History Unit One
little ice age
in europe, population losses combined with the effects of the ______ ___ ___
holy roman empire
in place of Germany
oligarchy
rule by a small group of individuals or families
mamluk sultanate
ruled over Egypt and Syria- hurt agricultural economy- scarce labor- depended on agricultural wealth for its support- struggle for power- downfall at the hands of the Ottoman conquerors in 1517
expansion into asia and africa
elements that appeal in Arabia are portable- trade and merchants-
sufi brotherhood
emphasize personal experience- act as missionaries- mystical branch of Islam- bring Islam institutions with them as they travel
Mediterranean
entry point for trading
christians
interpreted the plague as divine punishment for humanity's sins- blamed vulnerable minorities, beggers, lepers, and Jews for corrupting Christian safety
print culture
long term importance of education- invention of printing in the 8th century and development of the printing industry- by the 12th century, widespread access to printing materials
Italian city states
maritime trade fuels the growth of city states- increased consumption of luxury goods and display of wealth- city states develop as centers of arts and learning
Genoa
merchant outpost- most people on ship sick and by the time they got there most died- would not let ship dock and trade
south asia
no evidence of pandemic in _____ ____
maritime world of indian ocean
no pandemic or war- unprecedented commercial dynamism
the renaissance
rediscovery of classical forms and ideas= development of ideas that blend christianity, classical thought, and comtemporary conditions (gvnt, econ, med)- emphasis on balance and harmony in the arts
Islam origins and early expansions
expansion of Islam is quickly tied to political and social institutions- expands exponentially from approximately 700 to 950- creates new urban trading centers- facilitates artistic and intellectual culture- Islam becomes a unifying force in the region and beyond
little ice age
Name applied by environmental historians to periods of prolonged cool weather in the temperate zones of the earth
Zheng He
(1371-1433 or 1435) was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty. He was originally born as Ma He in a Muslim family, later adopted the conferred surname Zheng from Emperor Yongle.[2] Zheng commanded expeditionary treasure voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433.
the great famine
1315-1317- killed 10% of the population in Northern Europe and the British Isles
hundred years war
1337-1453- England and france- claims to territories in southwestern France and a dispute over succession to the French throne
Ming dynasty
1368-1644- civil war results in foundation of ____ _______- 1368 military leader Zhu Yuangzhang takes control of Beijing declares himself emperor and changes name to Hongwu- emperors of this dynasty rebuild and stabilize Chinese society
Jingdezhan
1400- largest manufacturing city in the world with 7000 kilns and 70000 craftsman
Italy
1450- ______ regained place as center within Latin Christendom of finance, industry, and trade
Isabella and Ferdinand
1469- unified monarchy- expansion- new global connections- 1492 conquered Granada- Reconquista- sponsored Christopher Columbus- voyage to china
caffa
1st instance of Black Death
chinampa
A terrace for farming and house building constructed in the shallows of Mexico's Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs and their neighbors- long, narrow terraces built by hand from dredged mud, reeds and rocks, bordered by interwoven sticks and live trees- created rows of deep canals which served as waterways or suburban canoe roads- because the Aztecs lacked iron or bronze metallurgy, wheeled vehicles and draft animals, construction of large scale agricultural works such as chinampas and massive temple pyramids absorbed the labors of many thousands of workers- their construction is a testimony to the Aztecs' abilities to command and organize large amounts of labor
Neo- Confucianism
Attempt to create harmony from variety of religious and philosophical traditions- emphasized self-discipline, filial piety, obedience of rulers- mandate from heaven- promoted through schools and civil service exams- strengthened the patriarchal organization of society
hierarchy
Aztec society is based on a strict _________- each class has its own role, clothing, and place in the Aztec cosmos
central asia
Buccaccio claimed that the Black Death originated in ________ ____ and traveled alond overland trade routes to the black sea and caffa
Mongol China
China ruled by _____ dynasy in 13th and 14th century- used existing structures by discourages integration- Godl extract revenue from China
25-65
Demographic impact was particularly felt in Europe and Muslim World- killed __-__% of infected populations
consolidate
European monarchs ___________ their power and the state- new forms of direct taxation and industries- consolidation of royal families into dynasties
principles of aztec society
Florentine Codex- importance of human sacrifice in maintaining balance in the universe (regenerative power, part of calendar schedule), warfare and capture of enemies (hierarchal society), taxation through tribute (tribute means goods instead of money), rituals structure everyday tasks, boys more than girls, tradition and marriage, community more than individual, hierarchy
Emperor Hongwu
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang, a general of peasant birth who had taken up arms against the Mongol rulers of China, founded his new Ming dynasty. During his reign as emperor Hongwu, China's new sovereign dedicated himself to reasserting Chinese culture by restoring Confucian values and traditions. But Hongwu also was deeply skeptical about the scholar-official elite who traditionally dominated Chinese government and society. Therefore, he created a system of village self-government that would protect ordinary people from abuses of power by imperial officials. Shortly before his death Hongwu issued the "Placard of the People's Instructions" in forty-one articles to set down rules that he hoped would preserve his principles of civil governance- and his dynasty.
