend Christianity, classical thought, and contemporary conditions (gvnt, econ, med)- emphasis on balance and harmony in the arts- a period of intense intellectual and artistic creativity in Europe, beginning in Italy in the 14th century as a revival of the classical civilization of ancient Greece and Rome

rebuilding europe

shifting relationship between rich and poor- population losses lead to labor shortages and a decline in agricultural production

Babur

shy, bashful- ruthless military- influential relationship with mother who wanted an heir- educated

Spain in the Americas

spain interested in both gaining wealth and controlling territories- first encounters in the Caribbean in the 1490s- goal of profit

southeast asia

spices and other exotic goods

west africa

spread through Saharan trades routes- given legitimacy by powerful empires like the Mali empire- urban centers of learning and culture in areas where Islam is dominant

tribute

taxes paid to a state or empire usually in the form of farm produce or artisan manufactures but sometimes also human labor or even human bodies

Mughal military

technology (ahead of all of their opponents)- not satisfied with the status quo- gain (benefits for soldiers)- trust in general with plans- rebels were treated ruthlessly- islam

agriculture

the black death heavily disrupted this

black death

the catastrophic outbreak of plague that spread from the Black sea to Europe, the Middle east, and North Africa in 1347-1350 killing a third or more of the population in affected areas

The Colombian Exchange

the first major bilingual relinking of the earth since the continents had drifted apart in the prehuman times- brought many diseases and new animals for transport, plowing and consumption- population growth- historian Alfred Crosby's term for the movement of American plants, animals, and germs to the rest of the world and vice versa

Humanism

the study of the humanities based on the works of ancient Greek and Roman writers that provided th intellectual foundations for the Renaissance

trading ports

these spanned indian ocean, southeast asia, and china- variety of merchants, artisans, languages, fashions, foods, and music

Malintzin

traded by parents in 1510- was of noble birth, and a native speaker of the Aztec language Nahuatl- new masters were Chontal Mayan speakers and she learned this language- was offered to invaders- caught the interest of the interpreter because she was bilingual- Hernando Cortes noticed her for this reason and he thought she was the most beautiful and intelligent of the captives- sailed with Spaniards and served as interpreter- bore a son to Hernando Cortes and eventually married another Spaniard and lived with respect given to European ladies- seen in Mexican mythology as a traitor

islam

travels from middle east to southeast Asoa

the Placard of the People's Instructions

values- helping others out, order (rules and punishment), social order (older/younger)- reputation of the family, parenting respect, peace and harmony anxieties- concerned about scholars and officials and their attitude toward people (abilities?)- did not want people to take small issues to large courts- hierarchy- local problem, local leader, discipline, peace and preventing war and invasion

shaminism

widespread system of religious beliefs and healing originally in central asia


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