muslim sultans and hindu princes
Many coastal cities and their surrounding lands were subject to ______ _______ ___ _____ ________- drew sustenance from merchants they protected trading populations larger than East Africa
in praise of the city of Venice
Marin Sanudo- humanist scholar- wealthy and from Venice- written in 1492- Renaissance- informational about Venice- opinionated- nothing negative- venice is great because there is a group of people in charge, founded by powerful and rick people out of fear, how beautiful the cities, abundant markets, price regulations/ fair commerce, history of the city-no guards or sentry, hierarchy of individuals and lower class are not discussed- it is compared with rome- everything is expensive
foreign relations
Ming _______ _________- foreign policy sought to create similar states- attempts to export ideology to neighbord
cultural rebuilding
Ming _________ _________- ming leaders reinforce legitimacy through religious rituals- promoted Chinese philosophy, artistic styles and literacy forms
economic growth
Ming _________ expansion- trade, manufacture (porcelain and textiles), infrastructure projects
Centralization
Ming dynasty- _______________ of authority in the figure of the empire- re-establishment of civil service- creates a bureaucracy that reports directly to emperor
Moctezuma
Montezuma II was the ninth king of the Aztec Empire. He ruled from 1502 to 1520. During that time, he increased taxes on his people and demanded more human tributes to be sacrificed to the gods- The Spanish under Hernando Cortes entered Tenochtitlan in 1519 as guests of the emperor Moctezuma, they were welcomed an treated to a feast by curious and gracious Moctezuma, but Cortes and his men captured him and imprisoned him (natives uncertain about emperors life- Spaniards brought Moctezuma out from captivity to present him to the Aztec people, but he was killed by them with a hail of stones.
dance of death
art from time period- experience of death is universal, once you are dead, no one can tell who you were in life
Ibn Battuta's observations
Rihla- relationship with Sultan- female servants and slave treatments- calls Sultan miserly and greedy- treatment of white men's belongings- pray frequently/ eagerness to memorize Qur'an- relationship formation with children (beating them)
Mansa Sulayman
Rihla- sultan- not as good as previous sultan- disapproves of customs- power (demands people change into nasty clothes)- submission of the people to him- lack of consideration for subjects (dust)
gun making, shipbuilding, and navigation
as europeans explored, they innovated these areas
autosacrifice
The Mesoamerican practice of personal bloodletting as a means of paying debts to the gods
Mughal
This empire was climbing in the north while Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagdra fell in the south
Mali Empire
Wealth and connections via trans-Saharan trade
pandemic
an outbreak of epidemic disease that spreads across an entire region
muslim
_______ merchants from Gujurat controlled both cotton and pepper exports from the cities of Calicut and Quiloon, By 1500 Gujarat merchants had created a far flung trade network across Indian Ocean from Zanzibar to Java
encomienda
a feudal state grant of a native American village to a conquistador or other Spaniard- grants that compelled labor and tribute of native Americans- allowed Spaniards to accumulate capital and gain access to credit without having to pay wages
caste
a hereditary social class separated from others in Hindu society
plague
abandonment of the sick, lumps, burial without religious rules, doctors viewed as useless, wide spread death, individuals are greater than the community (every man for himself), everything ore expensive due to death and less demand and labor, redistribution of wealth, animals
muslims
accepted the plague as expression of God's will and even a blessing for the faithfu;
maritime trade
access to overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman empire- east india and southeast asia from the middle east, south from china- trade in both manufactures and agricultural goods
motive for exploration
accumulating wealth, gaining power over enemies, and spreading Christianity- commerce
black death brought
acute labor shortage, wage and standard of living increases, smaller population and reduced demand, economic change and conflict- tension between rich and poor- conflict in response to new economic enviornment
Ibn Battuta
born in Tangir in 1304 (Morocco)- sets out in 1325 on a 39 year journey- leaves with a caravan on his hajj (pilgramage to Mecca)- uses his knowledge as a legal scholar and lawyer to sell his services- returns to Morocco in 1350 and writes down his stories- published Rihla (travel diary) in 1356
The early modern period
c. 1400-1750- from the Renaissance to Enlightenment- pre-industrial- kingdoms, empires- implication of social hierarchy (cracks in several ways throughout this time)- Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century.
reconquista
christian iberians were driven to outflank the growing Ottoman Empire in North Africa to receive the global crusade against Islam
Tenochtitlan
constructed on lake Texcoco- used a system of land reclamation called chinampa- the island was crowded and sinking- it was in water, harder to attack, reinforced fear- nearby town of Tlalelolco served as marketplace- refuges settled there in 1325- reclaimed land from shallow lakebed "cactus fruit place"- linked to shore by three large causeways, city soon boasted stone palaces and temple pyramids- by 1500 it housed more than 200,000 people- at first the Aztecs developed their city by trading military services and lake products such as reeds and fish for building materials including stone, lime and timber from the surrounding hillsides- they then formed marriage alliances with regional ethnic group such as the Colhua and by 1430 initiated the process of imperial expansion
Janhangir
exotic things (animals)- ideas of excess- he has plenty of resources- leisure- addiction to alcohol and opiods- emerges with help of wife- recovery- includes why things happened the way they did- appreciated his wife- imperical rule of Nurjahan Begam
bubonic plague
fleas to rats to humans- killed as many livestock as humans- no immunity
power
for Ming rulers to maintain _____ required rural support and allegiance to their policies
feitorias
fortified trading posts
the black death
global pandemic in the 14th and 15th centuries- spreads from east to west- high mortality rates- possibly bubonic plague (transmitted through fleas and rats)- probably brand new diseases which explains why people had not immunity
southern africa
gold, ivory, and copper
Mansa Musa
hajj in 1325- stop in all centers of Muslim to display piety and political power- spent so much gold during a stop in Cairo that his visit became legend- was generous and virtuous- he liked white men and treated them kindly- a better ruler than Mansa Sulayman
The Thirty Year's War
in the midst of a 12 year truce between the Spanish and Dutch- this war broke out (1618-1648) in Central Europe- this complex conflict pitted Christian factions against one another in a civil and international war that radically reshaped Europe's borders- devastating for civilians (caught in the crossfire, they were forced to support occupying troops, only to be massacred when the tide turned and the other side's troops moved in- was over the internal politics of the Holy Roman Empire in central Europe- at the end of the war at least a third of the population of Germany had died and the region's infrastructure was in ruins- from population decline to decreased agricultural production, the war was a manifestation of the 17th century crisis
ottoman empire
in the place of Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria,
personal reactions to the plague
increases decadence (parties w/ wine), increased piety (praying), existing institutions like the Catholic church seen as ineffective
the aztec empire
one of many groups of people in the valley of Mexico- comes to control territory and population of the valley of mexico and beyond- empire is based on Tenochtitlan- takes control of neighboring groups through war- governs through terror and tribute- ruled by small group of elites
1347-1350
outbreak of Black Death
Mughals
outsiders who adapted to local traditions to establish and maintain legitimacy
suffism
part of a sect within Islam that helps to facilitate personal relationships- a tradition within Islam that emphasizes mystical knowledge and personal experience of the divine- stressed self-mastery, practical values, and spiritual growth through personal experience of the divine- already emerged by 1200 as an expression of Islamic values and social identity
jewish
people thought that ______ communities got the plague less so they tended to place blame on them in association with "witches", foreigners, and disabled people (proved to be true that Jews got the plague less- they lived in ghettos in which they did not interact as much with the outside world)
india
pepper and cotton textiles
portuguese
pioneer new routes- voyages and technology sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)- wants to benefit from trade connections
east to west
plague moves from _____ to _____ and follows trade routes- people cannot prepare for the plague and it is recurring
islamic
population losses devastating in _______ parts of the Mediterranean
china
porcelain and silk
The Vijayanagara Empire
power based on trade and tribute- importance of Hindu rituals and symbols
trading companies
private corporations licensed by early modern European states to monopolize Asian and other overseas trades
latin christendom
recovered more quickly than Islamic lands
renaissance
rediscovery of classical forms and ideas= development of ideas that blend Christianity, classical thought, and contemporary conditions (gvnt, econ, med)- emphasis on balance and harmony in the arts- a period of intense intellectual and artistic creativity in Europe, beginning in Italy in the 14th century as a revival of the classical civilization of ancient Greece and Rome
rebuilding europe
shifting relationship between rich and poor- population losses lead to labor shortages and a decline in agricultural production
Babur
shy, bashful- ruthless military- influential relationship with mother who wanted an heir- educated
Spain in the Americas
spain interested in both gaining wealth and controlling territories- first encounters in the Caribbean in the 1490s- goal of profit
southeast asia
spices and other exotic goods
west africa
spread through Saharan trades routes- given legitimacy by powerful empires like the Mali empire- urban centers of learning and culture in areas where Islam is dominant
tribute
taxes paid to a state or empire usually in the form of farm produce or artisan manufactures but sometimes also human labor or even human bodies
Mughal military
technology (ahead of all of their opponents)- not satisfied with the status quo- gain (benefits for soldiers)- trust in general with plans- rebels were treated ruthlessly- islam
agriculture
the black death heavily disrupted this
black death
the catastrophic outbreak of plague that spread from the Black sea to Europe, the Middle east, and North Africa in 1347-1350 killing a third or more of the population in affected areas
The Colombian Exchange
the first major bilingual relinking of the earth since the continents had drifted apart in the prehuman times- brought many diseases and new animals for transport, plowing and consumption- population growth- historian Alfred Crosby's term for the movement of American plants, animals, and germs to the rest of the world and vice versa
Humanism
the study of the humanities based on the works of ancient Greek and Roman writers that provided th intellectual foundations for the Renaissance
trading ports
these spanned indian ocean, southeast asia, and china- variety of merchants, artisans, languages, fashions, foods, and music
Malintzin
traded by parents in 1510- was of noble birth, and a native speaker of the Aztec language Nahuatl- new masters were Chontal Mayan speakers and she learned this language- was offered to invaders- caught the interest of the interpreter because she was bilingual- Hernando Cortes noticed her for this reason and he thought she was the most beautiful and intelligent of the captives- sailed with Spaniards and served as interpreter- bore a son to Hernando Cortes and eventually married another Spaniard and lived with respect given to European ladies- seen in Mexican mythology as a traitor
islam
travels from middle east to southeast Asoa
the Placard of the People's Instructions
values- helping others out, order (rules and punishment), social order (older/younger)- reputation of the family, parenting respect, peace and harmony anxieties- concerned about scholars and officials and their attitude toward people (abilities?)- did not want people to take small issues to large courts- hierarchy- local problem, local leader, discipline, peace and preventing war and invasion
shaminism
widespread system of religious beliefs and healing originally in central asia
